Young electronics group. Youth radio clubs, clubs, sections. Center for additional education "Young motorist"

Last week there was a post about organizing electronics classes at school. In this post, as promised, I will try to outline my thoughts on the program and methodology for conducting such classes.

No, this picture is not the result of three lessons)

Caution, high voltage

Unfortunately, in my case, the physics classroom belongs to option number 1. On the teacher’s desk there is a laptop, an MFP, a TV, a VCR and music. center, and a projector hangs overhead. Behind him is a small white screen for a projector and, in fact, a school board. There are no stacks of MacBooks, nor are they expected. Well, I'll use what I have. Having a projector made me very happy - I have accumulated many rollers, which are so rarely shown in physics lessons and they will be very useful for understanding the theory.
Based on all this, it was decided to provide every young radio amateur with a 5V power supply. Most people probably already have them: almost any charger for a phone, tablet, player, etc. For those who don't have it, I'll give it away from my own supplies. We also use battery packs - convenient, mobile and safe. This is what concerns power supply. About breadboards, components and the rest - a little later. In the near future I will discuss “moving” to the computer science classroom, because without computers it will soon be difficult.

Slice of knowledge

Based on this, I made the following conclusions:
1. Start from the beginning. You cannot rely on the fact that all of them know what electric current is, for example. Well, that was clear from the very beginning.
2. It will be very difficult to adhere to any clear plan and deadlines. Judging by the way the guys brought me the questionnaires)
3. When we get to programming, we also need to start from scratch. A little further I will describe my thoughts in more detail.
4. The English part of the network does not exist for them yet. You will have to refer only to Russian resources and documentation. It is clear that I will not be able to motivate them to study English intensively - the children do not yet understand why this is necessary.
5. Use the Network as actively as possible. In 4 hours a week you can’t tell everything and answer all the questions, but there are computers, phones or tablets. Therefore, we must try to teach them to look for answers on the Internet, communicate with each other, and ask me questions not only in class.

I have already started a diary on LiveJournal, channel on YouTube for future videos and a Skype account. When at the last lesson I talked about all this and asked to use it more actively, everyone almost unanimously said that we needed a group on VKontakte. Well, I’ll have to meet you halfway, and a little later I’ll create such a group. As I understand from conversations, guys are much more likely to be on VKontakte than on any other site (here I once again want to make a caustic remark, but I can’t, I’m now a teacher =))
In the previous post there was a question about video recording. I tried to record the first two lessons, but doing it with a regular video camera turned out to be extremely inconvenient: the angle of view is narrow and it is inconvenient to rearrange the tripod in order to film either the board, or, for example, a breadboard or some experiments at different times. In the near future I will try to get hold of an action camera and then it will be easier. There are plans to post the most interesting things on the YouTube channel.

Do you have a plan, Mr. Fix?

Like this. First, general things that are needed for any craft, then as questions and problems arise. I plan to explain the concept of capacitance and inductance far from the beginning, most likely when “combat” tasks arise. It's the same with alternating current. Somewhere in the distant future there will be radio waves, but not very soon.
The general idea is to get tangible results as quickly as possible. From the very beginning, I suggested that the guys divide their work into two parts: each has their own small project + one common project, but more complex. He also set an approximate deadline for them - until the New Year holidays. I think that you need to immediately get used to the presence of a time frame, otherwise you can amorphously do something incomprehensible all year without any visible results.
Now I am more and more inclined to unite guys of 2-3 people on one project and abandon the common project altogether. If you delve into theory for too long and don’t do anything with your hands, then interest will disappear very quickly and people will simply run away.
As correctly suggested in the comments, wherever possible, I try to explain the theory using the analogy of electrical circuits and plumbing. This is a long-known and well-proven method; it is much easier for a student to imagine a pump and a valve than invisible charge carriers and, for example, a diode.
The main focus will be on digital electronics, with analogue items discussed as appropriate. Therefore, I will try to start working with Arduino as soon as possible: with it it is much easier and faster to get a working device, and besides, you can tinker and program at home. I think it’s clear why I chose Arduino. If not, I will answer in the comments.
Thanks to several good people who responded to the first post, I managed to collect 7 Arduino boards, and I have already distributed them to some schoolchildren. Yes, they don’t yet know which side to take it from, but some will have time to read something about it on their own.

Start

But the fourth lesson did not take place. Instead, I suggested going to the Russian Robo-Sumo Championship! It seemed to me that this would be interesting for them and could motivate them. However, as a result, only three out of about ten people went, despite the fact that the competition took place almost at the same time as the lesson. Maybe my parents didn’t let me in (for a trip you must have permission from your parents, which they don’t mind), or maybe they just decided not to bother and stay at home, I don’t know that yet. Unfortunately, parents also showed almost no interest; only the mother of one sixth-grader went.

Robo-sumo competition

About the competitions themselves.

Gratitude

That's how many people there are in these two weeks! I got the impression that a very decent number of people are concerned about the topic of additional education, at least in Moscow. This is a sociable, extremely friendly and young community whose members help each other. Hooray!

About organizing electronics classes at school. In this post, as promised, I will try to outline my thoughts on the program and methodology for conducting such classes.

Caution, high voltage

To begin with, it would be nice to think through the most general things. For example, what will be the material base for classes? This largely depends on the technical equipment of the school and the room where the children will make flashing LEDs and, a little later, terminators. I will talk about a regular school, where in addition to the club there are lessons during the day. In art houses and various clubs the situation is naturally different.
There are several options:
1. In the classroom allocated for classes, there is nothing except a 220 V outlet. The most difficult option. We need to look somewhere for power supplies for each person. A non-obvious problem is that before each lesson, this entire low-voltage power supply network must first be connected (extension cords, the power supply itself, wires for each table), and then everything must be removed back. They are not allowed to somehow re-equip the classroom - financial responsibility, no one will get involved with this. The second option is to move on to programming as quickly as possible and then do it exclusively, and then you only need a computer and a projector. It is clear that this is not suitable - the guys need absolutely other.
2. It happens that in school physics classrooms, each desk is already equipped with a socket or terminal block, to which 36 or 42 V is supplied. It is believed that this is a relatively safe voltage. In this case, you only need to make power supplies for 5 and/or 12 Volts, which will be permanently installed on the desks. Sometimes it even happens that a teacher has the opportunity to change the voltage on the sockets of school desks using LATR - generally an excellent option.
By the way, you can find quite a few different soldering irons for voltages of 12, 24.36 and 42V.
3. And finally, it happens that 5 V power is distributed throughout the classroom to each desk. This is sufficient for most experiments, as well as for the operation of low-power devices, both analog and digital. Typically, such power distribution is done independently by a physics teacher using fairly thick wires (to prevent a significant voltage drop).

Unfortunately, in my case, the physics classroom belongs to option number 1. On the teacher’s desk there is a laptop, an MFP, a TV, a VCR and music. center, and a projector hangs overhead. Behind him is a small white screen for a projector and, in fact, a school board. There are no stacks of MacBooks, nor are they expected. Well, I'll use what I have. Having a projector made me very happy - I have accumulated many rollers, which are so rarely shown in physics lessons and they will be very useful for understanding the theory.
Based on all this, it was decided to provide every young radio amateur with a 5V power supply. Most people probably already have them: almost any charger for a phone, tablet, player, etc. For those who don't have it, I'll give it away from my own supplies. We also use battery packs - convenient, mobile and safe. This is what concerns power supply. About breadboards, components and the rest - a little later. In the near future I will discuss “moving” to the computer science classroom, because without computers it will soon be difficult.

Slice of knowledge

An equally important task is to determine the “initial conditions”, that is, at least the approximate current level of knowledge of future engineers. Without this, it seems to me, it will be difficult to set goals, much less achieve them. Even before our first meeting, I prepared a questionnaire and distributed it during the first lesson. Explained why it was needed and how to fill it out. But still, I found out the main points in a conversation in class: I asked about their lessons in physics, computer science and mathematics, about hobbies, about experience in fixing something, about hobbies, whether there are radio amateurs in the family, and so on.
The results are:
- most simply forgot to bring this form to the second lesson
- two sixth-graders and one seventh-grader still did it
- the ninth graders scored in full force
- it is noticeable that there is a real gap between grades 6 and 7
- consider that there was no computer science. Maximum - office. However, one guy said that there was something Logo-like and another one even wrote something in C
- I haven’t yet managed to understand my level of English, but what was in the questionnaires will not help in any way on English-language resources. Well, that means we won’t get into the datasheet for now.
- everyone has a computer and the Internet
- Several people have fathers or grandfathers who are engineers and know what’s what. This is very good for me, I think things will be much more fun with them
- even ninth-graders are not entirely sure how the battery is depicted in the diagram. Those who were younger did not see such things at all.

