Which character has code 100. ASCII encoding (American standard code for information interchange) - basic text encoding for the Latin alphabet

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If you only need to enter a few special characters or symbols, you can use keyboard shortcuts. For a list of ASCII characters, see the following tables or the article Inserting National Alphabets Using Keyboard Shortcuts.

Notes:

To insert an ASCII character, press and hold the ALT key while entering the character code. For example, to insert a degree symbol (º), press and hold the ALT key, then type 0176 into numeric keypad.

To enter numbers, use the numeric keypad rather than the numbers on the main keyboard. If you need to enter numbers on the numeric keypad, make sure the NUM LOCK indicator is on.

To insert a Unicode character, enter the character code, then press ALT keys and X. For example, to insert a dollar symbol ($), enter 0024 and press ALT and X in sequence. For all Unicode character codes, see .

Important: Some Microsoft programs Office, such as PowerPoint and InfoPath, do not support converting Unicode codes to characters. If you need to insert a Unicode character in one of these programs, use .

Notes:

If the wrong Unicode character appears after you press ALT+X, select the correct code, and then press ALT+X again.

In addition, you must enter "U+" before the code. For example, if you enter "1U+B5" and press ALT+X, the text "1µ" will be displayed, and if you enter "1B5" and press ALT+X, the symbol "Ƶ" will be displayed.

A symbol table is a program built into Microsoft Windows, which allows you to view the characters available for the selected font.

Using a symbol table, you can copy individual symbols or a group of symbols to the clipboard and paste them into any program that supports displaying those symbols. Opening the symbol table

In Windows 10, enter the word "symbol" in the search box on the taskbar and select the symbol table from the search results.

In Windows 8, type the word "symbol" on the Start screen and select the symbol table from the search results.

In Windows 7, click the Start button, select All Programs, Accessories, System Tools, and then click Character Map.

Characters are grouped by font. Click the font list to select the appropriate character set. To select a symbol, click it, then click the Select button. To insert a symbol, right-click right place in the document and select Paste.

Full list characters, see on your computer, ASCII character code table, or Unicode character tables organized by set.

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As you know, a computer stores information in binary form, representing it as a sequence of ones and zeros. To translate information into a form convenient for human perception, each unique sequence of numbers is replaced by its corresponding symbol when displayed.

One of the systems for correlating binary codes with printed and control characters is

At today's level of development computer technology the user is not required to know the code of each specific character. However, a general understanding of how coding is carried out is extremely useful, and for some categories of specialists, even necessary.

The encoding was originally developed in 1963 and then updated twice over the course of 25 years.

In the original version, the ASCII character table included 128 characters; later an extended version appeared, where the first 128 characters were saved, and previously missing characters were assigned to codes with the eighth bit involved.

Over the years this encoding was the most popular in the world. In 2006, Latin 1252 took the leading position, and from the end of 2007 to the present, Unicode has firmly held the leading position.

Each ASCII character has its own code, consisting of 8 characters representing a zero or a one. The minimum number in this representation is zero (eight zeros in binary system), which is the code of the first element in the table.

Two codes in the table were reserved for switching between standard US-ASCII and its national variant.

After ASCII began to include not 128, but 256 characters, a variant of the encoding became widespread, in which original version the table was stored in the first 128 codes with the 8th bit zero. National written characters were stored in the upper half of the table (positions 128-255).

The user does not need to know the ASCII character codes directly. To the developer software Usually it is enough to know the number of the element in the table in order, if necessary, to calculate its code using the binary system.

After the development of encodings for the Scandinavian languages, Chinese, Korean, Greek, etc. in the early 70s, the Soviet Union began creating its own version. Soon, a version of an 8-bit encoding called KOI8 was developed, preserving the first 128 ASCII character codes and allocating the same number of positions for letters of the national alphabet and additional characters.

Before the introduction of Unicode, KOI8 dominated the Russian segment of the Internet. There were encoding options for both the Russian and Ukrainian alphabet.

Since the number of elements even in the extended table did not exceed 256, there was no possibility of accommodating several different scripts in one encoding. In the 90s, the “crocozyabr” problem appeared on the Runet, when texts typed in Russian ASCII characters were displayed incorrectly.

The problem was that the different ASCII codes did not match each other. Let us remember that in positions 128-255 there could be various signs, and when changing one Cyrillic encoding to another, all letters of the text were replaced with others having an identical number in a different version of the encoding.

With the advent of Unicode, the popularity of ASCII began to decline sharply.

The reason for this lies in the fact that the new encoding made it possible to accommodate characters from almost all written languages. In this case, the first 128 ASCII characters correspond to the same characters in Unicode.

In 2000, ASCII was the most popular encoding on the Internet and was used on 60% of web pages indexed by Google. By 2012, the share of such pages had dropped to 17%, and Unicode (UTF-8) took the place of the most popular encoding.

So ASCII is an important part of history information technology, however, its use in the future seems unpromising.

By the way, on our website you can convert any text into decimal, hexadecimal, binary code using the online code calculator.

ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange)

ASCII code table Windows characters(Win-1251)

[8-bit encodings: ASCII, KOI-8R and CP1251] The first encoding tables created in the USA did not use the eighth bit in a byte. The text was represented as a sequence of bytes, but the eighth bit was not taken into account (it was used for official purposes).

The ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) table has become a generally accepted standard. The first 32 characters of the ASCII table (00 to 1F) were used for non-printing characters. They were designed to control a printing device, etc. The rest - from 20 to 7F - are regular (printable) characters.

Table 1 - ASCII encoding

As is easy to see, in this encoding only latin letters, and those that are used in English. There are also arithmetic and other service symbols. But there are neither Russian letters, nor even special Latin ones for German or French. This is easy to explain - the encoding was developed exactly as American standard. As computers began to be used throughout the world, other characters needed to be encoded.

To do this, it was decided to use the eighth bit in each byte. This made 128 more values ​​available (from 80 to FF) that could be used to encode characters. The first of the eight-bit tables - “extended ASCII” ( Extended ASCII) - included various variants of Latin characters used in some languages ​​of Western Europe. It also contained other additional symbols, including pseudographics.

Pseudographic characters allow, by displaying only text characters, provide some semblance of graphics. For example, the file management program FAR Manager works using pseudographics.

There were no Russian letters in the Extended ASCII table. Russia (formerly the USSR) and other countries created their own encodings that made it possible to represent specific “national” characters in 8-bit text files - Latin letters of the Polish and Czech languages, Cyrillic (including Russian letters) and other alphabets.

In all encodings that have become widespread, the first 127 characters (that is, the byte value with the eighth bit equal to 0) are the same as ASCII. So an ASCII file works in either of these encodings; letters English language they are presented equally.

The ISO organization (International Standardization Organization) has adopted the ISO 8859 group of standards. It defines 8-bit encodings for different groups of languages. So, ISO 8859-1 is an Extended ASCII table for the USA and Western Europe. And ISO 8859-5 is a table for the Cyrillic alphabet (including Russian).

However, for historical reasons, the ISO 8859-5 encoding did not take root. In reality, the following encodings are used for the Russian language:

Code Page 866 (CP866), aka “DOS”, aka “alternative GOST encoding”. Widely used until the mid-90s; now used to a limited extent. Practically not used for distributing texts on the Internet.
- KOI-8. Developed in the 70-80s. It is a generally accepted standard for transmitting email messages on the Russian Internet. Also widely used in operating systems Unix family, including Linux. The Russian-language version of KOI-8 is called KOI-8R; There are versions for other Cyrillic languages ​​(for example, KOI8-U is a version for the Ukrainian language).
- Code Page 1251, CP1251, Windows-1251. Developed by Microsoft to support the Russian language in Windows.

The main advantage of the CP866 was the preservation of pseudo-graphics characters in the same places as in Extended ASCII; therefore, foreign ones could work without changes text programs, for example, the famous Norton Commander. The CP866 is now used for Windows programs running in text windows or full-screen text mode, including FAR Manager.

Texts in CP866 have been quite rare in recent years (but it is used to encode Russian file names in Windows). Therefore, we will dwell in more detail on two other encodings - KOI-8R and CP1251.

As you can see, in the CP1251 encoding table, Russian letters are arranged in alphabetical order (with the exception, however, of the letter E). Thanks to this location computer programs It's very easy to sort alphabetically.

But in KOI-8R the order of Russian letters seems random. But in reality this is not the case.

In many older programs, the 8th bit was lost when processing or transmitting text. (Now such programs are practically “extinct”, but in the late 80s - early 90s they were widespread). To get a 7-bit value from an 8-bit value, just subtract 8 from the most significant digit; for example, E1 becomes 61.

Now compare KOI-8R with the ASCII table (Table 1). You will find that Russian letters are placed in clear correspondence with Latin ones. If the eighth bit disappears, lowercase Russian letters turn into uppercase Latin letters, and uppercase Russian letters turn into lowercase Latin letters. So, E1 in KOI-8 is the Russian “A”, while 61 in ASCII is the Latin “a”.

So, KOI-8 allows you to maintain the readability of Russian text when the 8th bit is lost. “Hello everyone” becomes “pRIWET WSEM”.

IN lately And alphabetical order The arrangement of characters in the encoding table, and readability with the loss of the 8th bit, have lost their decisive importance. Eighth bit in modern computers is not lost during transmission or processing. And alphabetical sorting is done taking into account the encoding, and not by simply comparing codes. (By the way, the CP1251 codes are not completely arranged alphabetically - the letter E is not in its place).

Due to the fact that there are two common encodings, when working with the Internet (mail, browsing Web sites), you can sometimes see a meaningless set of letters instead of Russian text. For example, “I AM SBYUFEMHEL.” These are just the words “with respect”; but they were encoded in CP1251 encoding, and the computer decoded the text using the KOI-8 table. If the same words were, on the contrary, encoded in KOI-8, and the computer decoded the text according to the CP1251 table, the result would be “U KHBTSEOYEN”.

Sometimes it happens that a computer deciphers Russian-language letters using a table not intended for the Russian language. Then, instead of Russian letters, a meaningless set of symbols appears (for example, Latin letters of Eastern European languages); they are often called “crocozyabrs”.

In most cases modern programs cope with determining the encodings of Internet documents ( emails and Web pages) independently. But sometimes they “misfire”, and then you can see strange sequences of Russian letters or “krokozyabry”. As a rule, in such a situation, to display real text on the screen, it is enough to select the encoding manually in the program menu.

Information from the page http://open-office.edusite.ru/TextProcessor/p5aa1.html was used for this article.

Material taken from the site: