Wireless transmission of electricity. Operating principle. Wireless electricity amazed its creators

The principle of operation itself is clearly shown in a simple crafts, in which the LED can light up wirelessly at a distance of 2 cm from the energy source. The circuit, which acts as a step-up voltage converter as well as a wireless transmitter and receiver of electrical power, can be improved and implemented in many brain projects.

Step 1: We will need

NPN transistor - I used a 2N3904, but you can use any NPN transistor (337, BC547, etc.) PNP transistor will also work, just be sure to observe the polarity of the connections.
winding or insulated wire - about 3-4 meters (wires can be “obtained” from many devices, transformers, speakers, motors, relays, etc.)
1 kOhm resistor - will be used to protect the transistor from burning out in case of overload, you can also use resistors up to 5 kOhm, you can even do it without a resistor, but then the battery will discharge faster.
LED - any will do, the main thing is to follow the diagram.
1.5V battery - do not use batteries with a higher voltage so as not to damage the transistor.
scissors or knife.
soldering iron (optional).
lighter (optional) for removing insulation from wires.

Step 2: Watch the video of the process

Step 3: Summarizing the Video

So, on a cylindrical object we wind a coil of 30 turns, this will be coil A. Next we wind a second coil of the same diameter, but at the same time we first wind 15 turns and make a tap, and then another 15 turns, this is coil B. We secure the coils from unwinding with any in a suitable way, for example, we simply make nodes from the coil leads. Important point: for the correct functioning of this crafts The diameters of both coils and the number of turns must be the same.

We clean the leads of both coils and proceed to soldering the circuit. We decide on the emitter, base and collector of our transistor and solder a resistor to the base. We solder the other terminal of the resistor to the free terminal of coil B, not to the tap terminal. Solder the second free terminal of coil B, again not a tap, to the collector.

For convenience, you can solder a small piece of wire to the emitter, this will make it easier to connect the battery.

The receiver circuit is easy to assemble: solder an LED to the terminals of coil A. AND brain trick ready!

Step 4: Circuit Diagram

Step 5: Visual Drawing

Step 6: Testing

To bring homemade products In a working state, we connect the output of coil B to the “plus” of the battery, and the “minus” to the emitter of the transistor. Then we bring the coils parallel to each other and the diode lights up!

Step 7: Explanation

Let me explain a little how it all works.

The transmitter in our crafts This is the oscillator circuit. You may have heard of the “Joule Stealing Circuit,” which is strikingly similar to our transmitter circuit. In the “Joule Stealing Circuit,” the electricity from a 1.5V battery is converted into a higher voltage, but pulsed. The LED requires 3V, but thanks to the “Joule-stealing circuit” it glows beautifully from 1.5V.

The "Joule Stealing Circuit" is known as a converter and oscillator, the circuit we created is also a oscillator and converter. And energy is supplied to the LED through induction occurring in the coils, which can be explained in brain example a regular transformer.

Let's assume that the transformer has two identical coils. Then, as electricity passes through one coil, it becomes a magnet, the second coil enters the magnetic field of the first and, as a result, current also begins to flow through it. If the voltage in the first coil is alternating, therefore, it pulses loses its magnetic properties, which means that the second coil pulses into the magnetic field of the first, that is, an alternating voltage is formed in the second coil.

In our homemade The transmitter coil creates a magnetic field into which the receiver coil enters, connected to an LED, which converts the received energy into light!

Submitted brain trick converts the received energy into light, but it can be used in more diverse ways. You can also apply the principles of this homemade products for creating magic tricks, fun gifts or science projects. If you vary the diameters and number of turns on the coils, you can achieve maximum values, or you can change the shape of the coils, etc., the possibilities are unlimited!

Step 9: Troubleshooting

When creating this homemade products The following problems are possible:
The transistor is getting too hot - check the resistor value, it may need to be increased. I didn't use a resistor at first, and the transistor burned out. Or, as an option, use a radiator for the transistor, or maybe another transistor, with a higher gain value.
The LED does not light - there can be many reasons. Check the quality of the connection, whether the base and collector are soldered correctly, make sure that the coils are of equal diameter, and whether there is a short circuit in the circuit.

Today's induction experiment is over, thank you for your attention and good luck in your creativity!

We are presenting a device for transmitting electricity without wires with an efficiency factor of about 100%. In the future, the efficiency value of ≈ 100% will be justified and, of course, we demonstrate this value with our experimental device.

The importance of the problem of wireless transmission of electricity is beyond doubt - overcoming natural barriers (rivers, mountains and valleys); backup power supply, electric transport, solving a number of problems of wireless power supply for household and industrial devices etc. - all these are elements of the named problem.

A little history

The problem of wireless power transmission was first identified at the dawn of the last century by N. Tesla. His demonstration device was based on the method of emitting and receiving electromagnetic waves by an open resonant circuit, which contains an antenna - capacitance and a coil of wire - inductance. The characteristic indicators of Tesla's device are as follows: efficiency = 4%, transmission range - 42 km, maximum dimensions of the antenna tower - 60 m, wavelength - 2000 m. It is significant that in Tesla's device the planet Earth is considered as one of the wires in the transmission of electricity , since the emission and reception of such long waves without grounding is not effective.

After Tesla's experiments, throughout the last twentieth century, all attempts to carry out wireless transmission of electricity with acceptable efficiency were unsuccessful.

In the current decade, work at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology under the direction of M. Soljacic is reported directly or indirectly. Their work is based on the well-known induction, using a magnetic field, method of transmitting electricity, which is implemented by resonant flat inductors. This method ideally provides efficiency = 50%, with a transmission range commensurate with the dimensions of the antenna coils. The characteristic indicators of their demonstration device are as follows: efficiency ≈ 40%, transmission range – 2 m, dimensions of the antenna coils – 0.6 m, wavelength – 30 m.