Based on this, I made the following conclusions:
1. Start from the beginning. You cannot rely on the fact that all of them know what electric current is, for example. Well, that was clear from the very beginning.
2. It will be very difficult to adhere to any clear plan and deadlines. Judging by the way the guys brought me the questionnaires)
3. When we get to programming, we also need to start from scratch. A little further I will describe my thoughts in more detail.
4. The English part of the network does not exist for them yet. You will have to refer only to Russian resources and documentation. It is clear that I will not be able to motivate them to study English intensively - the children do not yet understand why this is necessary.
5. Use the Network as actively as possible. In 4 hours a week you can’t tell everything and answer all the questions, but there are computers, phones or tablets. Therefore, we must try to teach them to look for answers on the Internet, communicate with each other, and ask me questions not only in class.

The one who considers the radio engineering direction to be outdated and outdated is wrong - they say, this type of communication is hopelessly outdated, so why understand it? In fact, this activity is one of the most popular and in demand today. Young Popovs and Marconi are attracted to many things in radio engineering: the opportunity to create a complex device with their own hands, improve or repair an existing one, and also simply gain skills that will be useful to every person.

In laboratories, homes and creativity centers, young radio amateurs in our city have the opportunity to get acquainted with both the basics of radio engineering, working with plumbing and installation tools, and with complex circuits and equipment. Many schoolchildren, studying radio in clubs, take an important step towards their future specialty and profession.

In our city there is no shortage of qualified teachers and craftsmen specializing in radio engineering. Many received professional education back in the USSR, devoted many years to leading factories and industrial enterprises and are ready to pass on the secrets of their craft and their experience to the younger generation. Children studying radio often become winners of various competitions, participants in conferences and rallies.

Preparation for soldering microcircuits

Working with a soldering iron and microcircuits is a must for every radio amateur. One of the basic rules for beginners is the following: take inexpensive circuits and practice! Only having “get your hands on” the simple ones can you move on to more complex and, accordingly, expensive ones. Before you start soldering the microcircuit, you need to remove its excess solder using copper braid, which is preheated with a soldering iron. Remember that the success of all work depends on the quality preparation of the foundation! This affects how reliable the future connection with the elements of the microcircuit will be. The amount of resistance also depends on this. Before work, the circuit must be degreased: a regular napkin moistened with soapy water will help with this. True, there are cases when you cannot do without a special composition, which can be purchased in radio parts stores. Contacts are cleaned with acetone or methyl hydrate - it is the safest for human health.

Safety when working with soldering equipment

Classes for children and teenagers in the radio engineering circle are held under the constant supervision of teachers. In any case, the course begins with safety rules. The teacher explains how to properly handle the equipment by setting up, adjusting and operating it. Explains how to protect yourself when working with an antenna. The most important task of the organizers of the circle in the premises of an amateur radio station is to ensure fire safety. Considering that circuits are most often assembled using soldering, let’s take a closer look at the basics of working with soldering equipment. You have to deal with high temperatures, so you should protect your skin. Of course, no one is safe from burns, but caution doesn’t hurt. It is especially important to protect your eyes from burns so as not to lose your vision. There is no need to raise the tip high or wave it - the instrument should always be on a stand. Be sure to wear glasses when soldering. Even if you are just disassembling the circuit, solder may splash into your eyes, and in this case injury can be inevitable.

How to avoid mistakes when connecting speakers?

When connecting speakers, it is important to remember that they are afraid of overload. If this happens, the speaker may be damaged. Therefore, it is important to take into account that the power supplied to it is no higher than the rated one (less is possible). Before connecting speakers, pay attention to their rated power (in watts) and the active resistance of the voice coil (in ohms).

How to check what condition the resistor is in?

Not every device works for decades, not to mention its individual elements and parts. Capacitors often fail, and a little less often, but this happens, resistors... It’s quite simple to check whether a resistor has died for a long time - you need to measure the resistance. Any indicator is considered normal if it is less than infinity and greater than zero. They also pay attention to the color: a black resistor, as a rule, has already served its purpose, although there are exceptions. The part gets this color due to overheating.

Ministry of Social Development of the Saratov Region

State budgetary institution of the Saratov region

“Social rehabilitation center for minors” “Return”

"I affirm"

Branch Director

GBU SO SRC "Return"

Ershova V.M.

from "____" _______ 2012

PROGRAM

CLASSES OF THE CREATIVE ASSOCIATION “RADIO ELECTRONICS”

Head of the association

Labor instructor

Appak B.G.

