Engineering infrastructure as the basis of an information system. The concept of information infrastructure and its transformation in modern conditions

In modern society, information plays a decisive role, and information resources have become on a par with the main economic resources of the state - natural, material, labor, financial and others. A global information space has formed, which forms the basis of the information society. Large information conglomerates operate in it, combining systems for creating information (publishing houses, editorial offices of newspapers and magazines, television networks, television studios) and networks for its distribution (cable, telephone, computer, satellite).

The information infrastructure occupies a special place in the modern market economy, since in the second half of the 20th century information became an integral element of the factors of production, and there was a need to create special institutions that ensure the creation, accumulation, processing, selection and transportation of information. At the end of the century, the role of these institutions increased dramatically due to structural changes in the economy, an increase in the circulation of information and the emergence of new information technologies.

The definitions of the information infrastructure offered by various scientists were formulated in accordance with the role that the information infrastructure played in the economy at a particular historical stage. In science, the concept of information infrastructure appeared only at the end of the 20th century, having separated from the concept of "infrastructure". Infrastructure in any socio-economic system is, first of all, a set of elements that ensure the smooth functioning of the interconnections between objects and subjects of this system. Accordingly, there are two main functions of the infrastructure: firstly, ensuring the functioning of the relationship between the elements of the system, and, secondly, streamlining the interaction of elements, i.e., the regulatory function. The first function is passive, it can even be called "technical", and the second - active, because it is able to influence the relationship, changing and ordering them according to a certain principle. This principle is determined by the information used in the operation of the infrastructure. Thus, information provides an active role for infrastructure, and information infrastructures (AI) are a "meta-infrastructure" in relation to infrastructure in general.

The information infrastructure of the economies of different countries at the beginning of the 21st century differs significantly in terms of the level of development. In some countries, it is generally impossible to talk about information infrastructure as a system, while in others it is so developed that it permeates absolutely all spheres of human activity. In order for the study of the world information infrastructure to be comprehensive, it must be carried out at two levels: at the level of individual states at various stages of economic development and at the supranational level, i.e., the global information infrastructure. Such a study is justified because the global information infrastructure at the interstate level is formed precisely because of the peculiarities of the infrastructures of various states. The integration of these infrastructures generates new system properties inherent in the global information infrastructure.

The development of science and productive forces simultaneously with the "revolutions" in the field of transport and communications necessitated changes in the ways of storing, processing and transferring knowledge. These changes were spasmodic, which is why they are called "information revolutions." A. I. Rakitov, in the development of these ideas, identifies six information revolutions throughout the history of mankind, by which he understands “changes in the instrumental basis, the method of transmission and storage ... as well as the amount of information available to the active part of the population.” The first three information revolutions (the appearance of speech, the appearance of writing, the invention of printing) took place during the period of the formation of economic relations before the advent of industrial production. The fourth revolution occurred simultaneously with the transition to machine mass production and consisted in the invention of means of transmitting information at a distance: telephone, telegraph and radio. The fifth information revolution took place in the second half of the 20th century with the advent of electronic computers. And, finally, the sixth revolution, the availability of conditions for which ... in the early 2000s, primarily consists in "creating global information networks that open access to any information by all subscribers to clients at any time and in any place ...".

The formation of the global information infrastructure began at the turn of the 20th - 21st centuries. The integration of the economy into the global information infrastructure during this period becomes one of the main factors of its competitiveness and efficiency.

The globalization of information systems as a mass phenomenon began in the 1990s. The merger of the computing, communications, and content industries is creating a new industry. There is a convergence of technologies (unification that allows technologies to interact by exchanging information), resulting in a new interactive polymorphic information environment(a kind of result of the consolidation of AI sectors), stimulating global changes in society. Just such an institution is a global information infrastructure - a new branch of social production. At the global level, the composition of the information infrastructure can be identified only by enlarged blocks. If we use the thesis that the information infrastructure ensures the operation of the infrastructures of the markets for goods, labor, capital and regulatory bodies of the state, then it is legitimate to single out groups of information infrastructure institutions that are equally necessary for the normal functioning of all market infrastructure institutions presented in Fig. 1.

Rice. 1

In the presented diagram, the composition of the information infrastructure includes both traditional elements, such as libraries and the media, and those that have appeared in recent years (databases). All these groups of institutions are largely integrated with the help of the Internet and other open information systems, due to which there is a continuous information exchange between the institutions of the information infrastructure.

Libraries appeared at the very initial stage of the formation of infrastructure, and then, with the development of productive forces and the deepening of the division of labor, there appeared means of communication (telephone and telegraph), media, computers, and, finally, global information systems (the Internet). Libraries as the most ancient institution of information infrastructure have not lost their relevance to this day. The state system of scientific and technical information of the USSR and many other countries was built on the system of libraries. Now libraries also function and provide mainly the operation of such segments of the market infrastructure as science, the reproduction of the labor force (training), and so on.

The high level of education in society, which is still maintained due to the widespread use of libraries, will quickly be lost if the state does not ensure the formation of new accessible information systems that replace libraries around the world based on the Internet and its possible analogues.

Mass media became the second institution of information infrastructure after libraries, which was formed as an independent branch of production. The history of the formation of the media is no less long than the history of libraries, but initially they performed a predominantly socio-political role. The media as an element of a market economy clearly stood out only in the 19th century, at the stage of transition to large-scale industrial production, with the emergence of interregional and international markets, exchanges, advertising, etc. The current state of the media is transitional. There is a gradual transition from print to electronic, from local to international, global media, which is due to the ongoing information revolution, the globalization of the economy and its infrastructure. The traditional media market, despite the ongoing changes, is mature and stable. By traditional we mean institutions that have existed for several decades and appeared at the stage of the third or fourth information revolution: newspapers and magazines, news agencies, radio and television. They primarily enable the market for consumer goods and services through the delivery of advertisements and other information to consumers. At the same time, within each sector of the media, be it newspapers or news agencies, there is a strict specialization. In the post-Soviet space, during the first years of market transformations, the media were the most rapidly developing sector of the information infrastructure, since during this period it was the consumer market that was the most profitable. Thanks to a steady flow of investment, this sector was fully formed by the end of the 20th century and was not much inferior to the level of economically developed countries. The processes of globalization and the transition of the information infrastructure to the use of open information systems have also led to the transformation of the media. The specificity of this process was manifested in the fact that the transformation did not cause a significant redistribution of forces between the largest mass media, but was expressed in the fact that the media began to use new technologies in their work as the productive forces developed. Thus, news agencies that used to disseminate information by telegraph have now completely switched over to broadcasting via computer networks, radio and other communication channels. Thus, most of the media transmit information via the Internet (including CNN, NBC, BBC, The Wall Street Journal, Financial Times, Forbes, Fortune). Characteristically, access to the information products of newspapers and magazines via the Internet is usually free, while the subscriber has to pay for traditional paper editions. This indicates a high competition between the media in the field of electronic broadcasting. Newspapers on paper or electronic media still remain one of the most influential, important and public media as information infrastructure institutions.

Telephone communication appeared during the fourth information revolution. This branch of infrastructure developed rapidly and by the time new digital technologies appeared at the end of the 20th century, it had not lost its relevance. However, the development of productive forces and the fifth information revolution had no less dramatic impact on telephone communications than on libraries and the media. In the field of telephone communications, there is a rapid transition to wireless technologies, as well as to systems for transmitting large amounts of data at a distance (Table 1). Usage telephone networks to transmit non-voice data using fax and modem began in the 1970s, with the beginning of the fifth information revolution. It was telephone communication that became the main prerequisite for mass access of users to the Internet. However, subsequently the Internet became the main competitor of wired communication and began to rapidly replace it.

Table 1 - Stages of technological development of telephone communications

Telephony is one of the fastest payback sectors of the information infrastructure, as it is used in all business processes without exception. Thanks to this, this industry can easily attract investments and develops rapidly. New technological opportunities have allowed telephone companies to quickly integrate into the Internet and rapidly develop the sector wireless communication. Modern telephone communication in developed countries is divided into two practically equivalent components: traditional (wired) and mobile (cellular, satellite phones, etc.).

Based on the foregoing, the priority for the development of telephone companies will be wireless communication systems (satellite and cellular phones), as well as modern digital telephone lines. Over time, the latter will give way to high-speed data transmission channels over the Internet, enabling telephone and video communications. Mobile phones, on the other hand, already in the first years of the 21st century, made it possible to access the Internet.

Thus, the telephone system will be fully integrated into the global information infrastructure in the coming years. This should be taken into account in the strategic planning of all companies providing communication services, as well as state bodies that control the formation of communication systems and license this activity.

Computers as a universal tool for storing, processing and transmitting information have become the basis of all modern information systems, causing V information revolution and becoming a necessary prerequisite for the VI revolution. The computerization of society (the number of computers per capita) is a direct indicator of the development of the information infrastructure.

Initially, computers were used only in industrial environments, because they were expensive, bulky, and poorly functional. With the development of information technology, personal computers appeared. Their number increased rapidly as they became cheaper. At the same time, by the beginning of the 2000s, the mass integration of autonomous computers through communication networks began, which became the basis of the global information infrastructure. Actually, the infrastructural role of computers was manifested in the fact that they began to be widely used to ensure the efficient operation of all branches of social production and distribution: from industry to education, from trade to economic analysis and forecasting.

Thus, computers have become objectively necessary condition development of the information infrastructure of a market economy at the stage of the 2000s. It was during this period that the number of computers became one of the most important indicators level of information infrastructure development in different economies.

According to World Bank analysts, the United States has the largest number of computers per capita. It is believed that in this country there is a computer in every second "white" family and in every fourth "colored" one. High level computer literacy, in particular, allowed the United States to become the founder of the global information infrastructure and the founder of the Internet.

During the last decade of the 20th century, the Internet gave information infrastructure a qualitatively new meaning, predetermining the transition from a set of disparate institutions to a single information system, the circulation of information in which already many times exceeds the turnover of libraries, the media and other traditional AI institutions. To date, the institution of the "Internet" includes three interconnected systems: computer network, a set of rules for its functioning and organizations that control and coordinate the operation of the network. 1993 can be considered the year of the beginning of the mass use of the Internet, when the main standards of the network were approved and the first search engines appeared - computers containing background information about the resources of other network members and providing users with the ability to search for information. Subsequently, search engines (such as Google, Yahoo, AltaVista, Russian Yandex, Rambler and List.ru) became the most popular and widely visited Internet servers.

At present, the aging branches of information infrastructure (for example, traditional libraries) are at a high level of development in countries with post-socialist economies. They are ahead of the level of developed countries in their development. More modern branches of information infrastructure, such as telephone communications, in countries with economies in transition are already noticeably inferior to Western countries. In terms of the number of fixed telephones per capita, there is a lag of 2-3 times. The difference is even more noticeable in terms of mobile communications, for which the lag is observed in tens of times.

The listed characteristics allow us to say that in countries with economies in transition, the obsolescence of the information infrastructure is observed. The pace of its development is insufficient, and therefore public authorities and commercial structures should give priority to stimulating AI. At the same time, the most modern RII branches related to the computerization of production and social processes and the globalization of information systems need the most investments and stimulation.

Information infrastructure- a system of organizational structures, subsystems that ensure the functioning and development information space countries and means of information exchange.

Includes:

Provides consumer access to information resources.

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Subtitles

Global Information Infrastructure

This is an information education that began to take shape in 1995 by a group of developed countries. The global information infrastructure is being developed as a worldwide information network of queuing the population of the planet based on the integration of global and regional information and telecommunication systems, as well as systems digital television and broadcasting, satellite systems and mobile communications.

Information infrastructure in Russia

The president Russian Federation through the document "Fundamentals of the policy of the Russian Federation in the field of science and technology development for the period up to 2010 and beyond" outlined the task of the country's transition to an innovative path of development. But for this, our country needs an information infrastructure that this moment actively developing, and therefore attracts a lot of attention. Russia has not yet developed an information infrastructure that would provide information support for the innovation cycle from the emergence of an idea to its implementation.

Information infrastructure examples

Examples of information infrastructure include such well-known areas of our lives as:

• Online media
• Advertising, PR

The above examples are common to all countries. At the same time, there are examples of the results of the work of specific organizations:

• Science Citation Index by Institute for Scientific Information .

• Layer 1. User (consumer) layer - the layer of information resource consumers with the rules of their interaction with the information structure.
• Layer 2. Functional layer with a set of services provided to users (consumers) by various information providers.
• Layer 3. The information layer, which directly contains the information resource.
• Layer 4. Communication layer, considered as a single information highway (information network).

Information infrastructure. 3

Information-analytical system (IAS) as part of software support for the organization's information structure. 4

Project of the IAS Institute. 8

Conclusion. 12

Literature. 14

Introduction

At present, the management of any activity is impossible without the analysis of a large amount of information and its processing with the help of computers. The use of computing technology in various fields of human activity has come a long way, which was determined not only by the development of the technology itself, but also by the development of the principles and methods of information processing, both in terms of areas of application and in terms of the breadth of use.

With the advent of personal computers in the 1980s, there was not only an increase in computerized jobs, but, more importantly, a change in the requirements for software that was used in the field of management and others. The software should no longer require a specially trained operator and should be understandable to a subject matter specialist who uses a computer as a tool.

In addition, the information we work with now is distributed between different computers and local networks are used to access "foreign" data, which have replaced multi-terminal systems.

Another important, and recently, perhaps, the most important aspect of the use of personal computers has been the development of global networks and their use not in mail mode, but in real time. Thanks to the development of telecommunications and means of communication, it becomes possible to access the vast knowledge accumulated over the centuries using modern information retrieval systems. This aspect of activity is extremely important in scientific and educational work, advanced training. about the possibilities and bandwidth global networks says the fact that many computer games provide a game on the Internet.

Information infrastructure

Information infrastructure (AI) is the organization of the interaction of information flows (it does not matter which carrier).

Building an AI that uses Computer techologies implies a set of activities that includes:

Organizational measures (determination of the structure of documents and routes of their movement, determination of responsibility for the types of activities carried out, determination of the rules for organizing the development of programs and the structure of the database, methods of financing, etc.);

Technical measures (purchase, installation and technical support equipment operation, creation cable system);

Determination of the system software that will be used in the organization and the creation of a LAN as a software and hardware complex (installation of system software, organization of routing between subnets, network administration and work with network users);

Training of employees of the organization;

Use of standard software when working with documents, organization postal service, organization of access to the Internet;

Design and development of software products and creation of an information and analytical system (IAS);

Ensuring the security of information;

The work of the operation and implementation service;

Filling the database;

The following services (departments or laboratories) should provide the creation of AI using computer technology:

1. Technical service. Functions - LAN installation work, equipment installation, equipment repair and replacement.

2. Operation and implementation service. Functions - work with the Customer of IAS applications to set the task, install IAS applications, prepare tasks for the software development group, train personnel.

3. Software development group.

Information and analytical system (IAS) as part of software support for the organization's information structure

IAS is a part of software support for the information infrastructure of an organization that provides special management tasks.

When developing any software products, there is a problem of the program becoming obsolete at the time of its creation and, as a result, the need to modify it immediately after the development is completed. Therefore, two requirements for currently developed software products and IAS in particular are becoming important. First, the system must be open, and not be a “thing in itself”, changes to which can only be made by the people who developed it. Secondly, the technologies that are used during development should be at least modern, and even better take into account software development trends. This clause applies both to the mechanisms that are implemented by the developers of the software product, and to those tools that are used during development.

