What program is used to view web pages? Open Library - an open library of educational information. Web browsing applications
Web pages are created using a programming language , which is called HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language - hypertext markup language). To view such pages, special programs - browsers are used. The most popular browsers are Microsoft Internet Explorer, Fire Fox, Opera, Google Chrome. Browsers can not only reproduce on the screen any information posted on a web page (text, image, animation, video), but also send sound to speakers or headphones. Once you learn how to use a browser, you will be able to find the information you need on the Internet. To work effectively on the Internet, the choice of browser is important. The main characteristics that you should pay attention to when choosing a browser: security, functionality, speed.
The browser searches for a web page on a specific site , which you previously made a request for, and reproduces it on the screen. We can say that the site is like a book, where all the pages are organized thematically and stored together. Every website has a main page called the home page. It can be compared to the cover of a magazine or the front page of a newspaper. Typically, such a page has an original, specially designed design that embodies the idea of the site. It is here that you can familiarize yourself with the contents of the site using the so-called map or navigation panel. The purpose of these elements is to help the visitor get to other web pages on the site. It's very easy to navigate from one web page to another in your browser. This process is often called Web surfing. When you launch the browser for the first time, a web page appears in its window, which was set as home in the computer settings (more precisely, in the browser properties). In this case, the term “home” is a web page designed to open automatically.
Browser capabilities. Let's look at the main features of browsers using Internet Explorer as an example:
Displays both text information and plays video, animation, and sound.
Automatic creation of a list of nodes that have been visited previously.
Go to previously viewed web pages (using the “Back” and “Forward” buttons).
Search web sites using key phrases or words.
Work with your favorite web pages by saving shortcuts to the system Favorites folder.
Internet Explorer acts as a file manager (similar to Explorer in Windows).
The Internet Explorer browser operates in two main modes: online and offline. In offline mode (i.e. without an Internet connection), you can perform operations with folders and files, as well as view web pages saved on your hard drive.
Browser window.
Note that the windows of all browsers contain similar elements, but they may look and be located slightly differently.
Let's look at the Internet Explorer browser as an example:
The Internet Explorer menu consists of the following items: File, Edit, View, Favorites, Tools, Help.
The Common Buttons panel includes the following tools:
Back - display the previously viewed web document;
Forward - display the next page;
Stop - stop loading the web page;
Home - return to the home page;
Search - activate the search bar;
Favorites - displays a list of resources added to “favorites”;
Log - displays a list of nodes that have been viewed previously;
Mail - opens the email application window;
Print - print the current web page.
Below the “Regular Buttons” panel is the “Address” panel, which has a field for entering an address and a drop-down list with previously visited Internet resources. In the address bar you can enter a new resource that you are going to visit, or the name of a file on the disk that you want to view using a browser.
The main (large) part of the browser window is occupied by the document zone, which reflects the current web page or document opened using Internet Explorer.
At the bottom of the Internet Explorer window there is a status bar with information about current operations being performed by the program (for example, establishing a connection, loading a page, etc.).
Differences between browsers
So, before we go any further, let's take a look at browsers and see what they can and can't display. Indeed, everything that we write will be viewed by the user in browsers, and if we do not focus on specific browsers, the result may be the most unexpected.
Of course, simple pages (like the one we wrote in the previous section) will most likely look the same in all browsers. However, the more complex the page, the greater the differences in its perception by different viewing programs. These differences can be in the layout of elements on the page, how they react to user input, how individual elements look, etc. When creating a web page, it can be helpful to view it in different browsers and adjust the code based on what you see. It can often happen that a page that looks very beautiful in one browser will simply be unreadable in another. Creating a complex page that looks almost the same in different browsers is not an easy task. Therefore, we would recommend focusing on one browser, and maintaining compatibility with others only at a minimum level. You can also create copies of pages for different browsers, but there is also a small problem here, which we will discuss below.