Saratov

2013

Creative Association lesson program

"Radio electronics"

Labor instructor

Social rehabilitation departments

GBU SO SRCN "Return"

Appak Boris Georgievich

EXPLANATORY NOTE

The 21st century has become the century of global information communications and the intensive introduction of electronics into our lives.

The Radioelectronics association gives teenagers the opportunity not only to fill their leisure time, but also to develop basic knowledge and raise the level of motivation for learning. In the classroom, talented and capable students who find themselves in difficult life situations find something they love to do.

In the future, many of today's students will not only operate, but also take an active part in the development and manufacture of automatic devices for various purposes. Therefore, along with psychological preparation, great attention should be paid to practical training that meets the requirements of today.

One of the effective ways of career guidance and practical training for children is their studies in radio electronics clubs.

The circle is made up of students from 7 to 17 years old who show interest in creating electronic devices.

Working in our association will allow students to become familiar with the basics of electrical engineering, electronics, semiconductor circuitry, the design and use of electronic power supplies, the operation of electronic amplifiers for various purposes, and the use of analog integrated circuits.

This program is compiled on the basis of many years of experience of the Radioelectronics association. It takes into account the positive aspects of all major programs.

GOALS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE CREATIVE ASSOCIATION

To occupy the leisure time of children interested in radio engineering and electronics, radio engineering design and automation. Help to consolidate in practice the knowledge gained in the classroom. Involve in socially useful work. Expand children's horizons.

Tasks:

Educational:

• Contribute to the development of the creative potential of students

means of radio engineering modeling;

• Acquaintance with modern electronic database.

Educational:

• Fostering professional interest in the profile of the association;
• Education of modern constructive and technical thinking.

Educational:

• Expansion of the information field;
• Formation of an active creative position;
• Development of independence, accuracy and responsibility.

DISTINCTIVE FEATURES OF THE PROGRAM

Classes in the creative association “Radioelectronics” involve studying equipment and working with it. It is the composition of the equipment with which the workshop is equipped, its technical characteristics and capabilities that determine the general approach to building a training program.

The methodological basis of radio electronics classes should be considered the optimal alternation of group classes with individual work. If it is rational to conduct theoretical classes with the whole group, then it is usually advisable to conduct practical classes individually. This is directly required by safety regulations and operating features of communication equipment.

Priority principles of this program:

• Personal orientation of the educational process;
• Optimal combination of theoretical and practical classes;
• Consolidating the learned material by repetition at a higher level;
• Widespread use of technical teaching aids in conducting both theoretical and practical classes;
• Involving parents, athletes, and specialists in the educational process;
• Alternating group lessons with individual ones;
• Participation in activity days, competitions and other public events with competitive elements;
• Participation in the daily life of radio electronics enthusiasts: establishing friendly connections with schoolchildren and adult radio amateurs in your city, region, Russia, near and far abroad.

Features of the age group

The type of children's group corresponds to the profile of the association.

Periodicity
1st – 10th grades – 1 hour 4 times a week.

Based on the experience of the Radioelectronics association, the program includes sections that satisfy the modern interests and hobbies of students.

During the association's classes, special equipment made for radio electronics associations is used.
When implementing the program, the conditions for preserving the mental and psychological health of children are observed. During the learning process, the child develops:

Confidence in achieving the set goal;

Positive emotions during work;

The desire to succeed.

Students are given feasible tasks that give them the opportunity to believe in their abilities and relieve feelings of fear and fear.

The psychological climate in the group allows each child to reveal their abilities, gain satisfaction from classes, and feel the support and help of their comrades.

All this gives children the opportunity to feel successful and believe in themselves, experiencing pleasure from activities and receiving positive emotional experiences.

EXPECTED RESULT

Obtaining a solid knowledge of the basics of electronic automation and radio engineering in children.

Mastering the skills of using control and measuring instruments.

Designing our first operating models of radio electronics and automation.

Expected results:

Upon completion of training, students should be able to:

Handle tools;

Complete radio circuits;

Free to assemble a simple radio circuit;

Learn to trace printed circuit boards of simple electronic circuits.

Must know:

All radioelements, their designations on the diagram;

All physical quantities (current, voltage, resistance, etc.) and methods of measuring them;

Analyze the results of experiments.

Ways to test skills and abilities:

Independent assembly of electrical circuits, soldering, tracing and demonstration of work results to a group of students;

Defense of works at conferences and exhibitions, discussion of results.

Methodological support of the program

The main form of activities in the association is the lesson. Summing up the results for each topic is carried out in the form of a test.