Secondly, they are currently popular software products which either carry the means of modifying programs, or are so simple and universal that they do not require further development. Developing environments with your own data modification tools and languages ​​is somewhat complicated and disadvantageous to use, since it is doubtful that your own language will be so much better than existing ones that it makes sense to learn it and use it as a standard in this enterprise. In addition, the problem of "delay" in development is obviously increased in this case.

Thirdly, when developing an IAS, the modular principle of organizing applications and data should be observed, since in this case additions and changes can be made at a lower cost and the absence of changes in parts that are not affected by the modification of other parts is guaranteed.

Thus:

1. IAS is an open, modular system that uses the client-server architecture with the implementation of business logic rules as COM objects of the transaction server.

2. Refinement of the properties of objects operated by the IAS can be done by the user at the descriptive level. For this, system components using the Wizard technology can be written.

3. Modules that implement new objects and functions of the system should be created mainly at the level of services and server objects.

4. Workplaces of specialists (AWS) should be arranged as containers containing modules (screen forms and report processing procedures) for working with individual IAS objects and, possibly, created at the level of descriptions of what this workstation includes.

5. Ready-made software products that support working with databases should be used. For example, the report generator Crystal Report or MS Excel.

6. There are IAS components that have a similar structure and use the same data processing methods for all enterprises and institutions (“IAS structural invariant”), for example, accounting (workstation of the chief accountant), which, due to the fact that accounting principles are the same for any organizations (principle of double postings and journal-order reporting system). For example, the organizational structure of an institution or the staff of an organization. Another type of tasks (“functional invariant of the IAS”) are the components of the IAS that perform the same functions, but based on different considerations and possibly using different initial data. The task of calculating wages can be attributed to functional invariants. Functional invariants must be implemented as a COM object library. important in this case is that the COM interfaces of objects of such a library can be defined once and not changed in the future.

Obviously, to describe the specifics of the enterprise and clarify the content of the invariant components, additional data and functions for their processing will be required. The clarifying components include, for example, the academic degrees of the institute's employees. As a rule, refinement data is related to the main data as many to one. Data connectivity is provided at the level of database objects (connection and trigger). Deletion or transfer to the archive of master data must be carried out together with all clarifying entries. At the same time, work with records of one lookup table is implemented at the level of stored procedures of the SQL server, and the COM object of the transaction server provides a sequential call of stored procedures for each object. Adding, modifying and deleting clarifying components, therefore, cannot lead to a change in the structure of the IAS as a whole, but only to change the content of some reports.

In addition to the above, there are modules that implement particular tasks and interact with system invariants and additional modules. If we consider the accounting of material assets and projects of the organization, then the tasks of processing applications and receiving materials, being an additional service, connects these invariants. Additional modules are modules that provide the functions of statistical and other processing of information stored in one database and the export of already processed information to another database. An example of such a task would be “tuition fees at a university”, which links the payment of each student and the institute's cash desk, as part of the chief accountant's workstation. Another example is the export of data on university graduates to the database of graduates of all educational institutions in Russia. Obviously, additional modules may not contain any data. In this case, their implementation may consist in programming COM objects of the transaction server and adding its call in the client program. If for work additional module storage of some information is required, tables can be created in another database.

Often, IT professionals have little idea of ​​the totality and complexity of the information system and, especially, its environment. This is generally normal in today's time of narrow specialization, but it is still desirable for a real specialist to have an idea at least of what may prevent the realization of his intention. In the end, understanding that the operation of your software package depends on many, many factors, including sometimes non-obvious ones, will not hurt anyone.

An interpretation of the concept of an information system can be found, for example, on Wikipedia.

Just in case:

restrictions and conventions

1. The following is not a dogma, it is solely my vision of the situation. Based, however, on a fairly large experience of practical work.
2. In modern times, access to information implies almost exclusively the use of electronic means, and I will talk about them, leaving newspapers, books and classical libraries out of the brackets.
3. We will limit ourselves to rather insignificant scales, say, from a personal, home, smallest network, to a system of a separate enterprise - it is possible to consider the issue within the framework of a planet or at least a country only theoretically, and I am primarily interested in applied aspects.
4. At the same time, I will leave aside such an important component of the information system as the software of the entire complex, I will focus on the "iron" components. This, of course, is wrong. We mean that software is present to some extent in any element of the system.
5. The figures given below are quite arbitrary, as it is written in the design documentation, "reference".

Information infrastructure subsystems. The purpose of subsystems, the tasks they solve

What is this information? What we see on the monitor screen, we hear from the speakers; something on the basis of which we make certain decisions - or consciously delegate the right to make these decisions, again, to computer technology.

Conventionally, the “second layer” of the pyramid is interfaces, display, control, input-output devices. Why did I decide to move the interfaces into a separate entity? Because the decisions made by him depend on the “quality” of the information provided to the consumer - for completely subjective reasons. Yes, both technically and software-technically interfaces are a completely independent area.

Interface systems "communicate" directly with the third layer, with information processing devices that convert data arrays into a form accessible for presentation, with the same personal computers. Nowadays, sometimes it is already difficult to draw a line between the interface and the “computer”, an example of this is smartphones and tablets.