And finally, the simplest solution: having created a page, write at the beginning of it something like: “Looks best in such and such a browser” and place a link next to it, by clicking on which the user could download the desired viewer program. However, we must keep in mind that not all users are likely to want to do this, and not only because not all browsers are free. Firstly, not everyone has the opportunity to download large amounts of data from the Internet, and secondly, many are already accustomed to using some kind of viewing program, and advice to urgently install another one will cause them, at best, bewilderment.
Internet Explorer browser
Today, the most popular web browsing program is Microsoft Internet Explorer, which is used by approximately half of all Internet users. MS Internet Explorer version 5 supports most requirements HTML 4.0, and it is this program that we will focus on in the examples given in this book. This program is free and can be downloaded from http://www.microsoft.com/windows/ie_intl/ru/download/. There you can update the browser version and download various add-ons for this program. Almost all of the cardinal innovations have appeared in MS Internet Explorer since version 4. However, some aspects, mainly related to the reaction to user actions and the interpretation of code written in JavaScript, have changed significantly in the fifth version. Therefore, do not be surprised if a page written for Internet Explorer version 5, when viewed in version 4, displays, for example, messages about a “script error.” By the way, the fifth version of Internet Explorer is capable of automatically correcting minor inaccuracies. Other browsers do not know how to do this, and for them these inaccuracies will result in error messages. Internet Explorer supports not only JavaScript as a scripting language, but also the VBScript language invented by Microsoft, which is derived from the Visual Basic language. Since web pages written using VBScript actually exist, only using the Internet Explorer browser today allows them to adequately display their content. VBScript introduced some interesting features that were missing in JavaScript 1.0, such as the ability to automatically ignore errors in a loop ( On Error Resume Next). We do not cover the VBScript language in this book, since JavaScript is still the universal scripting language today.
As for earlier versions of MS Internet Explorer, their use gives rise to a number of problems. For example, the third version uses a rather unique implementation of JavaScript, and some functions written for later versions or for Netscape browsers do not work quite correctly in Internet Explorer 3. Moreover, since the project HTML 4.0 it was still just in its infancy, Internet Explorer 3 lacks functions for responding to user actions, the ability to arbitrarily arrange design elements, etc. There is also no support for cascading style sheets. In some cases, there are problems with navigation between frames. And in even earlier versions of this browser there was no support for scripting languages at all and only the most basic tools were available.
Netscape Navigator browser
The second most popular browser in the world is Netscape Navigator. Unlike MS Internet Explorer, this program is implemented for many platforms, including OS/2 and UNIX with its clones. On non-Windows computers, Netscape Navigator continues to be the most popular web browser.
At the time of this writing, the second preliminary release of the sixth version of Netscape Navigator has been released. This version also supports many requirements HTML 4.0, however, not to the same extent as in MS Internet Explorer 5. In particular, not all elements of a web page can still respond to user actions. Netscape Navigator is available free of charge from www.netscape.com. The previous version of this program (the fourth) did not support new tags proposed in the fourth version of Internet Explorer (for example
Other viewing properties
Despite the fact that MS Internet Explorer and Netscape Navigator are used by the vast majority of Internet users, there are other browsers that are used every now and then at work. Among them, it is worth noting the Opera program, which can be obtained at www.operasoftware.com (however, this program is not free - it is distributed according to the Shareware principle). By the way, in 1999, experts noted that support for cascading style sheets ( CSS) is best implemented in this program. The Opera browser has many advantages (compactness, speed, user-friendly interface with detailed page loading indication), and others. However, there is even less support for dynamic elements here than in Netscape browsers.
The purely Russian Ariadna browser is also worthy of attention. It was designed specifically for the needs of Russian users. Unfortunately, after version 1.3 the developers stopped working on the project.
Web page viewers are now also built into many more “general” programs, for example, kfm (this is the KDE file manager-viewer, StarOffice, and even the email program The Bat! (for viewing HTML attachments). However, all they have limited capabilities compared to specialized programs and should not be relied upon when creating web pages.
The essence of the World Wide Web (WWW) system is the application of the hypertext model to information resources distributed on the global network. WWW is one of the types of Internet services. WWW provides the opportunity to work with documents that combine text, graphics, sounds, and animation, which greatly facilitates the perception of information. Hypertext documents (Web pages) are created using a special hypertext markup language, HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language).