In organizing the educational process, it is recommended to use the following teaching methods:

• observational method
• design methods
• exercise method
• verbal method
• display method
• method of motivation and stimulation

4. Conditions for the implementation of the program:

The training room should be dry, warm and bright; the walls should be painted in light, warm colors, communication pipes and heating radiators should be covered with electrically insulating fences. To merge you must have:

Tools

Locksmith tool kit:

A hacksaw, a slotting machine, a chisel, a plumber's hammer, files and needle files of various shapes and notch numbers, a hand drill, a set of drills with a diameter of 1-10 mm, pliers, metal scissors, a center punch, a metal ruler, a metal square, a metal scriber, a hand vice , caliper, micrometer, plastic and sheet metal cutter, crosspiece, wrenches (No. 4-16).

Carpentry kit consists of

a hacksaw for wood, a jigsaw with a set of files, a set of chisels and chisels, a plane, a jointer (half-jointer), a brace with a set of tools, a wooden square, a mallet, and clamps.

In addition, it is necessary to have a sufficient number of small diameter drills (from 0.6 to 1.0 mm) used in the manufacture of printed circuit boards.

Instrumentation.

• testers – 8-10 pcs.;
• oscilloscope
• power supplies
• device for measuring transistor parameters
• low frequency generator
• high frequency generator
• square wave generator
• oscilloscope
• dual beam oscilloscope
• meter for inductance and capacitance parameters
• bridge for measuring resistance values
• frequency meter
• digital voltmeter
• universal power supply
• power supply type VS-ZO
• autotransformer type LATR, RNO
• transformer with continuously adjustable output voltage

Consumables.

In the association it is desirable to have:

• fiberglass, textolite, getinax sheet thickness 0.5-2.5 mm;
• fiberglass, (getinaks) foiled with a thickness of 1-2.5 mm;

• polystyrene sheets of different colors with a thickness of 0.5-3 mm;
• organic sheet glass 4 mm thick;
• presspan 1-2 mm thick;
• hard plasticine for model work;
• aluminum sheet 1-2 mm thick;
• duralumin sheet thickness 1.5-2.5mm;
• duralumin profile (angle, tee, I-beam);
• ebonite, polystyrene, textolite, aluminum, duralumin, brass, copper in rods and blanks with a diameter of up to 60 mm;
• POS-60 solder in rods and wire;
• light rosin, alcohol-rosin flux;
• various adhesives (PVA, BF-2, Unicum, Moment, Phoenix, etc.);
• varnished fabric, PVC and PE tubes of various sizes;
• cotton and PVC insulating tape;
• mounting and winding wires;
• nitro putty, nitro paints, various solvents, hardware;
• cores for power transformers with a power of 5-50 W,
• resistor boxes with a power of 0.125-1 W, row E-24;
• cash registers of low-frequency and high-frequency capacitors, series E-24;
• electrolytic capacitors 1-4000 µF;
• low-frequency matching and output transformers type TOT or similar;
• indication elements (incandescent lamps, light-emitting diodes, digital and character indicators, etc.);
• semiconductor diodes, triodes, integrated circuits, thyristors;
• electrodynamic heads of direct radiation;
• ear or headphones, capsules (TM-2, TM-4, VTM, TON, etc.);
• electromagnetic relays with operating voltage up to 48 V;
• measuring heads of the magnetoelectric system with a total deflection current of up to 1 mA;
• switching products;
• round and flat ferrite rods of grades 100 NN - 600 NN;
• rings made of ferrite grades 600NN – 2000 NN;
• fuse holders with fusible links;
• electrical fittings, etc.
• THEMATIC PLAN

PROGRAM

1.Introductory lesson

Electronic automation: characteristics, purpose, areas of application. Brief overview of the development of electronic automation.

Rules of conduct in the laboratory. Acquaintance with the material and technical base of the circle.

Discussion of the circle's work plan.

2. Electrical installation work

Occupational safety during electrical installation work. Types and technology of installation of electronic circuits. Electrical and radio installation tools.

Solders and fluxes: purpose, main characteristics and application. Technology for performing various types of installation using the soldering method.

PRACTICAL WORK. Manufacturing of prototype boards, dismantling of electronic units.

3.Fundamentals of electrical engineering

Structure of matter. Conductors, semiconductors and dielectrics. Electric current. Current strength. Current measurement. Electrical voltage. Units of measurement of electrical voltage.

Occupational safety when taking measurements in electrical circuits.

Serial electrical circuit. Electrical resistance. Units of measurement of electrical resistance. Conventional graphic symbols of resistors. Resistors: main types, their characteristics and applications.

