6.16 Options There are 40 special octets available in the IP header for one or more additional options. Datagram variants are selected by the applications sending them. They are used extremely rarely. The list of options includes:? Strict Source Route

2.4.2. Windows 7 installation time and battery life If you are installing Windows 7 on a laptop or netbook, it is advisable to connect it to a power outlet. If this is not possible, then it is better not to start installing Windows. Although the entire installation process takes about 20–25 minutes (at least

11.1. Features of installing Windows Vista Checking the system for compatibility with Windows Vista To install Windows Vista, your computer must meet the following minimum system requirements: a processor with a clock speed of at least 800 MHz; 512 MB of RAM; 15 GB free

11.2. Special techniques for installing Windows Vista Installing Windows Vista on a RAID array RAID technology (Redundant Array of Independent Disks, or redundant array of independent disks) allows you to combine several hard drives into one logical unit to increase speed and reliability

Setting up a laptop, or What to do after installing Windows This chapter on setting up can be considered a bonus to this book - I think that you will not find detailed and straightforward instructions anywhere else on how to set up the OS for maximum performance. In the film “Moscow No Tears”

Installation wizards for other Windows components As you may have noticed, there are a lot of network wizards in the Windows operating system. This is due to the fact that setting up a network is considered a difficult task, and Microsoft tries everything with each version of its operating system.

Windows Components Installation Dialog A separate part of the Add or Remove Programs window is the Windows Components Installation dialog, which is called up by clicking the corresponding button. As a rule, this dialog does not include information about all Windows components.

Windows XP remains one of the most popular operating systems today. Users value it for its reliability and ability to work on weak old hardware. Step-by-step installation of Windows XP is a fairly quick and easy process. Below is a detailed description of it.

Preparing the computer for installing a new OS

The simplest way to install Windows XP is from an installation disk. If, instead of reading data from it, the system starts loading the old OS or a black screen appears that does not respond to button presses, then you just need to go into the BIOS and make the appropriate settings:

1. Open the Advansed BIOS Features or BIOS/Boot Device Priority section;
2. Select First Boot Devise;
3. In the list that opens, select CDROM or the name of your drive;
4. Save the result by pressing the F10 key and restart your PC.

Note that there are a lot of BIOS versions for laptops today, so the described steps when installing the OS on a laptop may be slightly different.

Let's proceed directly to the installation

The first window is a blue screen. It is at this stage that a step-by-step installation of software is carried out to install Windows XP on a SCSI (high-speed disk) or on a RAID array. To do this, press F6, after which the installation of the appropriate drivers will begin. But in most cases, users install the system on a regular hard drive, which does not require any intervention during the installation at this stage, you just need to wait for the next welcome screen.

1. Install Windows XP. The standard choice in most cases is to install the system from scratch or restore the old one. A convenient graphical interface is used.
2. System recovery using the console. This is the choice of professional users and craftsmen - recovery is performed from the command line using DOS commands. In this case, a complete reinstallation of the system is not performed.

Next, the system proceeds to search for previously installed OS versions. If any were found, the list will be displayed on this screen below, and the menu will offer options for subsequent actions:

• restore old Windows XP;
• install a new copy of the OS.

In the first case, you will be able to use previously installed applications. Only system files will be replaced, but the installation will be completed completely. The second option involves a complete reshuffle of the system.

No list will appear not only if Windows XP is installed on an “empty” computer, but also if the previously installed system has a different edition or service pack.

The most crucial moment of installation

The next installation point is perhaps the most important, and should be performed thoughtfully and carefully. You will need to identify the system partition and allocate disk space so that the virtual disk allocated for the system has enough space for its functioning.

Of course, you can use the same partition equal to the entire hard drive space for both the system and your personal data, but such an organization is guaranteed to create many problems in the future.

We split the disk into partitions

If you install Windows XP on a completely new disk, then you will have to distribute the partitions yourself, since this step-by-step procedure has never been performed before. The window that appears will indicate the size of the unallocated area - it will coincide with the size of the entire hard drive.

Here you need to create a so-called The system partition is the one where the OS will be installed. To do this, you need to indicate its size in megabytes (1 GB is equal to 1024 MB) and press “Enter” on the keyboard. After this, you will again return to the window in which the hard drive is partitioned. The created section will already be displayed on a separate line with a Latin letter assigned to it (usually C).

You should not skimp on the size of the system partition - the stability of the system will depend on it. The minimum space for installing Windows XP is 20 GB, but it is better to allocate not 20, but 40, or even all 60 GB.