The WWW system operates on the client-server principle. The client is an HTML interpreter, a special viewing program called a WWW-browser. A WWW browser is an application program that interacts with the WWW system, receives requested documents, interprets the data and displays the contents of the documents on the screen. The client program provides access to almost all Internet information resources that are stored on servers. To work with the WWW system, you must install one of the Web browser programs on your computer, for example, Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, MyIE Web Browser, Opera, etc. Most browsers provide access to other Internet servers: FTP servers, Gopher servers, and UseNet newsgroup servers.
Internet Explorer
Internet Explorer is installed along with the Windows installation and the Internet Explorer browser icon appears on the desktop. This icon can be used to launch Internet Explorer. After launching the Internet Explorer web browser, a browser window will appear on the screen.
An Internet Explorer browser or browser window contains:
menu bar;
three toolbars: Regular buttons, Address bar, Links;
status bar. The Common Buttons panel contains all the main browser control buttons. The Address and Links panels are used to specify the address of the Web page to load. The status bar, located at the bottom of the window, contains messages about the status of the Web page. The progress bar on the right side of the status bar shows the progress of the file being downloaded. The status bar also contains an indicator showing the set security level of loaded Web pages.
To go to web pages you can use:
the Address panel, where you enter the address of the required Web page;
Using hyperlinks
Every Web page contains links to other pages. The easiest way to move from one Web page to another is to use the mouse. To navigate to other pages, you can use the navigation menu, text hyperlinks, and graphic hyperlinks. Typically text hyperlinks are underlined so they can be easily found. Text links to pages you have already visited change color. Graphical hyperlinks are more difficult to define. If, when you place the cursor on an image, it takes the form of a palm with a pointing finger, then this is a hyperlink. When you click on a link, the Web page specified in it opens by default in the current browser window. But it can also be opened in a new window. To do this, place the cursor on the link, right-click and from the context menu that appears, select Open in new window.
Using the Web Page Address
To navigate to a Web page, you can use its address, which begins with the name of the protocol. This is followed by the domain name and the location of the file relative to the domain. By default, the Address panel is located below the main browser toolbar. When you enter an address in the drop-down list in this panel and press the Enter key or the Go button, the browser opens the Web page for which you entered the address. All the addresses you previously entered in the Address panel are saved in the drop-down list, and you can select them from this list as needed. You can enter the page URL directly from the keyboard into the Address panel. When entering an address, you don't have to enter the initial http://www part of the address, as the browser will add it itself. Using the Links and Favorites folders to navigate to Web pages Initially, you should save the addresses of the Web pages you selected in the Links and Favorites folders. It should be noted that the Links folder is a subfolder of the Favorites folder. To save the address of an open Web page, click on the Favorites menu and select the Add to Favorites command. The Add to Favorites dialog box will open, in which you must select a folder to save the address (including the Links folder). After that, to go to the required page, click on the Favorites menu and select the desired Web page address in the folders, the browser opens the Web page whose address you specified. Navigating a Web Page If you are not satisfied with the loading speed of Web pages, you can disable the display of graphical information. To do this, follow these steps: 1. Select the Internet Options command from the Tools menu. 2. In the Internet Options dialog box, select the Advanced tab. 3. In the Multimedia section, clear the Display pictures check box.
Changing the encoding type of a web page
If the page encoding type does not match the set encoding in the browser, you will see a meaningless set of characters, then set the required encoding type using the View / Encoding command. The most common types of encoding of Russian-language text are Cyrillic (KOI8) and Cyrillic (Windows).
Saving a Web page and its fragments
A Web page consists of an HTML document and other files used to design the page. Using Internet Explorer, you can save the entire page or its individual fragments. Saving a Web Page To save a Web page, perform the following steps: 1. Select the File / Save As command, the Save Web Page dialog box will open. 2. Select a folder and specify the name of the file to be created. 3. In the File type field, specify the type of data to be saved:
Web page, entire - used to save the entire page,
Web archive, one file - the entire Web page will be saved as one file.
