Comparison of communication quality of cellular operators. Cellular operators. Compare tariffs and choose the most profitable one
It's no secret that even in our time you can find low-quality cellular communications. Moreover, insufficient coverage can be observed both in remote villages of Russia and in metropolitan cities. And so that you don’t get lost in guessing which TV provider is better, we suggest you familiarize yourself with the rating of cellular operators in the Russian Federation.
Best mobile operators 2018
The number of television systems is growing every year. However, in the ranking of the best mobile operators in Russia, the following companies invariably lead:
- Megaphone;
- Beeline;
- Tele2.
All companies included in the top have both their positive sides and disadvantages. It must be said that RosKomNadzor monitors cellular companies, and the opinions of subscribers are taken into account first of all when evaluating television systems.
One cannot fail to mention the Yota company, which has recently proven itself to be the best. However, this television system cannot participate in a full assessment, since it is only a branch of the MegaFon television system.
- quality of mobile communications;
- mobile Internet speed;
- volume of SMS delivered;
- tariffing of services;
- the amount of network coverage.
Research in this area only covers LTE (4G) coverage. This happens due to the fact that many cellular providers lease towers from other television systems, and it is difficult to find out the level of standard coverage.
We will consider this indicator using the example of Moscow and the region, because it is in this corner of the country that the largest number of towers are concentrated. So, the places according to the density of cellular coverage were distributed as follows (data are given as percentages):
- MegaFon – 32.4%;
- MTS – 31%;
- Beeline - 28.8%.
The Tele2 television system, unfortunately, was not included in the top, as it cannot boast of a large coverage area.
As you know, price plays an important role for a subscriber when choosing a particular mobile operator. According to independent analysts from ComNews Research, on average, Russian subscribers have to pay 350 rubles for a minimum set of cellular services. per month.
But here, too, not everything is so simple. For example, for communication within the region, the MTS operator became the cheapest. And if we talk about accessible communication throughout Russia, Tele2 is the leader here.
However, when assessing the availability of communications, average tariffs are taken into account, with approximately the same packages of cellular services. So, the places in the “Cost” cell were distributed as follows:
- Tele2;
- Beeline;
- Megaphone;
As you know, any television system has its own characteristics. For example, some company is focused on cheap mobile Internet, and some on affordable voice communications. It is for this reason that many clients use several SIM cards at once.
If we talk about the quality of the Internet, then the difference between television systems is more significant. The undisputed leader in high Internet speed is MegaFon. However, this mobile operator, unfortunately, has a large number of failures when connecting to IP/TCP and http. In the first case, the percentage of failures can reach up to 3, in the second up to 4.4%. The lowest percentage of network failures was recorded for the MTS television system, only 0.6 and 0.8%.
But despite this, at the time of 2018, the leaderboard looks like this:
- MegaFon – starts the report at 14 Mbit/s;
- MTS – from 10.1 Mbit/s;
- Tele2 – from 9.4 Mbit/s;
- Beeline - from 5 Mbit/s.
In terms of voice quality, Megafon also turned out to be the best. When compiling this rating, the main criterion was the total number of network failures. According to experts, the places here were distributed as follows:
- MegaFon – 0.7% network failures;
- MTS – 0.9% of failures;
- Tele2 – 1.2%.
Beeline, unfortunately, was not included in the leaderboard, as it has as much as 15.1% (!) of network failures.
Here the leadership finally went to Beeline. This television system showed results in 100% of delivered SMS. The overall message delivery rating looks like this:
- Beeline is the absolute leader - 100% of messages delivered;
- Tele2 – 1.2% of messages not received;
- MegaFon – 1.7% of undelivered SMS;
- MTS – 2.4% of text messages not received.
In total, there are four real cellular operators in Russia - MTS, MegaFon, Beeline and Tele2, all of which offer their own colors for communication services, mobile Internet and SMS messages. Each of these operators has its own infrastructure, consisting of data centers, base stations, highways and other important elements that make it possible to provide millions of citizens of the country with access to all modern services. Often, when choosing an operator, Russians look specifically at the cost - the lower it is, the more attractive the tariff plan, and, as a result, the operator.