Similarly, from the remaining unallocated area, we create other sections for personal data, however, you should not get carried away with the quantity - in this case, large files and folders will be distributed less efficiently, and navigation through the sections will become more confusing.

Format the system partition

Next, you will need to select the partition to install the system (in our case, drive C) and press the “Enter” key. A window will open asking you to format the partition.
Choose quick formatting using the NFTS system (FAT is obsolete). After formatting is completed, the process of installing system files will begin.
The most difficult stage of installation has been completed.

By the way, if the disk that you partitioned is not formatted, then you can carry out this procedure with each of the created partitions for personal data even after completing the installation of Windows XP using standard means.

If you are rearranging the system and the disk is already partitioned, then you should simply select the partition with the system to be reinstalled, format it and start the installation process. If you decide to format the remaining partitions, then all information on them will be lost.

Finishing the installation

Once the system files have been copied, the computer will restart and the installation will continue.

We determine the initial parameters:

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Installation.

1. How to install XP?

Note: After installing XP as a separate OS, normal operation of Outlook Express and Internet Explorer in Windows 9x will be impossible, because W2k will replace the latter. This is only true if both OSes are installed on the same disk partition. But, this problem can be solved by copying some DLLs from WinNT\System32 to Windows\System. To determine the required libraries, you can use the ShowDep() program or similar information is shown by Outlook Express in the "About" window. In addition, many programs will have to be installed twice, once for XP and once for W9x. Sometimes, it is possible in the same directory, for example Office 2000, already during installation, is able to understand that it is already worth it, and in the end it installs only about 18 megabytes.

2. How to select the desired version of the kernel and HAL during installation?

The following versions of the HAL library are included with XP:

ACPI Multiprocessor PC - for ACPI systems with multiple processors
ACPI Uniprocessor PC - used for ACPI systems with a multiprocessor motherboard and one processor installed
Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI) PC - used for single-processor ACPI systems
Compaq SystemPro Multiprocessor or 100% Compatible - for Compaq SystemPro computers or fully compatible with them
MPS Uniprocessor PC - for systems without ACPI support, with a multiprocessor motherboard and one processor installed
MPS Multiprocessor PC - for multiprocessor systems without ACPI support
Standard PC - used for any standard computer, not multiprocessor and without ACPI support.
SGI mp - for Silicon Graphics graphics stations.

3. During installation, the system does not allow you to select components, and even after installation there is almost nothing in Add/Remove programs - Windows Components.

Unfortunately, you won't be able to select anything during installation. But, after installation, in Windows/inf, find the sysoc.inf file and delete the word hide or HIDE in it wherever you find it. New items will appear in Add/Remove Windows components. Unfortunately, you cannot delete everything from the items that appear, but some things are still possible.

4. Is it worth switching from FAT32 to NTFS?

5. What exactly is NTFS, and how does it work?

1. Working with large disks. NTFS has a cluster size of 512 bytes, which in principle is optimal, but it can be changed up to 64K. More importantly, NTFS is theoretically capable of handling volumes as large as 16,777,216 terabytes. Theoretically, because such hard drives simply do not exist yet, and they will not appear soon.

2. Sustainability. NTFS contains two copies of the FAT counterpart, called MFT (Master File Table). Unlike FAT MSDOS, MFT is more like a database table. If the original MFT is damaged in the event of a hardware error (for example, the appearance of a bad sector), then the next time the system boots, it uses a copy of the MFT and automatically creates a new original, taking into account the damage. But this is not the most important thing. The main thing is that NTFS uses a transaction system when writing files to disk. This system comes from a DBMS, where protecting data integrity is vital. This already speaks to its effectiveness. In simplified form it works like this:

• The NTFS I/O driver initiates the recording process while simultaneously telling the Log File Service to log everything that happens.
• Data is written to the cache under the control of the Cache Manager service.
• Cache Manager sends data to the Virtual Memory Manager (virtual memory manager) to write to disk in the background.
• Virtual Memory Manager sends data to the disk driver, passing it through the Fault Tolerant Driver (if you have a RAID array of disks).
• The disk driver sends them to the controller, which already writes them either to the cache or directly to the disk.
• If this operation goes through without errors, the log entry is deleted.
• If a failure occurs, the log entry remains in the transaction table, and the next time the disk is accessed, the Log File Service detects this entry and simply restores everything as it was before this operation.