Energetically closed system

In our device, as in Tesla’s device, the energy carrier is electromagnetic waves, i.e. the well-known Poynting vector operates.

The following has been theoretically substantiated and experimentally confirmed: the transmitting and receiving antennas of the wireless power transmission device form an energetically closed system, partially including the energy of the Earth’s electromagnetic field; through excitation (activation) of the Earth's electromagnetic field in this system, electricity is transferred from the transmitting antenna to the receiving antenna with an efficiency of ≈ 100% (Fig. 1).

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Using this antenna, it is easy to formulate a problem, the solution of which will ensure the transmission of electricity without wires:

1. The transmitting and receiving antennas must excite (activate) the electromagnetic field of the Earth in a local (limited) region of space;

2. The excited electromagnetic field of the Earth must also be local in space and not consume energy (must be a standing electromagnetic wave between the transmitting and receiving antennas).

The solution to this problem is unrealistic with antennas created on the basis of spatial representations of Euclid's geometry with its famous 5th postulate - the postulate of parallel lines. This postulate in school textbooks reads: Through a point not lying on a given line, only one line parallel to the given one can be drawn.

fig. 3

The celebrity of this postulate lies in the fact that, starting from the 1st Art. BC, for 2000 years the best minds in the world tried unsuccessfully to prove it as a theorem. And so in 1826, the Russian Lobachevsky outlined the foundations of his geometry, in which the 5th postulate of Euclid’s geometry was formulated, in essence, by its negation: Through a point not lying on a given line, it is possible to draw at least two lines parallel to the given one.

fig. 4

And although this postulate is not very consistent with our spatial concepts, Lobachevsky’s geometry is consistent and has been serving physicists well in recent years. For example, Lobachevsky's geometry is involved in the description of a huge range of phenomena from vibrations in mechanical transmission lines to the interaction of elementary particles and processes in the membrane of a living cell.

Pseudo-sphere

True, until 1863, for almost 40 years, Lobachevsky’s geometry was perceived as something unrelated to reality. But, in 1863, the Italian mathematician Beltrami established that all the properties of the Lobachevsky geometry plane are realized on the surface of a pseudosphere - a geometric body whose properties coincide or are opposite to the properties of the sphere. In fig. 5 shows a pseudosphere, and FIG. 6 its generator is a tractrix with asymptote X’X. If the radii of the great circles (parallels) of the pseudosphere and the sphere are equal, one can quantitatively compare their volumes and surface areas.

fig. 5

fig. 6

It is in the form of semi-pseudospherics that the antennas of our device are made; We are demonstrating a device with the following characteristics: efficiency = 100%, transmission range – 1.8 m, maximum size of antenna coils – 0.2 m, wavelength – 500 m, grounding is not necessary.

It should be noted here that the totality of the named characteristics of the demonstration device contradicts the foundations of classical electrodynamics - radio engineering.

What properties of semi-pseudospheric antennas provide such characteristics of our device?

Among more than a dozen extraordinary properties of the pseudosphere, the following deserves attention:

The body of the pseudosphere, infinitely extended in space, has a finite volume and finite surface area.

It is this property of the pseudosphere that makes it possible, with the help of half-pseudosphere antennas, to create a finite, spatially limited, energetically closed system, which is a necessary condition for energy transfer from efficiency = 100%.

The second fundamental problem that is solved in our device concerns the medium filling the mentioned energetically closed system. The point is that only in quantum electrodynamics, the fruit of which are lasers and masers, is the medium considered active. On the contrary, in classical electrodynamics the medium refers to passive objects; it is associated with attenuation, the loss of electromagnetic energy during propagation.

Incredibly, but true, our device activates the Earth’s electric and magnetic fields. These fields are objects of the environment in our device, since they fill the mentioned energetically closed system. The activation of this environment is also a consequence of the properties of the pseudosphere.

The point is that all points on the surface of the pseudosphere are, according to mathematicians, hyperbolic, discontinuous in space. In relation to the semi-pseudospheric antennas of our device, this is equivalent to discontinuities and quantization of the electric and magnetic fields at each point of the wire winding the coils of the semi-pseudospheric antennas. This leads to electromagnetic disturbances - waves, the length of which is commensurate with the diameter of the wire winding the coils of semi-pseudospheric antennas, i.e. In practice, the length of such waves is of the order of 1 mm or less. Such electromagnetic waves, as evidenced by theory and practice, are capable, through the polarization of air molecules or directly, of activating the electromagnetic field of the Earth and thereby compensating for the loss of electromagnetic energy along the path of its transmission in our device. This is also necessary to explain efficiency = 100%.

Not only that, we have announced a generator of excess electromagnetic energy, the energy conversion coefficient (ECE) of which is more than 400%; those. comparable to the KPIs of known heat pumps.

And about the last, third problem that is solved in our device.

It is well known that energy is transferred in space only by a traveling electromagnetic wave, a wave in which the electric and magnetic fields are in phase. This condition cannot be realized at a distance of 1.8 m at a wavelength of 500 m. But it is also well known that the speed of movement of a traveling electromagnetic wave along a straight or curved conductor slows down and decreases in comparison with the speed in free space; The wavelength also decreases. This effect is widely used in electrical and radio engineering in so-called slow-down systems. The reduction in wavelength in these systems ranges from tenths of a unit with straight wires to 30 units with curved (spiral) ones.

It is the effect of slowing down and reducing the wavelength that allows us to form a traveling wave over short distances in our device.