Today the most profitable tariff plans from all four Russian mobile operators were announced. It is worth immediately noting that Yota is not included in this comparison due to the fact that it is a virtual operator, and it does not have full-fledged tariff plans - the subscriber creates it for himself through a special calculator. That is why only the four largest operators were taken into account - MTS, MegaFon, Beeline and Tele2, whose services are used by almost all Russians.
To keep everything fair, the material discusses the most favorable conditions from all four mobile operators. Tariff plans are relevant for the capital of Russia - Moscow. In order to be included in the list of the most attractive tariffs for connection, you need to offer the subscriber a maximum of services for minimal money.
"MTS"
The most profitable tariff plan from this operator for making calls is “Super MTS”, which allows you to call landline numbers and operator numbers for free (20 minutes a day), while from the 21st minute calls to operator numbers cost 1.5 rubles per minute, and to numbers of other operators - 2.5 rubles. The cost of one message is 2 rubles. The tariff has no subscription fee.
The most attractive for Internet needs is the “Hype” tariff, for which you need to pay 500 rubles per month. For this amount of money, the subscriber receives 7 GB of Internet traffic, 100 minutes of calls to any numbers within the home region, unlimited calls to operator numbers, as well as 200 SMS messages. Most importantly, with this tariff plan, users can count on free Internet traffic for YouTube, Twitch, social networks, instant messengers, games and many other titles. Read more about this tariff.
The universal tariff plan of the MTS operator is “Smart”. For 500 rubles per month, subscribers will receive 5 GB of Internet traffic, 550 minutes of calls to Russian numbers, as well as 550 messages. If you need more traffic, you can subscribe to the “Smart Unlimited” tariff, which includes 10 GB of traffic, 350 messages and 350 minutes to Russian numbers. It costs a little more - 550 rubles per month. In addition, as the name says, it provides complete unlimited access to social networks and instant messengers.
"Megaphone"
The most profitable tariff plan of the MegaFon operator for making voice calls is “Everything is simple”, which has no subscription fee. It allows you to call any numbers in your home region for only 1.8 rubles (one minute), while a message costs 2 rubles. If you choose the “Go to Zero” tariff plan, then the first minute of calls to the operator’s numbers costs 1.3 rubles, and all subsequent minutes are completely free.
If you need Internet, then any of the “Internet **” tariff plans will do. All of them include a certain set of Internet traffic without speed limits, so the choice here is limited only by budget and needs.
The most universal tariff plan from the MegaFon operator is definitely the one that appeared in 2017, “Turn on! Communicate." It includes unlimited traffic for social networks and the most popular instant messengers, 12 GB of Internet traffic for any needs and 500 minutes of calls to numbers of all operators. It costs 600 rubles per month.
"Beeline"
This operator provides some of the most meager tariff plans, so choosing something worthwhile is quite difficult. The most favorable tariff for making regular calls is definitely “Zero Doubt”, which has no subscription fee. For each call to numbers in your home region you need to pay 2 rubles per minute, while each message will cost 1.5 rubles.
The Beeline operator does not have a single worthy offer that allows you to purchase a tariff plan exclusively with an emphasis on the mobile Internet, but there is a universal option called “All 3”. It costs 900 rubles per month, but at the same time provides 10 GB of Internet traffic, 500 messages and 1200 minutes of calls to any numbers throughout Russia.
Tele2
The Tele2 operator attracts new customers with low prices, so its tariff plans can be considered the most profitable, that is, for a minimum amount of money the subscriber gets the maximum of everything. If you just need to call and not pay money every day, then the “Classic” tariff is suitable. Within its framework, each minute of calls will cost 1.95 rubles in Russia, while the fee for one message is 1.95 rubles.
The best choice for mobile Internet is a tariff plan called “For devices” with the “50 GB” option connected to it, which costs 999 rubles per month. In addition, all subscribers of this tariff plan with this service can count on unlimited night Internet, thanks to which you can download movies, music, games or any other files without restrictions on speed and traffic.
The most universal tariff plan from the Tele2 operator is definitely “My Online”. Within its framework, for only 399 rubles per month, the subscriber receives 12 GB of Internet traffic for any needs, 500 minutes of calls to numbers throughout Russia, 50 messages and completely unlimited traffic in instant messengers and social networks.