Web page, HTML only – used to save only the HTML document without pictures or other files;
Text file – to save a Web page in plain text format. 4. Click the Save button. Saving fragments of text and pictures from a Web page To save a fragment of text, select it and click the right mouse button. A context menu will open, from which select the Copy command; the fragment will be saved to the temporary Windows clipboard. Now you can insert it, for example, into a Word document. To copy a picture from a Web page, place the cursor on the picture and click the right mouse button. Then from the context menu select the "Copy Image" command. The drawing can be saved as a separate file. To do this, from the context menu of the picture, select the "Save Image As" command. When saving a drawing, you can select a file type that matches the type of the drawing, or save the drawing in bmp format.
Introduction........................................................ ........................................................ .... 3
1. Tools for creating Web pages.................................................... ....... 5
1.1. HTML language................................................... ........................... 5
1.2. Web browsers................................................... 6
1.3. Internet Explorer browser................................................... ..... 7
1.4. Website builders........................................................ ......... 8
1.4.1. Wix................................................... ........................... 8
1.4.2. Nethouse................................................ ..................... 9
1.4.3. uKit................................................... ........................... 10
2. Create a web page using HTML.................................... 12
2.1. HTML document structure.................................................... 12
2.2. Algorithm for creating an HTML document using
Notepad........................................................ ............................... 13
2.4. Meta tags........................................................ ........................... 15
2.5. Font formatting commands.................................................... 16
2.6. Inserting pictures into an HTML document.................................... 16
2.7. Algorithm for editing an HTML document using Notepad
2.8. Tag attributes
...................................................... 172.9. URL........................................................ .................................... 18
2.12. Referring to specific sections of other documents 20
2.16. Lists........................................................ ........................... 22
2.16.1. Unnumbered lists................................................... 22
2.16.2. Numbered lists......................................................... 22
2.16.3. Lists of definitions................................................... 22
2.16.4. Nested lists........................................................ 22
Conclusion................................................. ........................................... 24
References........................................................ ................................... 27
INTRODUCTION
A web page is a document whose content is suitable for processing, manipulation and viewing via a web browser. Web pages can be located locally (on the user’s personal hardware device) or on network devices (servers) in local and global networks.
A typical web page is an HTML text file that may contain links to files in other formats (text, graphics, video, audio, multimedia, applets, applications, databases, web services, etc.), as well as hyperlinks to quickly navigate to other web pages or access referenced files. Many modern browsers allow you to view the contents of referenced files directly on the web page containing the link to the file. Modern browsers also allow direct viewing of the contents of certain file formats, in isolation from the web page that links to them.
Website is a collection of several web pages united by a common design, a common theme or a common goal. That is, “Simply and Clearly” is a site that combines many pages with articles. The design is made in the same style, that is, everything is decorated similarly. Therefore, not only the commonality of the topic (learning to use a computer), but also the appearance itself indicates that the pages are related. But at the same time, the separately open main prosto-ponyatno.ru is a web page.
There are also one-page sites, but most of them include several pages: main and internal, on which various information is located.
Each site has domain name, that is, your name on the Internet.
A dynamic page is a web page generated programmatically, as opposed to a static page, which is simply a file on the server. The server generates dynamic page HTML for processing by a browser or other user agent.
Dynamic pages typically process and display information from a database. The most popular technologies for generating dynamic pages at the moment:
· PHP - For Apache and other servers running GNU/Linux, other UNIX-like, and other operating systems.
· JSP and Java Servlet - For Apache, JBoss, Tomcat servers running various OS.
· ASP.NET - For Microsoft Windows servers running IIS.
WEB PAGE CREATION TOOLS
HTML language
Web pages can exist in any format, but the standard is Hyper Text Markup Language, a hypertext markup language designed to create rich text rich in images, sound, animation, video clips and hypertext links to other documents scattered throughout the Web. space, and located on the same server or being an integral part of the same Web project.