Indeed, the wavelength of our demo device is reduced to the length mentioned above , which forms a traveling, energy-transferring electromagnetic wave in our device. The wave reduction coefficient in this case is equal to units. This enormous reduction in wavelength also explains the experimental fact that our device operates effectively without grounding the transmitter and receiver of electricity.

Our device uses another amazing property of the pseudosphere:

the volume of the pseudosphere is half the volume of the sphere, while the areas of their surfaces are equal.

From this property it follows that the volume of a sphere, limited by its own surface area, contains two volumes of a pseudosphere, limited by two combined proper surface areas and the third area of the mentioned sphere. This allows us to imagine the volume of a sphere around the Earth, filled with the electric and magnetic fields of the Earth, two volumes of the pseudosphere and, each of which is limited by area and contains half of the electric and magnetic fields of the Earth (Fig. 7). Considering this fact and the fact that our device is inevitably located on only one side of the earth, it is argued that the antennas of our device interact only with half the electric and magnetic fields of the Earth. At the same time, one should not assume that the second halves of these fields are inactive. The following convinces us of this.

fig. 7

Let us recall that most of the laws of physics are formulated for inertial reference systems, in which time is non-relative (absolute), space is isotropic, the speed of rectilinear motion of electromagnetic waves (light) is absolute, etc. Within the framework of inertial reference systems, it is well known that in free space, when a traveling electromagnetic wave is reflected, a standing wave is formed, in which a separately standing electric wave and a separately standing magnetic wave are distinguished. With a traveling wave length equal to , the lengths of standing electric and magnetic waves are equal to half the traveling wave length, i.e. . It is also important that the period of these standing waves is equal to the period of the traveling wave, i.e. , since the period of a standing wave consists of the sum of two half-periods of the direct and reflected half-waves.

The fact of calculation, and not experimental determination, of a value with an accuracy depending on the accuracy of determining the length of a day on Earth allows us to take a completely new look at a number of problems in physics.

In fact, in the 1970s, he technically realized the dreams of NATO and the United States about constant air patrolling of Iraq (Libya, Syria, etc.) with drones with cameras, hunting (or recording) “terrorists” on-line 24 hours.

In 1968, American space research specialist Peter E. Glaser proposed placing large solar panels in geostationary orbit, and transmitting the energy they generate (5-10 GW level) to the surface of the Earth with a well-focused beam of microwave radiation , then convert it into constant energy or AC technical frequency and distribute to consumers.

This scheme made it possible to use the intense flux of solar radiation existing in geostationary orbit (~ 1.4 kW/sq.m.) and transmit the resulting energy to the Earth's surface continuously, regardless of the time of day and weather conditions. Due to the natural inclination of the equatorial plane to the ecliptic plane with an angle of 23.5 degrees, a satellite located in a geostationary orbit is illuminated by the flow of solar radiation almost continuously, with the exception of short periods of time near the days of the spring and autumn equinoxes, when this satellite falls into the Earth's shadow. These periods of time can be accurately predicted, and in total they do not exceed 1% of the total length of the year.

The frequency of electromagnetic oscillations of the microwave beam must correspond to those ranges that are allocated for use in industry, scientific research and medicine. If this frequency is chosen to be 2.45 GHz, then meteorological conditions, including thick clouds and intense precipitation, have virtually no effect on the efficiency of power transmission. The 5.8 GHz band is attractive because it offers the opportunity to reduce the size of the transmit and receive antennas. However, the influence of meteorological conditions here requires additional study.

The current level of development of microwave electronics allows us to speak about a fairly high efficiency of energy transfer by a microwave beam with geostationary orbit to the Earth's surface - about 70%÷75%. In this case, the diameter of the transmitting antenna is usually chosen to be 1 km, and the ground rectenna has dimensions of 10 km x 13 km for a latitude of 35 degrees. A SCES with an output power level of 5 GW has a radiated power density at the center of the transmitting antenna of 23 kW/m², and at the center of the receiving antenna – 230 W/m².

Were researched various types solid-state and vacuum microwave generators for the SKES transmitting antenna. William Brown showed, in particular, that magnetrons, well developed by industry, intended for microwave ovens, can also be used in transmitting antenna arrays SCES, if each of them is equipped with its own negative feedback circuit in phase with respect to the external synchronizing signal (the so-called Magnetron Directional Amplifier - MDA).

The most active and systematic research in the field of SCES was carried out by Japan. In 1981, under the leadership of Professors M. Nagatomo and S. Sasaki at the Space Research Institute of Japan, research began on the development of a prototype SCES with a power level of 10 MW, which could be created using existing launch vehicles. The creation of such a prototype allows one to accumulate technological experience and prepare the basis for the formation of commercial systems.

The project was named SKES2000 (SPS2000) and received recognition in many countries around the world.

In 2008, Marin Soljačić, assistant professor of physics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), was awakened from a sweet sleep by the persistent beeping of his cell phone. “The phone didn’t stop talking, demanding that I put it on charge,” Soljacic said. Tired and not about to get up, he began to dream that the phone, once at home, would start charging on its own.

In 2012-2015 Engineers at the University of Washington have developed technology that allows Wi-Fi to be used as a source of energy to power portable devices and charging gadgets. The technology has already been recognized by Popular Science magazine as one of the best innovations of 2015. The ubiquity of wireless data transmission technology in itself has produced a real revolution. And now it’s the turn of wireless energy transmission through the air, which developers from the University of Washington called (from Power Over WiFi).