Ohm's law for a section of a circuit. Electromotive force. Chemical current sources. Ohm's law for a complete circuit.

Serial and parallel connection of conductors. Rheostat. Voltage divider. Calculation of parameters of DC electrical circuit elements.

Magnetic field. Conductor in a magnetic field. Magnetic field of the coil. Electromagnet. Electromagnetic induction.

Alternating electric current and its main characteristics: amplitude, frequency, period, phase.

Inductance. Inductor. Conventional graphic symbols of an inductor. Units of measurement of inductance. Calculation of inductors. Inductive reactance. Series and parallel connection of inductors.

Electrical capacity. Units of measurement. Conventional graphic symbols. Capacitance. Serial and parallel connection of containers.

Capacitors: main types, their characteristics and applications.

Active and reactance in an alternating current circuit.

LABORATORY WORK. Ohm's law for a section of a circuit. Serial and parallel connection of conductors. Inductance and capacitance in an alternating current circuit.

PRACTICAL WORK. Production of electrified educational visual aids. The simplest light and music console.

4. Electrical devices

Buttons and switches. Symbols and graphic symbols. Types, purpose, characteristics and application. Electromagnetic relays and step finders. Conventional graphic symbols. Types, main characteristics and applications.

Indication and signaling elements: incandescent lamps, gas-discharge indicators, semiconductor emitting devices, character and digital indicators, acoustic signaling devices. Conventional graphic symbols. Purpose, main characteristics and methods of inclusion in electronic devices.

Electrical machines. Conventional graphic symbol. Operating principle. DC micromotors: main types and their characteristics.

Transformers. Conventional graphic symbol. Operating principle. Calculation of transformers.

LABORATORY WORK. Electromagnetic relay. Microelectric motor.

PRACTICAL WORK. Fuse blown alarm, combination lock on the relay, slot machine on the relay, protection device on the relay, speed control device for the armature of the electric motor, etc.

5. Semiconductor devices

Semiconductor materials. Conductivity p- and n-type, p-n-junction.

Semiconductor diode. Conventional graphic symbol. Volt-ampere characteristics of the diode. Basic types, parameters and applications of semiconductor diodes.

Bipolar transistor. Operating principle. Conventional graphic symbols. Transistors structuresр – n – p and n – p – n. Main characteristics of biopolar transistors.

Transistor – electrical signal amplifier. Transistor connection circuits and their main characteristics. Classification of biopolar transistors.

Field effect transistors. Conventional graphic symbols. Principle of operation and characteristic features of application.

Rules for installing semiconductor devices.

Multilayer semiconductor devices: dinistor, thyristor, semistor. Conventional graphic symbols. Operating principle. Main types and applications.

Integrated circuits. Manufacturing technology. Hybrid ICs.

LABORATORY WORK. Semiconductor diode. Bipolar transistor. Dinistor and thyristor.

PRACTICAL WORK. Manufacturing of simple electronic devices using semiconductor devices: combination lock, security device, humidity controller, liquid level controller, temperature controller for heating devices, time relay, etc.

6. Electronic measuring instruments

Purpose and brief description of devices for monitoring parameters and setting up electronic devices.

Low frequency signal generator. High frequency signal generator. Generator of special shape signals. Oscilloscope. Frequency meter. Electronic instruments for measuring voltage, current, resistance, capacitance, inductance.

Occupational safety during measurements. Rules for operating instruments and measurement techniques.

LABORATORY WORK. Studying the parameters of generator signals using an oscilloscope.

7. Secondary power sources

AC voltage rectification. Operating principle of single- and full-wave rectifiers. Rectifier circuits. Rectified voltage ripple. Anti-aliasing filters: main types, their characteristics and application.

Classification of DC voltage stabilizers. The principle of electronic voltage stabilization. Parametric stabilizer. Operating principle, main characteristics and application. Calculation of parametric voltage stabilizers.

Continuous voltage stabilizer of compensation type. Structure and principle of operation. Voltage stabilizers with serial and parallel connection of the control element. Operating principle, characteristics and scope of application.

Switching voltage stabilizer. Operating principle. Prospects for the development of secondary power sources.

LABORATORY WORK. AC voltage rectifier. Parametric voltage stabilizer. Voltage stabilizer of compensation type.

PRACTICAL WORK. Production of secondary power supplies for the needs of a circle, social rehabilitation center.