3. Security. NTFS treats files as objects. Each file object has properties such as its name, creation date, last updated date, archived status, and security descriptor. The file object also contains a set of methods that allow you to work with it, such as open, close, read and write. Users, including network users, call these methods to access a file, and Security Reference Monitor determines whether the user has the necessary rights to call any of these methods. In addition, files can be encrypted. True, you should be careful with encryption. If your system crashes or you reinstall it, you will not be able to read the encrypted files if you do not have an ERD.

4. Data compression. NTFS allows you to compress individual directories and files, unlike DriveSpace, which only allowed you to compress entire disks. This is very convenient for saving disk space, for example, you can compress large graphic files in the BMP format or text files on the fly, and all this will be transparent to the user.

5. ISO Unicode format support. The Unicode format uses 16bit to encode each character, unlike ASCII, which used 8bit, or worse, 7bit. For the average user, this means that he can now name files in any language, even Chinese - the system will support this without requiring you to change the code page, as DOS and W9x did.

6. What's new in the NTFS5 file system, and how does it differ from NTFS4?

The second, quite important difference between NTFS5 and the old version is the ability to search for a file by the name of its owner. Why is this necessary? Here's why: for example, you need to find all the files created in Word by one user on a disk where there are thousands of these files. This was a problem in NT4. With the Access Control List, you can easily check which files are accessible to a user and set access rights to individual files or directories.

In addition to directly changing the NTFS structure itself, Microsoft Index Server has been added to W2k, which significantly speeds up the search for files, especially by their content, by indexing the contents of disks. This service is managed through the Indexing Service section of the Computer Management window. In this section you can view which directories are indexed and, if desired, add new ones or remove old ones. This works with any partition, not just NTFS.

NTFS5 added such a feature as mount points or, in other words, junction points. This function has long been familiar to users of various variants of Unix/Linux, but it appeared in Microsoft products for the first time. Using this technology, you can attach any disk resource to any location in the file system. For example, you can attach the hard drive D:\ to any of the directories on the C:\ drive, for example, in C:\games Now, by going to the C:\games directory, you can see the contents of the root directory of the D:\ drive. All changes that will be made in this directory will be made on the D:\ drive. After this, you can remove the letter assigned to this disk (Change disk letter and path) in the Computer management -> Disk Management window, and the user will not even know that there are two disks installed on the computer! It will work with one drive C:\ and the C:\games directory for it will be no different from others. You can mount a disk or partition into a directory on an NTFS partition or disk from the already familiar Change disk letter and path menu, selecting Add.. -> Mount in this Ntfs folder -> Browse: You can also control this function through the command line, with the command mountvol.

7. What is a cluster?

A cluster is the minimum size of disk space that can be allocated by the file system to store one file. It is usually determined automatically when formatting the hard drive, according to the dependence indicated in the table:

A small exception for the system partition: if it is less than 2048MB, then the cluster size, when using NTFS, is always 512 bytes.

There are several ways to find out the cluster size in W2k. First, you can go to Administrative Tools -> Computer Management -> Storage -> Disk Defragmenter. Select the desired disk and click on Analyze. After a few seconds, a sign will appear with three buttons. Clicking on View Report launches a window in which there is a lot of information about the selected disk, including Cluster size.

There is another method that is suitable not only for W2k. A ready-made small file ranging in size from 1 byte to 500 bytes is created or taken. Right-click on it and select Properties. We look at two items, Size and Size on disk. Size should be something like 10 bytes (or whatever size it actually is), and Size on disk will be, for example, 4096 bytes, which corresponds to the size of the cluster, i.e. 4K.

You can select the cluster size yourself, manually, although only when formatting. This is done like this: “format d: /A:size”, where size is the size of the cluster in bytes. However, there are some rules that should be followed: firstly, the cluster size must be a multiple of the physical sector size, that is, 512 bytes in the vast majority of cases; secondly, there are restrictions on the number of clusters on a partition.

8. How to reduce the footprint of installed XP?

9. Is it possible to convert a FAT32 disk to NTFS without losing data?

10. How to completely disable SFC (System Files Protection)?

11. What parameters can be changed in boot.ini?

This file begins with the section
There are only two parameters in this section:

Timeout, defines the time in seconds that the system waits before starting to load the default OS, if the system has multiple OS installed.
Default, defines the system that boots by default.

disk(*) - if (1) = scsi(*), then it is equal to the logical device number (LUN) set for the disk. If (1) = multi(*), then it is always zero.
rdisk(*) - if (1) = multi(*), then it is equal to the disk number in the chain, the disk count starts from 0. If (1) = muulti(*), then it is always equal to zero
partition(*) - defines a disk partition containing OS files. Unlike all other elements of ARC names, section numbering starts from 1, i.e. the first partition is designated partition(1), the second partition(2), etc.
\path - defines the directory (or subdirectory) of the partition in which the OS files are located. The default path on Windows NT/2000 is \winnt.