During the testing phase, the researchers were able to successfully charge small-capacity lithium-ion and nickel-metal hydride batteries. Using Asus router RT-AC68U and several sensors located at a distance of 8.5 meters from it. These sensors precisely convert the energy of the electromagnetic wave into D.C. voltage from 1.8 to 2.4 volts required to power microcontrollers and sensor systems. The peculiarity of the technology is that the quality of the working signal does not deteriorate. You just need to reflash the router, and you can use it as usual, plus supply power to low-power devices. In one demonstration, a small camera was successfully powered covert surveillance with low resolution, located at a distance of more than 5 meters from the router. Then the Jawbone Up24 fitness tracker was charged to 41%, which took 2.5 hours.

To tricky questions about why these processes do not negatively affect the quality of the network communication channel, the developers answered that this becomes possible due to the fact that the re-flashed router, during its operation, sends energy packets through channels unoccupied by information transmission. They came to this decision when they discovered that during periods of silence, energy simply flows out of the system, but it can be used to power low-power devices.

During the research, the PoWiFi system was placed in six houses, and residents were asked to use the Internet as usual. Load web pages, watch streaming videos, and then tell us what's changed. As a result, it turned out that network performance did not change at all. That is, the Internet worked as usual, and the presence of the added option was not noticeable. And these were only the first tests, when a relatively small amount of energy was collected over Wi-Fi.

In the future, PoWiFi technology could well serve to power sensors built into household appliances and military equipment in order to control them wirelessly and carry out remote charging/recharging.

Energy transfer for UAVs is relevant (most likely, already using technology or from the carrier aircraft):

The idea looks quite tempting. Instead of today's 20-30 minutes of flight time:
→
→

→ Intel operated the drone show during Lady Gaga's Super Bowl halftime performance -
get 40-80 minutes by recharging drones via wireless technology.

Let me explain:
-exchange of drones is still necessary (swarm algorithm);
-exchange of drones and aircraft (uterus) is also necessary (control center, correction of military protection, retargeting, command to eliminate, preventing "friendly fire", transfer of intelligence information and commands for use).

Who's next in line?

Note: A typical WiMAX base station emits power at approximately +43 dBm (20 W), and a mobile station typically transmits at +23 dBm (200 mW).

Permissible Radiation Levels base stations mobile communications (900 and 1800 MHz, total level from all sources) in the sanitary-residential zone in some countries differ markedly:
Ukraine: 2.5 µW/cm². (the strictest sanitary standard in Europe)
Russia, Hungary: 10 µW/cm².
Moscow: 2.0 µW/cm². (the norm existed until the end of 2009)
USA, Scandinavian countries: 100 µW/cm².

The temporary permissible level (TAL) from mobile radiotelephones (MRT) for radiotelephone users in the Russian Federation is determined to be 10 μW/cm² (Section IV - Hygienic requirements to mobile land radio stations SanPiN 2.1.8/2.2.4.1190-03).

In the USA, the Certificate is issued by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) for cellular devices, maximum level SAR of which does not exceed 1.6 W/kg (and the absorbed radiation power is reduced to 1 gram of human organ tissue).

In Europe, according to the international directive of the Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP), the SAR value of a mobile phone should not exceed 2 W/kg (the absorbed radiation power is reduced to 10 grams of human organ tissue).

More recently, it has become safe in the UK SAR level the level was considered equal to 10 W/kg. A similar picture was observed in other countries. The maximum SAR value adopted in the standard (1.6 W/kg) cannot even be confidently attributed to “hard” or “soft” standards. The standards adopted in both the USA and Europe for determining the value of SAR (all regulation of microwave radiation from cell phones in question is based only on the thermal effect, that is, associated with heating the tissues of human organs).

COMPLETE CHAOS.

Medicine has not yet given a clear answer to the question: is mobile/WiFi harmful and to what extent? What will happen to the wireless transmission of electricity using microwave technologies?

Here the power is not watts and miles of watts, but kW...

Links, documents used, photos and videos:
“(JOURNAL OF RADIO ELECTRONICS!” N 12, 2007 (ELECTRIC POWER FROM SPACE - SOLAR SPACE POWER PLANTS, V. A. Banke)
“Microwave electronics - prospects in space energy” V. Banke, Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences.
www.nasa.gov
www. whdi.org
www.defense.gov
www.witricity.com
www.ru.pinterest.com
www. raytheon.com
www. ausairpower.net
www. wikipedia.org
www.slideshare.net
www.homes.cs.washington.edu
www.dailywireless.org
www.digimedia.ru
www. powercoup.by
www.researchgate.net
www. proelectro.info
www.youtube.com

Wireless transmission of electricity

Wireless transmission of electricity- a method of transmitting electrical energy without the use of conductive elements in an electrical circuit. By the year, there had been successful experiments with energy transmission with a power of the order of tens of kilowatts in the microwave range with an efficiency of about 40% - in 1975 in Goldstone, California and in 1997 in Grand Bassin on Reunion Island (range of about a kilometer, research in the field of power supply to a village without laying a cable electrical network). Technological principles of such transmission include induction (at short distances and relatively low powers), resonance (used in contactless smart cards and RFID chips) and directional electromagnetic for relatively long distances and powers (ranging from ultraviolet to microwaves).