You can work on the Web without knowing the HTML language, since HTML texts can be created by various special editors and converters. But writing directly in HTML is not difficult. It may even be easier than learning an HTML editor or converter, which are often limited in their capabilities, buggy, or produce poor HTML that doesn't work across platforms. The HTML language comes in several flavors and continues to evolve, but HTML constructs will likely continue to be used in the future. By learning about HTML and understanding it more deeply, creating a document at the beginning of learning HTML and expanding it as much as possible, we are able to create Web pages that can be viewed by many Web browsers, both now and in the future.
This does not exclude the possibility of using other methods, such as the advanced method provided by Netscape Navigator, Internet Explorer, or some other programs. Working with HTML is a way to learn the ins and outs of creating documents in a standardized language, using extensions only when really necessary. HTML has been ratified by the World Wide Web Consortium. It is supported by several widely used browsers, and will probably form the basis of almost all software that has to do with the Web.
Web browsing programs
Simple pages will most likely look the same in all browsers. However, the more complex the page, the greater the differences in its perception by different viewing programs. When creating a web page, it's useful to view it in different browsers and adjust the code according to what you see. It can often happen that a page that looks very beautiful in one browser will simply be unreadable in another.
Creating a complex page that looks almost the same in different browsers is not an easy task: Therefore, we would recommend focusing on one browser, and maintaining compatibility with others only at a minimum level. You can also create copies of pages for different browsers, but there is also a small problem here, which we will discuss below.
The simplest solution: having created a page, write at the beginning of it something like: “Looks best in such and such a browser” and place a link next to it by clicking on which the user could download the desired viewer program. However, we must keep in mind that not all users will most likely want to do this, and not only because not all browsers are free. Firstly, not everyone has the opportunity) to download large amounts of data from the Internet, and secondly, many are already accustomed to using some kind of viewing program, and advice to urgently install another one will cause them, at best, bewilderment.
Internet Explorer browser
Today, the most popular web browsing program is Microsoft Internet Explorer, which is used by approximately half of all Internet users.
Almost all the cardinal innovations have appeared in MS Internet Explorer since version 4. Some aspects, mainly related to the reaction to user actions and the interpretation of code written in JavaScript, have changed significantly in the fifth version. Therefore, do not be surprised if a page written for Internet Explorer version 5, when viewed in version 4, displays, for example, messages about a “script error.” By the way, the fifth version of Internet Explorer is capable of automatically correcting minor inaccuracies. Other browsers do not do this, and for them these inaccuracies will result in error messages.
Internet Explorer supports JavaScript as a scripting language. The VBScript language introduced some interesting features that were missing in JavaScript 1.0, such as the function of automatically ignoring errors in a loop
The third version uses a rather unique implementation of JavaScript, and some functions written for later versions or for Netscape browsers do not work quite correctly in Internet Explorer 3. The HTML 4.0 project was still in its infancy; Internet Explorer 3 lacks functions for responding to user actions, the ability to arbitrarily arrange design elements, etc. There is also no support for cascading style sheets. In some cases, there are problems with navigation between frames.
1.4. Website buildersA solid foreign project, quite possibly the best website builder today. It provides a wealth of tools for creating truly beautiful and functional websites, be it an online store, a business card website or a blog. The interface is powerful and convenient, you can immediately see the professionalism of the development team, which inspires confidence in the resource.
Benefits include:
· A huge number of high-quality and varied templates (more than 1000);
· Ability to create your own unique template;
· Powerful website editor;
· Along with HTML5, it is possible to create websites in flash;
· Supports Drag & Drop function;
· Very flexible and varied settings;
· Websites on Wix are well indexed by search engines;
· Russified, clear and pleasant-looking interface;
· The ability to create a mobile version of the resource and pages for the social network Facebook (there is a wide selection of templates);
· Quite responsive technical support;
· In the "Vacancies" section you can find a job for an experienced designer or programmer;
· Quite favorable price/quality ratio when switching to a paid package.
· Possibility of transferring the site to your hosting, but subject to the purchase of a Premium account.
Flaws:
· The page address in the free version is not memorable enough, it looks like yourwixlogin.wix.com/site name;
Nethouse
An excellent designer that is suitable for creating websites for small businesses (portfolio, business card, store). Quite easy to learn. According to the developers, creating a website on the portal is no more difficult than filling out a page on Odnoklassniki.