Conclusion
As you can easily see, the lowest prices for communication services with and without a subscription fee are from the cellular operator Tele2. Otherwise, the operators Beeline, MTS and MegaFon have approximately the same prices for all services. When choosing a tariff plan and mobile operator, first of all you need to look at the coverage area. It is advisable to have an LTE network at home and at work, or definitely 3G, since otherwise most of the time you will have to “enjoy” the mobile Internet at 2G speeds, with which even communication in instant messengers turns into complete horror.
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Instructions
The choice of mobile operator largely depends on where you live. While city residents can choose among several companies providing cellular communications services, rural residents often have access to only one. In the latter case, it is no longer a question of finding a suitable operator, but of choosing the most convenient tariff from the only available cellular service provider.
If several operators are available to you, then one of the important selection criteria is information about which operator’s services your relatives, friends, and acquaintances use. In-network calls are much cheaper than calls to phones from other mobile operators, so choosing the same mobile phone company will save you a lot of money.
Very often, cellular operators stipulate a minimum cost per minute of conversation by connecting some additional service, which itself is paid. In this case, you will be charged a certain amount every day even if you do not use the phone. It is important to correctly assess your real monthly call volume and calculate which option is most profitable for you - with or without connecting additional paid services that reduce the cost of a minute of conversation.
If you use a cell phone to access the Internet, pay attention to the cost of Internet traffic. It will be cheaper to use different tariffs and, accordingly, different SIM cards for calls and the Internet. To work on the network, it is convenient to use a USB modem and one of the suitable tariffs - for example, from Megafon.
Pay attention to the services that are automatically activated when you purchase a SIM card. You may not need them at all, but at the same time you will be regularly charged for them. Very often, the subscriber simply does not notice the several rubles withdrawn per day, but in a month a quite decent amount accrues. MTC, in particular, is guilty of such services.
The quality of communication with most operators is usually at a very high level, so it practically does not affect the choice. But the ability to ask for service support is quite an important point. In particular, the Autoinformator system, which has been used by Megafon for some time now, is very inconvenient. Instead of simply dialing and asking a question, the subscriber has to spend time entering various numbers, and there is no guarantee of finding the necessary information.
After analyzing all the pros and cons of the services available to you, choose the cellular operator that suits you and connect the most optimal tariff for you. In this case, you can get the best balance between the quality and cost of the mobile communications you use.
Even if you buy an expensive smartphone with a lot of features, if your mobile operator does not support them, you will not be able to fully enjoy what the new device offers you. Today we decided to look into the issue of choosing a communication service provider and give you some tips on how to choose the right mobile operator.
Check carrier coverage
Most modern mobile operators provide customers with a map of their network coverage. These can usually be found on the operator's website, although some third party websites may also contain such information.
And although such cards are a useful factor in helping you choose a mobile operator, they cannot be taken as the ultimate truth. Unfortunately, even now the network coverage of even the largest operators is far from one hundred percent, and if you live outside a large city, you may encounter poor communication quality at best and its complete absence at worst.
As with many other things, the most reliable way to check the quality of the service is to ask friends and acquaintances if they are satisfied with the quality of the service provided by the telecom operator. Combined with coverage maps, this should give you valuable information about choosing a cellular operator.
Decide on your needs
Try to immediately answer the question of how exactly you are going to use your smartphone. This is not always easy, especially when you cannot know in advance whether you need this or that function that you have never used before. We advise you to proceed from the list of functions you currently use.
By answering this question, you will be able to make a more informed choice of a mobile operator and the package of necessary functions of its tariff plan. Although it is worth noting that most of them offer largely similar call and data packages, you can often find promotional offers that will suit you. If you are only going to make calls and send SMS, there is no point in buying a package with Internet access. If you can’t imagine your life without social networks, email and internet browsing, it makes sense to look for the operator that offers the best conditions for accessing the Internet from your smartphone.
Often, many of us think that large telecom operators have the best offers in terms of tariffs, but this statement is not always true. So when choosing a telecom operator, it always makes sense to find out what exactly the smaller operators offer. In recent years, competition in this market has been growing and sometimes small operators, in order to attract attention, offer interesting additional services or reduce prices for mobile communications.
Currently, there are four major mobile operators in Russia. Among them:
- Beeline;
- Megafon;
- Tele2;
Additionally, there are many small organizations operating in the market. As a rule, small companies use the networks of large competitors. This type of cooperation is much more profitable for small companies; it is possible to avoid significant costs when creating a new operator.