History of wireless power transmission

1820 : André Marie Ampère discovered a law (after named after its discoverer, Ampère's law) showing that an electric current produces a magnetic field.
1831 : Michael Faraday discovered the law of induction, an important basic law of electromagnetism.
1862 : Carlo Matteuci first conducted experiments on the transmission and reception of electrical induction using flat spiral coils.
1864 : James Maxwell codified all previous observations, experiments, and equations in electricity, magnetism, and optics into a coherent theory and rigorous mathematical description of the behavior of the electromagnetic field.
1888 : Heinrich Hertz confirmed the existence of the electromagnetic field. " Apparatus for generating an electromagnetic field"Hertz" was a microwave or UHF spark transmitter of "radio waves".
1891 : Nikola Tesla improved the Hertzian wave transmitter for radio frequency power supply in his patent no. 454.622, Electric Lighting System.
1893 : Tesla demonstrates wireless fluorescent lighting in a project for the Columbus World's Fair in Chicago.
1894 : Tesla wirelessly lights an incandescent lamp in the Fifth Avenue Laboratory, and later in the Houston Street Laboratory in New York, using "electrodynamic induction", that is, through wireless resonant mutual induction.
1894 : Jagdish Chandra Bose remotely ignites gunpowder and strikes a bell using electromagnetic waves, showing that communication signals can be sent wirelessly.
1895 : A. S. Popov demonstrated the radio receiver he invented at a meeting of the physics department of the Russian Physical-Chemical Society on April 25 (May 7)
1895 : Bose transmits a signal over a distance of about one mile.
1896 : Guglielmo Marconi submits a claim for the invention of radio on June 2, 1896.
1896 : Tesla transmits a signal over a distance of about 48 kilometers.
1897 : Guglielmo Marconi transmits a text message in Morse code over a distance of about 6 km using a radio transmitter.
1897 : Tesla files the first of its patents on the use of wireless transmission.
1899 : In Colorado Springs, Tesla writes: “The failure of the method of induction seems enormous in comparison with method of exciting the charge of earth and air».
1900 : Guglielmo Marconi was unable to obtain a patent for the invention of radio in the United States.
1901 : Marconi transmits a signal across the Atlantic Ocean using a Tesla apparatus.
1902 : Tesla vs. Reginald Fessenden: US Patent No. Conflict. 21.701 “Signal transmission system (wireless). Selective switching of incandescent lamps, electronic logic elements in general.”
1904 : A prize is offered at the St. Louis World's Fair for the successful attempt to control a 0.1 hp airship engine. (75 W) from energy transmitted remotely over a distance of less than 100 feet (30 m).
1917 : The Wardenclyffe Tower, built by Nikola Tesla to conduct experiments on the wireless transmission of high power, is destroyed.
1926 : Shintaro Uda and Hidetsugu Yagi publish the first article " about an adjustable directional high-gain communication channel”, well known as the “Yagi-Uda antenna” or “wave channel” antenna.
1961 : William Brown publishes an article exploring the possibility of transmitting energy through microwaves.
1964 : William Brown and Walter Kronikt show on the channel CBS News a model of a helicopter that receives all the energy it needs from a microwave beam.
1968 : Peter Glaser proposes wireless transmission of solar energy from space using Energy Beam technology. This is considered the first description of an orbital power system.
1973 : First in the world passive system RFID demonstrated at Los Alamos National Laboratory.
1975 : The Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex is conducting experiments on power transmission of tens of kilowatts.
2007 : A research team led by Professor Marin Soljačić from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology wirelessly transmitted over a distance of 2 m the power sufficient to illuminate a 60 W light bulb with efficiency. 40%, using two coils with a diameter of 60 cm.
2008 : Bombardier offers a new wireless transmission product, PRIMOVE, a powerful system for use in light rail trams and engines.
2008 : Intel is replicating Nikola Tesla's 1894 and John Brown's 1988 team's experiments in wirelessly transmitting energy to light efficient incandescent light bulbs. 75%.
2009 : A consortium of interested companies, called the Wireless Power Consortium, has announced the imminent completion of a new industry standard for low-power induction chargers.
2009 : An industrial flashlight is presented that can operate safely and be recharged in a non-contact manner in an atmosphere saturated with flammable gas. This product was developed by the Norwegian company Wireless Power & Communication.
2009 : Haier Group introduced the world's first fully wireless LCD TV based on Professor Marin Soljačić's research on wireless power transmission and wireless home digital interface (WHDI).

Technology (ultrasonic method)

Invention by students at the University of Pennsylvania. The installation was first presented to the general public at The All Things Digital (D9) exhibition in 2011. Like other methods of wirelessly transmitting something, a receiver and a transmitter are used. The transmitter emits ultrasound, the receiver, in turn, converts what is heard into electricity. At the time of presentation, the transmission distance reaches 7-10 meters; direct visibility of the receiver and transmitter is required. Of the known characteristics, the transmitted voltage reaches 8 volts, but the received current is not reported. The ultrasonic frequencies used have no effect on humans. There is also no information about negative effects on animals.

Electromagnetic induction method

The electromagnetic induction wireless transmission technique uses a near-field electromagnetic field at distances of about one-sixth of a wavelength. Near-field energy itself is not radiative, but some radiative losses do occur. In addition, as a rule, resistive losses also occur. Thanks to electrodynamic induction, an alternating electric current flowing through the primary winding creates an alternating magnetic field, which acts on the secondary winding, inducing an electric current in it. To achieve high efficiency, the interaction must be quite close. As the secondary winding moves away from the primary, more and more of the magnetic field does not reach the secondary winding. Even over relatively short distances, inductive coupling becomes extremely inefficient, wasting most of the transmitted energy.

An electrical transformer is the simplest device for wireless energy transfer. The primary and secondary windings of the transformer are not directly connected. Energy transfer occurs through a process known as mutual induction. The main function of a transformer is to increase or decrease the primary voltage. Contactless chargers for mobile phones and electric toothbrushes are examples of the use of the principle of electrodynamic induction. Induction cookers also use this method. The main disadvantage of the wireless transmission method is the extreme short distance his actions. The receiver must be in close proximity to the transmitter in order to communicate with it effectively.