A computer (laptop, tablet, smartphone) by itself, without data for processing, without communication with the source of information, is not a particularly necessary expensive piece of iron. Once upon a time, the “source” of data for computing systems was (if we leave behind the scenes the original source - a person and the surrounding reality / environment) teletypes, punched cards, punched tapes, then magnetic tapes ... Now, the initial data, as a rule, is taken via networks from other computing devices, places of mass storage, by means of telecommunications. This is the fourth layer that provides connections between terminal devices that prepare information for human consumption and data sources.

The fifth and sixth layers are the processing of primary, basic information, and data storage. Under these two layers, one can understand, for example, the entire Internet - as a Saturday entertainment, or a data center, or a separate mainframe tied to a data storage system, disk array, dozens of FiberChannels through the corresponding switches (there is its own mini-hierarchy, which also fits into the above diagram); or just a home NAS server.

It is clear that in order to implement the just described method of accessing information (and operating this information) within the accepted restrictions, it is necessary to use technical, and not just technical, but high-tech, means. Which can only work if a number of conditions are met.

• Firstly, without electricity, which meets certain requirements and standards, the operation of IT equipment, oddly enough, is impossible - such a paradox.
• Secondly, electronic components IT equipment, in accordance with the laws of physics, to work normally, without a large number failures can occur only in a rather limited temperature range, conditionally from -40 to + 50ºC, and the range of 20 ± 2ºC is considered “comfortable”. At the same time, IT equipment itself is a source of heat: all consumed electrical energy is converted by IT system components into thermal energy.
• Thirdly, due to the technologies currently used, there are restrictions on the level of relative humidity of the air: at high humidity, dew is possible, which means that a short circuit in electrical diagrams; low humidity can build up static electricity and increase the chance of breakdown of electrical components.
• Fourth, taking into account the “second and third”, IT equipment must be protected from unwanted external influences, from dust ingress to them, and ending with a stone thrown by a bully. A layer of dust makes it difficult to remove heat from the components, and contributes to the accumulation of static; with a stone and so everything is clear.
• There is also the problem of compact placement of IT systems and systems that provide them. That is, an architectural subsystem, a dedicated zone, or a room, or a building, or structures where the entire economy is located. This problem is solved in different ways, and often this solution requires a very significant part of the funds allocated to the information system. Let's leave this aside, although this is also wrong - as well as the fact that we do not take into account software.

This is how thick the seventh, engineering, layer of information infrastructure turns out to be - its own separate complex infrastructure of several, sometimes many, subsystems.

Interestingly, this is not the end of the chain at all, since further energy transportation, urban and regional power supply networks, power generation, energy production ... But this, we will consider, is beyond the scope of the topic, but I promised to limit myself to the scale of the enterprise.

The goals for which a specific information system is being built; dependence of the infrastructure on the chosen goal

Information infrastructure. The examples are obvious: on the one hand, a "home network", including a PC, a laptop and a couple of smartphones as clients, a router as a central node, and the only communication channel to the provider; on the other hand, an enterprise with branches in half the world, with a dozen data centers throughout the country. The range is the widest. Accordingly, the implementation of these two infrastructure solutions requires equipment of different levels; manufacturers are aware of this “problem”, and position devices in advance: “home wifi router”, “workgroup switch”, “enterprise-scale server”.

The complexity and high cost of solutions for each specific task is determined by the importance of this task - this was decided a long time ago. How valuable to you, as an individual, are your photos, videos, movies, and books stored on a laptop drive? Are they worth buying a RAID 10 NAS? Or will an 8 GB flash drive be enough? Or, for example, two flash drives of 32 gigabytes each? Will the cost of NAS pay off your moral suffering from the possible loss of unique photos from Cyprus?

On the other hand, how valuable is the information "living" in a petabyte storage to a commercial bank? Do I need to mirror it, the storage, with the second one in another city, or will a daily backup to tapes be enough? Will the losses from bank downtime for repairs and recovery after the collapse of the storage system be so great that a “mirror” for several tens of millions of dollars will turn out to be petty expenses?

Engineering infrastructure. Do I need to buy an uninterruptible power supply at home, which will take up scarce space, but can save you from data loss? Are the costs justified - if, in your memory, the electricity at home was turned off twice in the last five years? And what backup scheme for data center air conditioners to choose: N + 1 or 2N - considering that each extra air conditioner with a cooling capacity, for example, 50 kW, will cost one and a half million?

The questions are quite rhetorical, any infrastructure should correspond to the scale of the task, and be built on the basis of calculations, albeit not too accurate.

Determining the scale of the infrastructure, the composition of subsystems

You can try to determine the required scale of the infrastructure, and the required composition of its systems and subsystems.

Volumes of information provided to the consumer(the one that needs to be kept “at home”) can be fully appreciated, this is what is used in everyday activities and, as a result, “settles” on hard drives- with the exception of random and unproductive information (for an enterprise, this is, say, deeply personal stocks of music on personal computers of employees; at home, for example, series that can be erased without regret after watching, but which still take up disk space). That is, the volumes of data that we operate at the moment, and which may be needed in the future. You can predict the growth of data volume if you have little statistics for previous periods (if you are an enterprise, but you don’t have such statistics, then your admins are either downright lazy or incompetent).