8. Processing and generation of analog signals

Amplifiers of analog signals in automation devices. Transistor based amplification stage. Setting the transistor operating mode for direct current. The simplest calculation of the parameters of the elements of the amplifier stage on a transistor. Input and output characteristics of the cascade.

Voltage amplifier. Types of communication between amplifier stages. Feedback in the amplifier. DC amplifier. Selective amplifier. Power amplifier.

Generation of harmonic oscillations. L.C. - and RC oscillators.

Analog integrated circuits. Classification of analog ICs. Differential amplifier IC. Conventional graphic symbol. Operating principle and application of differential amplifier IC.

Operational amplifier IC. Conventional graphic symbol. Operating principle and purpose. Basic schemes for using an operational amplifier IC.

LABORATORY WORK. Voltage amplifier based on bipolar transistors RC-oscillator. Operational amplifier.

PRACTICAL WORK. Audio amplifier, intercom, sound simulators, electronic siren, probes for testing amplifier paths, electric music bell, electronic lock with sound, ultrasonic or optical key, selective control devices.

9. Excursions

Possible objects: exhibitions of children's technical creativity and radio amateurs.

10. Final lesson

Summing up the work of the circle for the year. Encouraging the most active circle members. Discussion of the circle's work plan for the next year.

REFERENCES.

1. Program. Students' creativity. M.: “Enlightenment”, 1995.
2. B.E. Alginin Electronic Automation Circle, 1991.
3. B.S. Ivanov Electronics in homemade products, 1995.

In the second pavilion of VDNKh, the most unusual “Roboschool” in Russia has been opened: one of the teachers here is the android Thespian.

In total, 4 courses are open at RoboSchool. There is “Robotics”, where they introduce the basics of design, modeling and programming, and teach how to create smart electronic machines. You can choose the STEAM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Art, Mathematics) program, which consists of engineering lessons and experiments. In the “Electromechanics” course, students will learn to distinguish resistors from transistors, assemble radios and other equipment.

Industrial design is also provided in the “Roboschool”. During the classes, children will not only learn the history of modern design, but will also create art objects on their own. The best creations will be in the Robostation Hall of Fame.

5200 rubles per month

Museum of Entertaining Sciences "Experimentanium"

An ideal platform for holding open lessons and interactive activities. We follow the latest trends
in the field of additional education for children. Our educational courses allow you to broaden your child’s horizons, acquire useful skills and knowledge that open up new perspectives in the modern world. And most importantly, we know how to make the educational process fun and enjoyable for children!

In the new school year, a “Laboratory” of entertaining sciences opens its doors in our museum, in which children will be able to get acquainted with natural science and technical laws in practice under the guidance of real scientists. We have also prepared an interesting program of popular science lectures from the already beloved “Scientists for Children” series. And for fans of design and programming, enrollment is already open for Robotics courses and drone piloting school!

The minimum cost of 1 lesson in the course is 1000 rubles

Open prototyping laboratory "Laba"

The first techno-coworking space in Russia is also an educational platform. The Lab provides training in computer programs for drawing and 3D modeling, and organizes master classes on 3D printing, 3D scanning, and working with laser machines. By the way, in most cases, “Laba” is designed for adults - people come here to work on 3D printers, plotters, milling cutters and other sophisticated equipment.

The center offers about 10 areas for children, the most interesting of which are shipbuilding, aircraft modeling and robotics. According to the co-founder of Laba, Maxim Pinigin, in a techno-coworking space you will be able to implement any idea, “from a stool to a satellite.” Regardless of the age of the inventor.

From 5000 rubles per month

Science Festival

“Celebration of Science” is an interactive and educational program for children from 8 to 13 years old. You can arrange a scientific holiday, a master class, a birthday party or an entire scientific festival. The goal is to popularize science and show children that all this can not be abstruse and boring, but exciting and interesting. Secrets of film special effects technologies, physical and chemical experiments, entertaining mathematics - children are usually delighted.

In addition to major events and holidays, you can sign up for classes and courses. Now there is an intensive course “Engineering Creativity” (for children 9-12 years old), “Electricity for Inventors” (for children 9-12 years old) and “Chemistry in the lives of children and adolescents” (for children 8-12 years old). The “Engineering Creativity” course will teach children prototyping and modeling, develop spatial thinking and fine motor skills. In the course on electricity, children will learn how to assemble electrical circuits and even make a real lightsaber. Chemistry is pure joy, reactions and experiments.