The use of resonance slightly increases the transmission range. With resonant induction, the transmitter and receiver are tuned to the same frequency. Performance can be improved further by changing the control current waveform from sinusoidal to non-sinusoidal transient waveforms. Pulsed energy transfer occurs over several cycles. In this way, significant power can be transferred between two mutually tuned LC circuits with a relatively low coupling coefficient. The transmitting and receiving coils are usually single-layer solenoids or a flat spiral with a set of capacitors that allow the receiving element to be tuned to the frequency of the transmitter.

A common application of resonant electrodynamic induction is charging batteries portable devices such as laptop computers and cell phones, medical implants and electric vehicles. The localized charging technique uses the selection of an appropriate transfer coil in a multilayer winding array structure. Resonance is used as in a panel wireless charging(transmitting circuit) and in the receiver module (built into the load) to ensure maximum energy transfer efficiency. This transmission technique is suitable for universal wireless charging pads for recharging portable electronics, such as mobile phones. The technique has been adopted as part of the Qi wireless charging standard.

Resonant electrodynamic induction is also used to power devices that do not have batteries, such as RFID tags and contactless smart cards, as well as to transfer electrical energy from the primary inductor to the helical resonator of the Tesla transformer, which is also a wireless transmitter of electrical energy.

Electrostatic induction

Alternating current can be transmitted through layers of the atmosphere having an atmospheric pressure of less than 135 mmHg. Art. The current flows by electrostatic induction through the lower atmosphere approximately 2-3 miles above sea level and by ion flux, that is, electrical conduction, through the ionized region located above 5 km. Intense vertical beams of ultraviolet radiation can be used to ionize atmospheric gases directly above the two elevated terminals, resulting in the formation of plasma high-voltage power lines leading directly to the conductive layers of the atmosphere. As a result, a flow is formed between the two elevated terminals electric current, passing to the troposphere, through it and back to another terminal. Electrical conductivity through the layers of the atmosphere is made possible by a capacitive plasma discharge in an ionized atmosphere.

Nikola Tesla discovered that electricity can be transmitted both through the earth and through the atmosphere. In the course of his research, he achieved the ignition of a lamp at moderate distances and recorded the transmission of electricity over long distances. Wardenclyffe Tower was conceived as a commercial project for transatlantic wireless telephony and became a real demonstration of the possibility of wireless power transmission on a global scale. The installation was not completed due to insufficient funding.

The earth is a natural conductor and forms one conductive circuit. The return loop occurs through the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere at an altitude of about 4.5 miles (7.2 km).

A global system for transmitting electricity without wires, the so-called "Worldwide Wireless System", based on the high electrical conductivity of plasma and the high electrical conductivity of the earth, was proposed by Nikola Tesla in early 1904 and could well have been the cause of the Tunguska meteorite, which resulted from a "short circuit" between a charged atmosphere and earth.

Worldwide Wireless System

The early experiments of the famous Serbian inventor Nikola Tesla concerned the propagation of ordinary radio waves, that is, Hertz waves, electromagnetic waves propagating in space.

In 1919, Nikola Tesla wrote: “It is believed that I began work on wireless transmission in 1893, but in fact I had been conducting research and constructing equipment for the previous two years. It was clear to me from the very beginning that success could be achieved through a series of radical decisions. High frequency oscillators and electrical oscillators had to be created first. Their energy had to be converted into efficient transmitters and received at a distance by suitable receivers. Such a system would be effective if it excluded any outside interference and ensured its complete exclusivity. Over time, however, I realized that for devices of this kind to work effectively, they must be designed taking into account the physical properties of our planet."

One of the conditions for creating a worldwide wireless system is the construction of resonant receivers. The Tesla coil's grounded helical resonator and elevated terminal can be used as such. Tesla personally repeatedly demonstrated the wireless transmission of electrical energy from the transmitting to the receiving Tesla coil. This became part of his wireless transmission system (U.S. Patent No. 1119732, Apparatus for Transmitting Electrical Energy, January 18, 1902). Tesla proposed installing more than thirty transceiver stations around the world. In this system, the take-up coil acts as a step-down transformer with a high current output. The parameters of the transmitting coil are identical to the receiving coil.

The goal of Tesla's worldwide wireless system was to combine energy transmission with radio broadcasting and directional wireless communication, which would allow us to get rid of numerous high-voltage power lines and promote the interconnection of electric generating companies on a global scale.