Based on the amount of data available, the intensity of their use, and growth forecasts based on statistics, it is quite possible to estimate which equipment to use at which “level” of infrastructure.

The nature of the final information can determine the content of the "upper layers" of the infrastructure pyramid,
technical level of interface means and provision of information: a web design studio is unlikely to be able to effectively compete in the market by providing its key employees with Pentium-III computers for rendering, and 14-inch monitors with a resolution of 800x600; on the other hand, many accounting departments use this technique, and may well use it for years to come.

Intensity of data use and their volumes determine the requirements for means of data transmission: in the above example with accounting, it will be enough to have (for an average office size) a network built on the basis of a “copper” structured cabling system of category 5/5e and 10/100 Layer 2 switches. The core of the bank’s data center network already requires optics for SAN and not only, Layer 3-4 switches with interfaces with a transfer rate of 2-8 (for SAN) and 1-10 (for others) gigabits per second.

Information processing tools are represented by servers of different performance (and, accordingly, power), execution, cost and even purpose: from the level of the workgroup in the Midi-Tower case to monsters IBM class p795. In the "middle" segment, blade servers have deservedly become popular (mainly due to the flexibility of the solutions). The choice of a specific system depends on the complexity of the tasks to be solved (two big differences: calculation of the thermal protection of the spacecraft by the finite element method, or "play sapper") and, accordingly, the required performance.

Data storage- the task is quite traditional, it is solved in different ways (the base, however, is now the same for all methods - basically hard disks, if we mean online storage, SSD for speed-critical tasks, and magnetic tapes for backup and archive copies; in general, there is a special conversation about the reservation of information; in private life, CD / DVD and "flash drives" are added). Methods are chosen - oddly enough - depending on the required storage volumes and access speed. This can be a partition on a single HDD in a home computer, a RAID array inside the server, a disk "shelf" or an array of them, or a Hi-End system of three (five, seven) 42U cabinets, one or two of which are "brains", controllers, and the rest - a disk array.

Requirements to engineering infrastructure systems determined from the characteristics of all of the above. The main indicator is power consumption, this is the basis for further calculations - if we are talking about an enterprise. Why main? Payment for electricity accounts for the lion's share of the cost of operating data centers. The data center, where IT equipment with an electric power of 250 kilowatts is installed, consumes almost 2.2 thousand megawatt-hours per year for calculations alone, and together with the engineering infrastructure from 3 to 4 thousand megawatt-hours, depending on the efficiency of engineering systems. In money today, this means from ten to twelve million rubles. Such potential spending should not come as a surprise, and requires prior assessment. How?

Let's summarize the electrical nameplate power consumed by each IT device, add 10-20% "just in case" (according to our measurements during the generation of reports, that is, with intensive calculations, the power consumption of the IT system increased by an average of 9.67 percent compared to with normal, established daily power), if necessary, we add a margin for development, and we get the power that IT equipment will consume, that is, approximately 50-70% of the required total power (for the entire infrastructure). This makes the power requirement clear. guaranteed and uninterruptible power supply systems, and at the same time - the amount of heat that will need to be removed from IT equipment and from the UPS, that is, you can estimate the power air conditioning systems. After that, we determine the minimum allowable redundancy levels, and the basis for rough calculations is ready.

The capacities of the "engineering" systems are added to the capacities of the IT equipment, and as a result, the required capacities of the external power supply and the guaranteed power supply systems are determined: emergency diesel generators, or something similar. That is - energy.

Such a technique, with some amendments, is applicable, in general, for a rough estimate of both the scale of the information infrastructure necessary for the "functioning of the business" and the costs of it - taking into account measures to ensure some security. However, we are talking about security separately, this thing is multifaceted and diverse in its manifestations, and in extreme cases it can be very expensive. By the way, one of the measures to ensure security can be considered an increase in the reliability of both the entire infrastructure and the subsystems and components that form it.

Reliability Issues

• The main way to improve reliability is the redundancy and duplication of components (devices, subsystems, communication channels, etc.).
• An additional way is to use highly reliable and therefore expensive components.
• Both of these ways to improve reliability require certain costs.

I think it turned out spectacular. A different level of importance of the problem being solved determines different scales, and the scales determine the different cost of the solution.

At the same time, note that fundamental difference there is no infrastructure between, for example, Mobile Telesystems or VTB-24 and your home network. No one and nothing, except neighbors and a wallet, will prevent you, if you consider your personal data priceless, to additionally protect them: install a UPS for each device, and an emergency gasoline generator on the balcony in the most extreme case; connect to two independent providers by installing a separate router / switch on each channel; add one more to the existing NAS with a level 5 RAID array, in a mirror; put another system unit “in reserve” under the cabinet, identical to the one on the table (the so-called “cold standby”, yeah), and insert a BlueRay writing drive into the one standing on the table, on which to cut another disc with a priceless weekly; and once a month to take the recorded discs to a bank cell; and so on. Do you just need it?

As a conclusion

The concept of connecting 100 thousand socially significant objects to the Internet was approved

On February 28, 2019, it became known that the Government of Russia approved the Concept for connecting socially significant objects to the Internet. We are talking about providing Internet access to more than 100 thousand objects: educational institutions, feldsher and obstetric centers, police departments, the Russian Guard, fire departments, military commissars, state authorities and local self-government.