/basevideo - with this key the system will use only the standard VGA driver. This parameter can be useful if you are installing another video card for a short time, and you do not want to go through the hassle of rearranging drivers.

/fastdetect - usually installed automatically during system installation. When you install this key, the system does not detect all Plug and Play devices during the boot process.

/maxmem - Defines the maximum size of RAM that can be used by the system. Theoretically, it can help if you have a buggy RAM.
/noguiboot - When using this key, the colored splash screen will not be drawn when loading. Can be used by those who do not want to look at this picture at 60 hertz. But we must take into account that in addition to this, BSOD will not be displayed at boot. But the system will naturally not stop hanging if something is wrong.

/noserialmice= - when using this parameter, the mouse connected to the COM port will not be detected for the ports listed in brackets. If you do not specify port numbers, the mouse will not be detected on all ports.

/bootlog - when you set this parameter, the system will write a boot log in %SystemRoot%\Nbtlog.txt This parameter can be used to find the reason why the system can only boot in safe mode.

/safeboot - when installed, the system will boot into Safe mode. The same can be done by pressing F8 at the beginning of the system boot. You can specify multiple options for /safeboot using a colon. Minimal - minimal configuration. Network - with network support. Dsrepair - available only in W2kServer and allows you to restore Active Directory from a previously made backup copy. Alternateshell - allows you to use alternative graphical shells. By default, only Explorer (standard shell) and Progman (inherited from Windows 3.11 and NT 3.5) are installed with the system.
/sos - displays a list of loaded drivers on the screen. It can help to find out where the system stumbles when loading.

/baudrate - this parameter specifies the speed at which the COM port will operate for system debugging. If you do not specify a specific speed, it will be 9600 for the modem and 19200 for the null modem cable. When you enable this option, the /debug option is automatically set

/crashdebug - with this flag the debugger is loaded, but remains inactive until a kernel error occurs. Can be used by software developers.

/debugport=com* - specifies the COM port number (* must be the port number) used by the debugger. Automatically enables the /debug switch

/debug - loads a debugger, which can be activated by another computer through a connected COM port. Can be used by software developers.
/nodebug - debugging information is not displayed on the screen.

/hal - specifies the name of the file that should be used as hal.dll after loading. For more details, see question 5 of the “Recovery” chapter.

/kernel - Specifies the name of the file that should be used as ntoskrnl.dll after loading. For more details, see question 5 of the “Recovery” chapter.

12. How can I install Win9x if XP is already installed?

CleanBoot=0

After installation, Win9x sets the default boot to itself, but this can easily be changed. If the Win9x distribution is on a CD (as is usually the case), then the patched or newly created MSBATCH.INF can be used by running the Win9x installer with the parameter:
setup.exe drive:\path\MSBATCH.INF
In this case, the file can be named anything, not just MSBATCH.INF.

13. How to change the system/boot drive letter in XP?

• Log in as an administrator and run Regedt.exe.
• Open the HKLM\SYSTEM\MountedDevices key and allow the administrator full access to it (menu Security -> Permissions).
• In HKLM\SYSTEM\MountedDevices, find the drive letter you want to change, in our case it is "\DosDevices\C:".
• Change the letter to any unused one, for example, "\DosDevices\Z:".
• Select the second drive letter to change, i.e. "\DosDevices\D:", change
• it to the required one, in our case it will be "\DosDevices\C:"
• Select the value \DosDevices\Z: and rename it to "\DosDevices\D:".
• Restart your computer.

14. How to rename the Administrator account folder?

Log in to the system under an administrator account, create a folder with the desired name in the Documents and Settings directory. Then right-click on the “My computer” icon -> Properties -> Advanced -> User Profiles, click the Copy To... button and copy the administrator profile to the created folder. Run regedit and find the key:
HKLM\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion\ProfileList
In this key we find the branch that corresponds to the administrator’s profile by the value of the ProfileImagePath key and in it we correct this parameter to the desired one. We re-login, if everything went well, you can delete the old folder - it will no longer be needed.

The legendary and beloved Windows XP has not been supported by Microsoft for more than a year, but continues to remain quite popular among users. The reason for this is its amazing stability and performance, plus a convenient and familiar interface.

If for some reason you decide to return to this version of the OS from Microsoft or are faced with the need to restore its functionality, then it will be useful for you to remember how to install Windows XP.