Notes

"Electricity at the Columbian Exposition", by John Patrick Barrett. 1894, pp. 168-169 (English)
Experiments with Alternating Currents of Very High Frequency and Their Application to Methods of Artificial Illumination, AIEE, Columbia College, N.Y., May 20, 1891 (English)
Experiments with Alternate Currents of High Potential and High Frequency, IEE Address, London, February 1892
On Light and Other High Frequency Phenomena, Franklin Institute, Philadelphia, February 1893 and National Electric Light Association, St. Louis, March 1893 (English)
The Work of Jagdish Chandra Bose: 100 years of mm-wave research (English)
Jagadish Chandra Bose
Nikola Tesla On His Work With Alternating Currents and Their Application to Wireless Telegraphy, Telephony and Transmission of Power, pp. 26-29. (English)
June 5, 1899, Nikola Tesla Colorado Spring Notes 1899-1900, Nolit, 1978 (English)
Nikola Tesla: Guided Weapons & Computer Technology
The Electrician(London), 1904 (English)
Scanning the Past: A History of Electrical Engineering from the Past, Hidetsugu Yagi
A survey of the elements of power Transmission by microwave beam, in 1961 IRE Int. Conf. Rec., vol.9, part 3, pp.93-105 (English)
IEEE Microwave Theory and Techniques, Bill Brown's Distinguished Career
Power from the Sun: Its Future, Science Vol. 162, pp. 957-961 (1968)
Solar Power Satellite patent
History of RFID
Space Solar Energy Initiative
Wireless Power Transmission for Solar Power Satellite (SPS) (Second Draft by N. Shinohara), Space Solar Power Workshop, Georgia Institute of Technology (English)
W. C. Brown: The History of Power Transmission by Radio Waves: Microwave Theory and Techniques, IEEE Transactions on September, 1984, v. 32 (9), pp. 1230-1242 (English)
Wireless Power Transfer via Strongly Coupled Magnetic Resonances. Science (7 June 2007). Archived,
A new method of wireless transmission of electricity has been launched (Russian). MEMBRANA.RU (June 8, 2007). Archived from the original on February 29, 2012. Retrieved September 6, 2010.
Bombardier PRIMOVE Technology
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Haier's wireless HDTV lacks wires, svelte profile (video) (English) ,
Wireless electricity amazed its creators (Russian). MEMBRANA.RU (February 16, 2010). Archived from the original on February 26, 2012. Retrieved September 6, 2010.
Eric Giler demos wireless electricity | Video on TED.com
"Nikola Tesla and the Diameter of the Earth: A Discussion of One of the Many Modes of Operation of the Wardenclyffe Tower," K. L. Corum and J. F. Corum, Ph.D. 1996
William Beaty, Yahoo Wireless Energy Transmission Tech Group Message #787, reprinted in WIRELESS TRANSMISSION THEORY.
Wait, James R., The Ancient and Modern History of EM Ground-Wave Propagation," IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, Vol. 40, No. 5, October 1998.
SYSTEM OF TRANSMISSION OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY, Sept. 2, 1897, U.S. Patent no. 645.576, Mar. 20, 1900.

I have to say here that when I filed the applications of September 2, 1897, for the transmission of energy in which this method was disclosed, it was already clear to me that I did not need to have terminals at such high elevation, but I never have, above my signature, anything announced that I did not prove first. That is the reason why no statement of mine was ever contradicted, and I do not think it will be, because whenever I publish something I go through it first by experiment, then from experiment I calculate, and when I have the theory and practice meet I announce the results.

At that time I was absolutely sure that I could put up a commercial plant, if I could do nothing else but what I had done in my laboratory on Houston Street; but I had already calculated and found that I did not need great heights to apply this method. My patent says that I break down the atmosphere "at or near" the terminal. If my conducting atmosphere is 2 or 3 miles above the plant, I consider this very near the terminal as compared to the distance of my receiving terminal, which may be across the Pacific. That is simply an expression. . . .

Nikola Tesla On His Work With Alternating Currents and Their Application to Wireless Telegraphy, Telephony and Transmission of Power

Everyone knows that Nikola Tesla is the inventor of such ubiquitous things as alternating current and transformer. But not all scientists are familiar with Tesla's other inventions.

We use alternating current. We use transformers. In any apartment. It is difficult to imagine how one can do without these inventions. But HOW do we use them? Tesla used these things known to us (as it seems to us) in a completely different way. How do we connect any electrical appliance to the network? With a fork - i.e. two conductors. If we connect only one conductor, there will be no current - the circuit is not closed.

Tesla demonstrated the effect of transmitting power through a single conductor. Moreover, in other experiments it transmitted power without wires at all. At the end of the 19th century, the great inventor was able to transmit electrical energy wirelessly over a distance of over 40 kilometers. Since this well-known Tesla experiment has not yet been repeated, our readers will certainly be interested in the details of this story, as well as current state problems of transmitting electrical energy without wires.

The biography of the American inventor, Serbian by birth, Nikola Tesla is quite well known, and we will not dwell on it. But let’s immediately clarify: before demonstrating his unique experiment, Tesla, first in 1892 in London, and a year later in Philadelphia, in the presence of specialists, demonstrated the possibility of transmitting electrical energy through one wire, without using grounding of the second pole of the energy source.

And then he had the idea to use the Earth as this single wire! And that same year, at the Electric Lighting Association convention in St. Lewis, he demonstrated electric lamps, burning without lead wires, and working without connection to electrical network electric motor. He commented on this unusual exhibition as follows: “A few words about an idea that constantly occupies my thoughts and concerns us all. I mean transmitting signals, as well as energy, over any distance without wires. We already know that electrical vibrations can be transmitted through a single conductor. Why not use the Earth for this purpose? If we can establish the period of oscillation of the electric charge of the Earth when it is disturbed by the action of an oppositely charged circuit, this will be a fact of extreme importance, which will serve the benefit of all mankind.”

Seeing such a spectacular demonstration, such famous oligarchs as J. Westinghouse and J. P. Morgan invested over a million dollars in this promising business, buying his patents from Tesla (huge money, by the way, at that time!). With these funds, in the late 90s of the 19th century, Tesla built his unique laboratory in Colorado Springs. Detailed information about the experiments in Tesla’s laboratory is presented in the book of his biographer John O’Neill, “Electric Prometheus” (in our country, its translation was published in the magazine “Inventor and Innovator” No. 4-11 for 1979). We will give here only a brief excerpt from it, so as not to refer to later reprints: “In Colorado Springs, Tesla conducted the first tests of wireless transmission of electricity. He was able to power 200 incandescent light bulbs located 42 kilometers from his laboratory with the current extracted from the Earth during the operation of a giant vibrator. Each power was 50 watts, so the total energy consumption was 10 kW, or 13 hp. Tesla was convinced that with the help of a more powerful vibrator he could light a dozen electric garlands of 200 light bulbs each, scattered around the globe."