Previously, the provision of broadband Internet access (BBA) to socially significant facilities was included in the Digital Economy program. The first version of this program, together with the action plan for the section "Information infrastructure" was adopted in 2017. Then the documents talked about connecting state and municipal authorities and medical organizations to the Internet.

At the end of 2018, the Digital Economy national program and the Information Infrastructure federal project were approved. They significantly expanded the number of objects that need Internet access, it coincides with the list of organizations indicated in the mentioned Concept.

So, in the federal project "Information Infrastructure" we are talking about connecting fire stations and posts to the Internet in small settlements. The Ministry of Civil Defense, Emergencies and Disaster Relief (MES), together with the authorities of the subjects of the federation, will draw up a list of fire departments that need an Internet connection, along with the requirements for communication channels for them.

Relevant documents will be submitted to the Ministry of Telecom and Mass Communications. After that, the contractor for this project will be determined at a tender or by a decision of the government. For the designated purposes, the federal budget will spend 500 million rubles in 2019, 1 billion rubles in 2020, and another 2.5 billion rubles in 2021. That is, the total connection of fire departments to the Internet will cost the federal budget 4 billion rubles.

Another planned event is the connection to the Internet of police stations, territorial bodies of the Russian Guard and units of the National Guard troops, including in which persons with special police ranks serve in small settlements.

Another measure is to create a system for monitoring the provision of communication services for socially significant facilities. To this end, first, lists of parameters and indicators of quality and service standards, methodological support and a software and hardware complex for monitoring the provision of communication services for such objects will be developed.

Then, testing tools will be developed and modules of the hardware-software complex for providing communication services for such objects will be debugged.

In 2020, experimental control zones for the provision of communication services for socially significant facilities will be created. Until the end of 2021, the quality control system for the provision of communication services will work throughout the country.

The federal budget will allocate 390 million rubles in 2019 for equipping socially significant facilities with software and hardware systems for monitoring the provision of communication services, and 170 million rubles each in 2020 and 2021. That is, in total, budgetary funds in the amount of 730 million rubles will be required for these purposes. The project will be supervised by the Ministry of Telecom and Mass Communications and Rossvyaz, the contractor will be selected at the tender.

Thus, in total in 2019-2021. the federal budget will spend 12.39 billion rubles. to connect to the Internet in fire stations, police stations and divisions of the National Guard in sparsely populated areas of the country, as well as on military commissariats throughout the country.

Taking into account the plans previously included in the Digital Economy program to connect state authorities and local governments to the Internet, federal budget expenditures will amount to 22.8 billion rubles. And taking into account the quality control system for services for socially significant facilities - 23.5 billion rubles.

To solve the problem of providing Internet access to socially significant objects, the state will support the construction of a federal LTE network in the 450 MHz band, Deputy Minister of Communications Oleg Ivanov said earlier. For February, 2019 in the majority of regions of frequency in the range of 450 MHz belong to the cellular operator Tele2 which co-owner is Rostelecom. In a number of regions, including Moscow, St. Petersburg, Moscow and Leningrad regions, such networks have already been launched.

Rostelecom and Tele2 are ready to create a cellular network for socially significant objects

According to the assumptions of the Deputy Minister of Communications, the contract with the contractor may be concluded in April-May 2019. According to him, two domestic manufacturers are also interested in the project. base stations and one vendor localized in the Russian Federation, but “no binding agreements have been signed yet.”

In addition, the concept also provides that individuals and legal entities will also be connected to the Internet thanks to the project.

According to representatives of ER-Telecom Holding, the company stands for technological neutrality and competition in solving such problems.

The operator intends to participate in tenders if their conditions will allow the provision of services on an economically beneficial basis.

The digital profile of a citizen will begin with a bank loan service

A pilot project for launching a digital profile of a citizen can be a service for providing a bank loan without filling out questionnaires and presenting paper documents. This follows from the concept, generally approved by the working group "Regulatory regulation" at the ANO "Digital Economy", the meeting of which was held on February 6, 2019 at the site of the Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation.

The digital profile of a citizen, created within the framework of the federal project "Information Infrastructure" of the national project "Digital Economy", allows access to data from state information systems. A citizen can agree to provide this data to any organization - state or commercial (using a smartphone or computer). Read more.

2018: Deputy Minister of Communications Alexey Kozyrev on IT Gov Day - about development of digital state platforms

Alexey Kozyrev spoke about the development of state digital platforms

An identification platform is necessary so that both the business and the citizen have a digital key that would allow them to conduct electronic transactions, to carry out legally significant interaction in digital form.

Now the state stores a huge amount of personal information of citizens, Aleksey Kozyrev reminded the audience, while the citizens themselves can obtain this information to a limited extent and through a rather complicated procedure under the guise of public services. At the same time, he stated, in fact, in most cases this information is not even needed as a paper certificate, but only in the form of machine-readable data that will be processed by other information systems. Therefore, the electronic profile of a citizen, business, containing data and the ability for the subject to manage this data is an important task, which will be addressed by the further development of the identification and authentication platform, says Kozyrev.

Very important point- linking a living person to an electronic profile should be carried out by a trusted agent, Aleksey Kozyrev emphasized.