From 6900 rubles for 7 lessons

Math clubs from the creative laboratory "2×2"

The main value of the creative laboratory “Twice Two” is its teachers. The center's math circles are staffed by people who are in love with numbers and formulas. They manage to infect children with a passion for exact sciences: the average score of students in mathematics at school is 4.58, they often take prizes at city and Russian Olympiads.

In order to study in a circle for free, you need to go through several interviews. Only the most mathematically capable are accepted here.

House of Scientific and Technical Creativity of Youth (DNTTM)

The branch of the Palace of Children's Creativity on Vorobyovy Gory boasts a rich range of scientific fields - from robotics and paleontology to astronomy and robotics. There are 11 chemistry clubs here alone.

The House of Creativity pays special attention to children interested in technology. For example, the center offers several radio electronics courses. The beginners' class involves soldering electronic circuits and creating simple electronic devices. In the course “Radio Engineering” they study radio-electronic designs, and in the lessons “Entertaining Electronics” they learn to read and make simple circuits.

There are classes for free

Engineering Center of the Museum of Cosmonautics

Why does a plane or a rocket fly? How does the Universe work, who can go into space and what is a spacesuit for? At the Engineering Center of the Museum of Cosmonautics, you can get answers to thousands of questions. This year, the “Space Squad” club was opened here, where, in addition to theoretical knowledge, you can take psychological tests (almost like astronauts!), work out on the SOYUZ-TMA docking simulator and receive a “Test Cosmonaut” certificate.

And for those who prefer to work on Earth, there is a three-year program of the Vostok design bureau. Future engineers will become familiar with the basics of electrical engineering, computer programming and 3D modeling, learn how to work on a breadboard, read and draw electrical diagrams, and write code.

From 200 rubles per lesson

Center for Design Creativity
"Start Pro"

The center is called “children’s Skolkovo”: “Start Pro” contains one of the best scientific bases in the country. There are 6 laboratories open here, in which about 60 programs are presented. Thus, in “Entertaining Mathematics” they teach how to solve complex puzzles, in the “Graphical environment LabVIEW” - to create robots and develop simple applications, and in “Stroymaster” - to work with tools, natural materials and metal.

Yes, and no boring lectures: the center’s teachers know how to talk simply about complex things, turn science into a game, and boring school subjects into exciting quests.

For free

Center for additional education "Young motorist"

Vsyanakhodka.rf

This is the most provocative children's center in Moscow: for example, they are allowed to ride motorcycles here from the age of 8! Young riders are taught the basics of motorcycling, how to repair equipment and provide first aid in case of accidents. Both equipment and motorcycles are provided by the center.

In addition, here you have the opportunity to learn everything about the structure of the car, learn the rules of the road and even pass a traffic rules exam.

Although most of all children respect the practical part of the lessons: they start driving here at the age of 12. Students race go-karts, participate in rallies and win prizes in Russian automobile competitions.

For free

Young Railwaymen's Club at the Russian University of Transport (MIIT)

If your child loves trains, you should take a closer look at the courses at MIIT. During the classes, children learn the history and structure of railways, study the composition of electric locomotives and carriages, and get acquainted with the rules of “railway traffic” and railway professions. Every summer in Kratovo, near Moscow, the club's pupils have an internship on the Small Moscow Railway. Children can try themselves as a controller and conductor of a passenger car, a track fitter, and even a driver.

Bonus: successful completion of studies in the club gives the right to preferential admission to MIIT, all other things being equal.

7-11 grades

For free

Children's Center for Scientific Discovery "Innopark"

Mos-holidays.ru

An ideal format for those who have not yet decided on their preferences. Innopark provides short courses that provide interesting information about the world of science and technology.

In total, the center has developed 4 programs. Thus, the course “Everything on the Shelves” covers optics, mechanics, electricity and astronomy. During the classes, children will have to make a diffraction grating, create optical illusions, assemble a battery from vegetables and make a lunar rover. You can choose one of two courses, “Robotics” or “Science in the Palm of Your Hand,” where children will get acquainted with physics, biology, chemistry and geography, and also carry out experiments.

From 2700 rubles for 4 lessons

Digital home

3D scanners, 3D printers, powerful computers, neurotechnical equipment - “Digital House” resembles an exhibition of the achievements of modern technology. True, in this “museum” you are allowed to touch any exhibits with your hands.

At the center you can practice robotics - using Lego Mindstorm EV3, Lego WeDo and Arduino construction sets, children assemble both simple models and technically complex devices. Another popular direction of the “Digital Home” is 3D design. In practice, children learn to work with the latest machines and even create unique objects themselves.

From 4,000 rubles per month