Now let’s dispel people’s faith in numerous TOPs and ratings. Any good company that fights for subscribers has a promotion department. His task is to attract the attention of customers in every way and help increase popularity in the market.
Promotion departments also use “black” methods. Many companies simply buy places in ratings on various sites. If the site is independent, then another method is used - writing positive reviews for yourself and negative ones for competitors.
Despite the complex moderation system, fake reviews still have an impact on independent ratings. Therefore, the real objectivity of various TOPs compiled on the basis of people’s opinions remains a big question.
As you can see, MTS has achieved significant success in attracting customers. This fact is due to the organization’s serious investments in promotion. Additionally, this company was one of the first to appear on the Russian market; it has a large network of base stations in the Russian Federation.
It is noticeable that the leading four are well ahead of their competitors. These companies have been operating in the market for a long time and have divided it among themselves. New firms simply have to “snatch” clients from the leaders, dump them and offer unique conditions.
People's rating
What is the best mobile operator in 2019? On the Internet you can find many TOPs that are somewhat different from each other. But we remind you that not all sites are independent and not all resources can be trusted.
Forming a popular rating is a complex process. It is necessary to collect reviews over a long period of time, check their reliability, weed out fraudulent ones, etc. Therefore, we decided to take the rating from an authoritative resource that can be trusted.
Unexpectedly, Tinkoff Mobile took first place. Most likely, this fact is due to serious investments in the formation of a really good operator and the desire to take away customers from competitors. This is the right step, since the Russian market is oversaturated with offers and it is very difficult to break into it.
Rating by quality and price
It is impossible to create an objective TOP based on communication quality! But why, you ask? The quality of mobile communications is an abstract and variable parameter. The level of signal reception depends on a huge number of factors; it can differ even within the same city!
The quality of communication is affected by:
- The number of subscribers located in a certain part of the city.
- Equipment used.
- Number of installed base stations.
- Type of networks used for signal transmission, etc.
With a stretch, you can determine the quality of the services provided by the popular rating presented above. It is compiled based on people's opinions of operators and reflects the level of customer satisfaction.
Comparison of tariffs of mobile operators in 2019
To compare mobile operators, you should study the tariffs offered by the companies. Therefore, in the future we will consider the available plans for connection from major organizations.
Megaphone
Since there is a large amount of information to be processed, for your convenience we will compile a table with tariff plans from Megafon.
Rate | Internet (GB) | minutes | SMS (₽) | Additionally | Fee (₽) |
Get involved! Communicate | 20 | 600 | 1.8 | Unlimited internet optional | 500 |
Listen | 20 | 400 | 1.8 | Unlimited music and instant messengers | 370 |
Look+ | No restrictions | 1500 | 1.8 | 900 | |
Premium | No restrictions | 4000 | No restrictions | 2000 | |
Look | 20 | 1000 | 1.8 | Unlimited by option | 650 |
Write | 3 | 400 | 400 pcs. | Unlimited traffic to instant messengers | 270 |
Speak | 3 | 600 | 1.8 | Traffic to messengers | 370 |
Warm welcome | 12 ₽ for 100 MB. | 10 minutes for 12 rubles. | 2.55 | 0 | |
Warm welcome S | 3 | 300 | 200 pcs. | Traffic to messengers | 300 |
Warm welcome M | ∞ | 500 | 1.5 | 500 | |
Warm welcome L | ∞ | 1000 | 1.5 | 900 | |
Warm welcome XL | ∞ | 2000 | 1.5 | 1200 | |
Go to zero | 25 RUR per 100 MB | 4 rubles for unlimited to Megafon, 2 rubles/minute for other networks. | 2 | 0 | |
Hello | 30 | ∞ within the network, 30 to other numbers | 4 | Traffic to instant messengers and social networks | 750 for two weeks |
Promo | 10 | 300 minutes within the network, 1.8 ₽ to other numbers | 1.8 | 0 | |
Smart things | ∞ | 10 | 20 | 20 per week, 750 per year | |
Megafon Online | By option | – | – | 0 | |
Smart home | 50 | 5 rubles | 2 | 0 | |
Internet without worries for tablet | 20 MB per day | – | – | Additional 100 MB for 30 ₽ | 0 |
MTS
MTS also provides a lot of programs for connecting. Let's explore the available solutions.