For the convenience of using an electronic profile, an electronic passport is required - a carrier with a chip on which the important information from electronic profile citizen, Alexey Kozyrev continued, expressing the hope that in 2018 some decisions in this direction would be made.

The prototype of the future platform for digital identification and authentication can be the ESIA, since it is popular - more than 65 million citizens are registered in it. From July 2018, the deputy minister explained, biometrics will be added to the ESIA, and in the future it is planned to add an authorization function, that is, checking the credentials of the acting person, and the ability to use EDS from the cloud.

The second important platform in the context of the development of the digital economy is the integration data bus. With its help, machine-readable data must be transferred from the source of the master data to all systems where it will be used. We are talking, among other things, about data from the commercial sector of the economy. SMEV has de facto outgrown its original functionality, the Deputy Minister stated, it is now used not only for government functions, but for various integration processes. The Ministry of Telecom and Mass Communications plans to further develop its functionality in order to build a unified data model based on this system, build technical standards creating and sharing data.

The third important platform for the future digital economy is a single data mart, a state “marketplace” modeled on Yandex.Market or Amazon, which would allow to combine in a single space the services of more than 7,000 sites owned today by government authorities and various government organizations. This is very important both from the point of view of savings and from the point of view of the convenience of providing services and information to users, Aleksey Kozyrev emphasized.

In particular, this will make it possible to implement the provision of information to citizens in a one-stop shop. With the help of artificial intelligence, the system will be able to dispatch a citizen’s request both in the context of the department and in the context of legislation so that the response is both meaningful and timely.

Alexey Kozyrev also touched upon the economic processes in the EurAsEC in the context of digital integration. The development of state digital platforms will be carried out taking into account the processes on the territory of the EurAsEC, the Deputy Minister emphasized, for which a special project body has been created within the framework of the EurAsEC Commission, which will coordinate work in this direction and where the Ministry of Communications plans to send proposals for the creation of digital platforms in the EurAsEC space.

At the end of the report, Kozyrev touched upon the issues of financing the development of digital technologies by the state. Constantly investing budget money in them due to their natural obsolescence is a costly process. Therefore, it is necessary to activate PPP mechanisms, the Deputy Minister of Communications noted. However, the key services are electronic identification and authentication, geographic information system- apparently should remain under the control of the state, he concluded.

The voiced theses on the development of digital platforms will be reflected in several documents, said Alexei Kozyrev, answering questions after the report. Firstly, under the Digital Economy program, plans for the implementation of the program and related activities have been approved. One of the activities in the information infrastructure section involves the development and approval of a concept for the development of state digital platforms. It is under development, after which the concept is planned to be approved by the subcommittee on the digital economy.

Regarding the EurAsEC agenda, the Ministry of Communications and Mass Media is preparing proposals from the Russian Federation for the implementation of joint projects. The proposals will be aimed at ensuring that Russian state platforms are integrated with similar platforms of EurAsEC partners.

In turn, there are three bills on the topic of PPP, said the Deputy Minister of Communications. Rather, there will be legislative initiatives that will allow concessions in the field of creation and development of information systems. In addition, there are a number of initiatives aimed at making it possible to use commercial money to refine state information systems or finance their operation for the needs of commercial organizations.

2017

An action plan for the development of information infrastructure within the framework of the "Digital Economy" was presented

A separate section of the action plan is devoted to measures to support the creation of a new type of infrastructure components - digital infrastructure platforms. Key Feature This type of platform is the possibility of their reuse and application in various sectors of the economy. So, for example, the end-to-end platform of the industrial Internet, on the one hand, will speed up and simplify the transition of the domestic industry to the "rails" of "Industry 4.0", and on the other hand, stimulate the development of "smart" transport, ensuring the connectivity of vehicles and road infrastructure. In general, the action plan provides for the identification and creation of at least 5 digital infrastructure platforms, as well as the development of measures to support them, including from development institutions.

Enabling the Federal Wireless LPWAN for the Internet of Things

On September 5, 2017 it became known that in the Digital Economy program developed by the Ministry of Telecom and Mass Communications on behalf of President Vladimir Putin, after approval by the Government, a number of new items appeared. Including in the section "Information infrastructure" there is now an item on the construction of a network of the LPWAN standard.

According to the program, by the end of 2017, a concept will be developed for the development of networks for a narrow-band communication network for collecting telemetric information in cities from territories of more than 100 square meters. km. Also, the needs for services, approaches to the creation and use of the LPWAN network will be determined.

The digitalization program, according to experts, should be focused, among other things, on reducing the costs of entrepreneurs and citizens, ensuring the freedom of movement of goods, services and capital, and comprehensive cooperation of business entities in the digital space.

As for the development of digital infrastructure, first of all, it is necessary to ensure universal and unlimited access to the Internet. As priority areas, the expert council also proposes to single out work with big data, ensuring information security, creating services based on artificial intelligence, as well as identifying users and technical devices.

As part of the legal regulation of the digital economy, experts propose to ensure regulation in such segments as electronic commerce, data and intellectual property protection, technology transfer. Also, in their opinion, it is necessary to work out the issues of regulating the activities of global digital companies in the Russian Federation and create a regulatory framework for the functioning of the labor market in a digital economy.