Tesla himself was so inspired by the success of these experiments that he announced in the general press that he intended to illuminate the World Industrial Exhibition in Paris, which was supposed to be held in 1903, with energy from a power plant located at Niagara Falls and transmitted to Paris wirelessly. It is known from numerous photographs and descriptions of eyewitnesses and assistants of the inventor that it was a generator of energy transmitted over 42 kilometers without wires (however, this is a purely journalistic term: one wire, which was the Earth, is present in this circuit, and this is directly stated both Tesla himself and his biographer).

What Tesla called a vibrator was a giant transformer of his system, which had a primary winding of several turns of thick wire wound on a fence with a diameter of 25 meters, and a multi-turn single-layer secondary winding placed inside it on a cylinder of dielectric. The primary winding, together with a capacitor, an induction coil and a spark gap, formed an oscillatory circuit-frequency converter. Above the transformer, located in the center of the laboratory, rose a wooden tower 60 meters high, topped with a large copper ball. One end of the secondary winding of the transformer was connected to this ball, the other was grounded. The entire device was powered by a separate 300 hp dynamo. He was excited electromagnetic vibrations frequency 150 kilohertz (wavelength 2000 meters). The operating voltage in the high-voltage circuit was 30,000 V, and the resonating potential of the ball reached 100,000,000 V, generating artificial lightning tens of meters long! This is how his biographer explains the work of Tesla’s vibrator: “In essence, Tesla “pumped” a stream of electrons into the Earth and extracted from there. The pumping frequency was 150 kHz. Spreading in concentric circles further and further from Colorado Springs, the electric waves then converged at a diametrically opposite point on the Earth. Large amplitude waves rose and fell there in unison with those raised in Colorado. When such a wave fell, it sent an electric echo back to Colorado, where an electric vibrator amplified the wave, and it rushed back.

If we bring the entire Earth into a state of electrical vibration, then at every point on its surface we will be provided with energy. It will be possible to capture it from the waves rushing between the electric poles simple devices similar to the oscillating circuits in radio receivers, only grounded and equipped with small antennas the height of a rural cottage. This energy will heat and light homes using Tesla's tubular lamps, which require no wires. AC motors would only require frequency converters.”

Information about Tesla's experiments on transmitting electricity without wires inspired other researchers to work in this area. Reports of similar experiments often appeared in the press at the beginning of the last century. In this regard, it is worth citing an excerpt from an article by A.M. Gorky’s “Conversations on Craft,” published in 1930: “This year, Marconi transmitted electric current by air from Genoa to Australia and lit electric lamps there at an exhibition in Sydney. The same thing was done 27 years ago here, in Russia, by the writer and scientist M.M. Filippov, who worked for several years on transmitting electric current through the air and eventually lit a chandelier from St. Petersburg in Tsarskoe Selo ( that is, at a distance of 27 kilometers. -V.P.). At that time, no due attention was paid to this fact, but Filippov was found dead in his apartment a few days later, and his devices and papers were confiscated by the police.”

Tesla's experiments also made a great impression on another writer, Alexei Tolstoy, who was an engineer by training. And when Tesla, and then Marconi, reported in the press that their devices accepted strange signals extraterrestrial, apparently of Martian origin, this inspired the writer to write the science fiction novel “Aelita”. In the novel, the Martians use Tesla's invention and wirelessly transmit energy from power plants located at the poles of Mars to anywhere on the planet. This energy powers the engines of flying ships and other mechanisms. However, to build your own world system“Tesla failed to provide electricity to the world’s population without the use of wires.

As soon as in 1900 he began to build a research laboratory town for 2000 employees and a huge metal tower with a giant copper plate on top on the island of Long Island near New York, the “wired” electrical oligarchs realized it: after all, the widespread introduction of Tesla’s system threatened them with ruin.

Wardenclyffe Tower (1902)

On billionaire J.P. Morgan, who financed the construction, was subject to severe pressure, including from government officials bribed by competitors.(or it was the other way around) There were interruptions in the supply of equipment, construction stalled, and when Morgan, under this pressure, stopped funding, it stopped altogether. At the beginning of the First World War, at the instigation of the same competitors, the US government ordered the explosion of a ready-made tower under the far-fetched pretext that it could be used for espionage purposes.

Well, then electrical engineering went the usual way.

For a long time, no one could repeat Tesla’s experiments, if only because it would have been necessary to create an installation similar in size and power. But no one doubted that Tesla managed to find a way to transmit electrical energy over a distance without wires more than a hundred years ago. The authority of Tesla, who was rated as the second inventor after Edison, was quite high throughout the world, and his contribution to the development of alternating current electrical engineering (in defiance of Edison, who advocated direct current) is undoubted. During his experiments, many specialists were present, not counting the press, and no one ever tried to convict him of any tricks or manipulation of facts. The high authority of Tesla is evidenced by the name of the unit of magnetic field intensity after him. But Tesla’s conclusion that during the experiment in Colorado Springs energy was transmitted over a distance of 42 kilometers with an efficiency of about 90% is too optimistic. Let us recall that the total power of the lamps lit at a distance was 10 kW, or 13 hp, while the power of the dynamo that powered the vibrator reached 300 hp. That is, we can talk about efficiency. only about 4-5%, although this figure is amazing. The physical justification of Tesla's experiments on wireless transmission of electricity still worries many specialists.
www.elec.ru/news/2003/03/14/1047627665.h tml

Specialists from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology managed to make an incandescent lamp burn, located at a distance of 2 meters from the energy source. rus.newsru.ua/world/08jun2007/tesla.html

Wireless chargers from Intel odessabuy.com/news/item-402.html

"Arguments and Facts" No. 52, 2008 (December 24-30):
SCIENCE - Electricity without wires. They say that American scientists were able to transmit electricity with a power of 800 W without wires.