Now let's look at the tariffs from Beeline (VimpelCom).
Rate | Internet (GB) | minutes | SMS | Additionally | Cost (r) |
EVERYTHING 1 | 5 | 200 | 300 | Conditions can be customized | 13.33 per day |
EVERYTHING 2 | 17 | 400 | 300 | Conditions can be customized | 20 per day |
EVERYTHING 3 | 22 | 1200 | 300 | Conditions can be customized | 30 per day |
EVERYTHING 4 | 30 | 2000 | 300 | Conditions can be customized | 50 per day |
Absolutely EVERYTHING | 30 | 5000 | 300 | 83.33 per day | |
Unlim | ∞ | 500 | 2 RUR | Watch video at max. speeds for 3 rubles per day | 20 per day |
All for 1800+roaming | 15 | 3000 | 3000 | Uniform conditions throughout the country | 1800 |
Absolutely EVERYTHING | 60 | 6000 | 6000 | 600 min for international calls | 6000 |
Zero doubts | – | 1.93 rubles on Beeline, 2.68 on other networks | 1.61 rubles | 0 | |
Second-by-second | – | 0.05 r/sec | 2.68 RUR | 0 | |
EVERYTHING 2 for tablet | 19 | – | – | Unlimited access to social networks and music | 600 |
EVERYTHING 3 for computer | 30 | – | – | 900 |
Tele2
Rate | Internet (GB) | minutes | SMS | Additionally | Cost (r) |
Everywhere online | 40 | 500 | 50 pieces | Unlimited on social networks | 500 |
My online | 15 | 500 | 1.5 RUR | Unlimited on social networks | 400 |
My online+ | 30 | 800 | 1.5 rub | Unlimited on social networks | 700 |
My conversation | 2 | 200 | 1.5 | 200 | |
My Tele2 | 5 | Unlimited within the network, 1.5 rubles to other numbers | 1.5 | 7 per day | |
Premium | 50 | 2000 | 500 | 1500 | |
My unlimited | ∞ | 500 | 50 | 500 | |
Classical | By option | 2 r | 1.5 RUR | 0 | |
Internet for devices | 15 GB for tablet/15 GB/25 GB/40 GB | 499/400/600/900 |
Rostelecom
Now let's list the programs from Rostelecom.
Rate | Internet (GB) | minutes | SMS | Additionally | Cost (r) |
New story | 3 | 200 | 50 | All the options presented below imply using the services absolutely free. | 220 |
The whole story | 12 | 400 | 50 | 400 | |
Neverending story | No restrictions | 500 | 50 | 500 | |
Family history | 25 | 600 | 50 | 700 | |
For the Internet | 15 | – | – | 499 | |
SUPER SIM FREE | – | 2 r | 1.95 RUR | All services are paid. | 0 |
Yota
Yota has flexible conditions; setup occurs upon connection. The client can choose:
- from 0 to 50 GB;
- from 0 to 2000 minutes;
- unlimited SMS and various applications;
- maximum cost – 920 ₽.
DANYCOM
DANYCOM is a small company that does not offer many programs. But among the available solutions you can find a suitable option.
Rate | Internet (GB) | minutes | SMS | Additionally | Cost (r) |
Oxygen | 10 | 300 | 50 | 199 | |
Nitrogen | 20 | 500 | 50 | 349 | |
Neon | 30 | 1000 | 50 | 499 | |
Helium | 3 r/MB | 5 kopecks/sec | 3 r | 0 |
Motive
Rate | Internet (GB) | minutes | SMS | Additionally | Cost (r) |
Black | 10 | 450 | 50 | 250 | |
INSTEAD OF! for 600 | 15 | 100 + intranet unlimited | No restrictions | 600 | |
INSTEAD OF! for 900 | 30 | ∞ | ∞ | 900 | |
INSTEAD OF! For 1200 | 50 | 300 | ∞ | 1200 |
Fly
Letai is a company from Tatarstan. It enjoys some popularity in its homeland and was able to impose competition on the big four.