What you need

First, let's figure out what you should have on hand to successfully install Windows:

In addition, if you do not have an installation disk, you will need special software to create one. Fortunately, such utilities are distributed free of charge, and therefore there should be no problems downloading them.

If you do not have an installation disk, you will need to create one. To do this, it is better to use Windows XP SP3, downloaded from a reliable source and not burdened with a huge number of additional programs and features.

Ideally, the downloaded assembly will be as close as possible to the original distribution. Then the chances that the system will install and work correctly are very high.

You can create an installation disk using any program that supports burning ISO images. Let's take the DeepBurner utility as an example.

As an alternative, you can use the UltraISO utility, which will also burn the distribution to disk without any problems. Another option is Ashampoo Burning Studio.

BIOS setup

After creating the disk (if you did not have the original media), you need to change the BIOS settings by adjusting the boot order.

Insert the disc into the CD/DVD-ROM and restart the computer. Open BIOS. This can usually be done using the F2, Delete or F12 keys. The specific key must be indicated on the start screen that appears immediately after starting the computer.

Depending on the BIOS version, the location and name of the partitions may change. In any case, look for the item called “BOOT”.

The "BOOT" section may be visible or hidden in other sections - for example, in "Advanced BIOS Features".
You need to set the boot priority: the disk drive should be first, then the HDD. Changing the boot order in the BIOS is done using the PageUp/PageDown keys or the arrow keys on the keyboard.

Press F10 to exit the BIOS, saving the new system boot settings.

System installation

After exiting the BIOS and rebooting, you will be taken to a screen that says “Press any key to boot from CD.” Follow the request and press any button on the keyboard.
The installation menu should appear on the screen, where you can choose how to install - manually or automatically. It is recommended to select manual mode.

A blue screen will appear that says “Installing Windows.” Wait until the system configuration check is completed.
On the next screen you will see the installer's greeting. Press "Enter" to proceed to the Windows installation.
A “License Agreement” will appear (if you are using the official distribution and not a build like Zver). Press F8 to accept the terms of the agreement.
If you already have a system partition, select it. If you have a new hard drive, you will have to create a new partition where the Windows files will be copied. To perform this procedure, press the "C" key.
Select NTFS (Fast) formatting and run it. The formatting process will erase all files stored on the system partition, so make sure that there is no important data on it.

After formatting is completed, copying Windows files will begin.
When the files are copied, the computer will reboot.

Attention! When starting your computer, you must select to boot from drive C, otherwise you will start the system installation process again.

Next, the installation of the system on the computer will begin. You only need to specify some parameters, for example, language:
After some time, another window will appear asking you to enter your name. It can be anything.
Enter your product license key if you have one. When using various free assemblies, you usually do not need to specify a license key.
Enter your computer name and password if you want to protect your system from unauthorized access.
Change the time, date and time zone if they are determined incorrectly.
Wait for the installation to complete – it usually takes about 40 minutes.
After this, you will see a greeting and the long-awaited Windows desktop with familiar hills.

Installing drivers and useful programs

Sometimes additional programs are installed immediately after the Windows installation process is completed. This usually happens when installing not the original distribution, but an assembly downloaded from the Internet.
After completing the system installation, proceed directly to installing the drivers. First install the motherboard and network card software, then add the graphics card and other hardware drivers. Don't forget to restart your computer after installing the next driver package.

The main problem when installing software on Windows XP is compatibility with the system. Many programs and device drivers simply will not install correctly, which will lead to incorrect operation of the computer. Therefore, it is important to choose the right software, taking into account the version of Windows and its bit capacity.

After installing all the components necessary for correct operation, you can move on to setting other parameters - for example, appearance. Install the theme on Windows XP if you want to make your system different from others or to modernize it a little.
Would you like to add convenient mini-applications to your desktop? Install gadgets on Windows XP and manage their location on the desktop. The main thing here is not to overdo it and not to overload the system with externally attractive “tricks” that do not provide any practical benefit.

Conclusion

Now you know how to install Windows XP from a disk. Finally, let’s once again go over the main points that you must remember when installing the system if you want everything to go without errors.

Use the original distribution or a build as close to it as possible. There is no need to install various super assemblies, which are stuffed with additional programs and functions.

Prepare a disk with drivers for the motherboard and network card in advance. Find out in advance whether your hardware is compatible with Windows XP; If you have a new computer, there may be some problems.
If you categorically do not like the latest versions of the OS from Microsoft, think better about installing Windows 7. “Seven,” although also no longer supported by Microsoft, is a more modern system, and therefore there will be much fewer problems with equipment compatibility when using it.