Rate | Internet (GB) | minutes | SMS | Additionally | Cost (r) |
Batyr | ∞ | 1000 | 100 | 9 per day | |
Atlichny | ∞ | 0.55 RUR | 0.55 | 5.5 per day | |
Own 2.0 | ∞ | 200 in Tatarstan, 100 in the Russian Federation | 1 r | 9 per day | |
Your+ | ∞ | 20 per day | ∞ | 12 per day | |
New standard 2.0 | 50 | 0 RUR for calls up to 2 minutes | 1000 | 7.5 per day | |
Call 120 | 2 | 150 | 150 | 120 per month | |
Time | 1 r/MB | 500 in Tatarstan, 100 in the Russian Federation | 1 rub | 240 | |
Access point | ∞ | 1 ruble | 1 ruble | 599 | |
Call yours | ∞ | 350 | 350 | 9 per day | |
Azan | ∞ | 10 per day | ∞ | 8 per day | |
Second SIM card | 50 | 120 | 1 r | 499 for 180 days | |
SIM card for internet | 5 | – | – | 50 per week | |
Second-by-second | 7 per MB | 4 kopecks per second | 1 rub | 0 |
Vainakh Telecom
Vainakh Telecom is an operator from the Chechen Republic.
Rate | Internet (GB) | minutes | SMS | Additionally | Cost (r) |
Vainakh 200 | ∞ | 200 | 100 | 195 | |
Vainakh 400 | 15 | 400 | 100 | 295 | |
Vainakh 600 | 20 | 600 | 100 | 395 | |
Vainakh 900 | 35 | 900 | 100 | 495 | |
Vainakh 3000 | 45 | 3000 | 100 | 1095 |
SberMobile
SberMobile is a subsidiary of Sberbank. This organization offers to customize the conditions yourself by choosing the appropriate content. The cost of services ranges from 200 to 1000 rubles per month.
Tinkoff Mobile
This company was created by Tinkoff Bank. The client is invited to independently choose the content available for connection:
- From 0 GB to unlimited.
- From 0 minutes to unlimited.
- Additional services without restrictions.
- Price – from 0 to 2596 rubles.
Wave mobile
Wave Mobile is a small organization that offers only three plan options. You can see them in the picture below.
WIN-Mobile
WIN-Mobile is a company that operates in Crimea.
Rate | Internet (GB) | minutes | SMS | Additionally | Cost (r) |
Fast and Furious | 15 GB | 3 rubles | 2 rubles | 400 | |
Your | 10 GB | 150 | 150 | 250 | |
Freedom of communication | – | 60 per day within the network, 1 ruble to other numbers | 1.5 rubles | 0 | |
At sea | – | 3 r | 1.95 RUR | 0 |
Krymtelecom
Krymtelecom is another company serving the Crimean peninsula. It offers a number of programs, which can be seen in the image below.
Sevmobile
Sevmobile is a company that operates in Sevastopol. In the image you can view the available offers from this organization.
Rating of unlimited tariffs
Some of the best unlimited tariffs are from Beeline, Megafon and MTS. Today, these companies are able to offer optimal conditions for mobile communication services. It is important that they are represented in almost all regions, so niche solutions from competitors are not available to everyone.
Which mobile operator is better?
Many users ask: which mobile operator is better? You will never find an exact answer to this question. When choosing, you need to take into account several factors:
- quality of services;
- price;
- coating;
- availability of suitable offers;
- working with clients.
Cellular connection
The quality of communication for all major operators is approximately the same. The winners in this parameter are MTS, Beeline, Megafon, and companies based on their networks.
Internet connection speed is not a constant parameter. It depends on the signal reception level, load, and installed equipment. Recently, Megafon has been considered the leader in data transfer speed.
Instant messages
Nowadays SMS does not attract much interest among users. Text messages have long been supplanted by instant messengers; some companies have stopped adding them to packages.
Yota, Tinkoff Mobile and Sbermobile have good conditions. These companies offer to connect unlimited SMS separately if necessary. If you do not use text messages, you will not have to pay for them as part of the package.
Coverage level
In most cases, the level of coverage depends on the number of base stations. The rating of Russian cellular operators in 2019 for this indicator looks like this:
- Megafon.
- Beeline.
- Teke2.
Cost of services
In terms of cost of services, Tele2 and Yota win. Among federal operators, they are able to offer the most attractive prices to customers. If you wish, you can choose a good solution from smaller companies.
If we take into account the popular rating, in which Yota and Tele2 take second and third places, then these organizations can be called an excellent option for subscribers. Among their advantages: reasonable prices, good communication quality, large coverage area (Iota works on Megafon networks).