Advantages:
· The finished website can be linked to your domain;
· Unlimited disk space;
· Free access to the main part of the portal’s capabilities;
· User-friendly interface, beautiful templates;
· Possibility of implementing a system for accepting electronic payments;
· Ability to customize pages for SEO.
· 100 rubles in your account to try paid services.
· Decent technical support.
Flaws:
· It is not possible to insert HTML code or banners;
· No forum.
A very promising and functional website builder. It was created by developers who had recently worked on the uCoz service. Currently, the uKit website builder has left the beta testing stage and all its functionality is available to everyone for a nominal fee per month comparable to the cost of simple shared hosting.
Advantages:
· Extensive functionality;
· Intuitive user interface;
· Ability to create attractive, fully functional websites without technical knowledge;
· Quite wide opportunities for subsequent SEO promotion of the created site;
· Instant access to extensive statistics and analytics of the created site.
Flaws:
· Some shortcomings in functionality and user interface.
2. CREATE A WEB PAGE
USING HTML LANGUAGE
As mentioned above, web pages are encoded in hypertext markup language - HTML. Generally speaking, to write an HTML file, it is enough to have any text editor, as long as it knows how not to add its own special characters to the text. The simplest option is the Notepad editor, which comes standard with Windows. Strictly speaking, this is exactly what you need - a simple program that saves the written text exactly in the form in which it was entered, and nothing extra.
A web page is an electronic document in .htm or .html format that has hyperlinks to other documents. A web page is an electronic document created using a special hypertext markup language, HTML, possibly using scripts written in the JavaScript programming language or using the Perl, PHP programming languages.
A tag is a set of characters that begins with the symbol< и заканчивается символом >(angle brackets between which the keyword is written):<………>
HTML Document Structure
The web page consists of three parts:
1. HTML version information,
2. The header of the web page, which contains technical information (
),3. Body of the web page (
).All HTML documents have a strictly defined structure, which is created using tags such as
…- This pair of tags tells the browser that this is indeed an HTML document.
…- The headers section, which contains information about the document as a whole, in particular it should contain the following tag:One of the main tasks of the Internet is storing and providing (upon requests) the necessary information to users. To find the necessary information on the Internet, you need to know the address of the Web page (site) on which this information is located, have at least one of the Web page viewing applications installed on your PC, and have access to the global network.
Navigation software(searching for information on the Internet) and viewing Web pages is called a browser. There are many browsers available nowadays. The most popular graphical browsers (two-dimensional): Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Flock (Firefox and Flock are based on Netscape code), Opera, Netscape Navigator, Google Chrome and others. The Safari browser for Windows is gaining popularity. The first graphical browser, Viola, appeared in 1992. Currently, three-dimensional browsers are being developed, for example the Clara browser
Popular text browsers Players (console browsers) are Lynx and Links (Links2 supports graphics). Lynx and Links can be used on various platforms: Unix, Macintosh, Windows and other operating systems. These browsers are advisable to use for weak PCs and low-speed Internet connections.
In addition, these browsers can be used for powerful PCs and high-speed lines for the purpose of navigation or Internet surfing (for quick access to the required information on sites), and to view the required Web pages, it is advisable to use browsers with a graphical interface.
To work in DOS, you can use the graphical WWW browser Arachne - this is a graphical browser that supports the basic elements of modern Web design. To work in Linux, you can use the following browsers: Lynx, Links (Elinks, Links2, Links Hacked), Opera, Netscape, and so on.
Browsers are a client of the World Wide Web, that is, an application program that, upon request, receives documents from Web servers, interprets data from Web pages and displays them on the screen.
Using a browser, you can easily search for the desired web page on the Internet by typing one or more words in the address bar (search bar) of the browser and pressing Enter to begin the search. Browsers provide access not only to Web servers, but also to other Internet servers (FTP servers, Gopher servers, and UseNet newsgroup servers).
One of the most popular browsers is Internet Explorer, since the Internet Explorer application is included in the Windows operating system.
The Internet Explorer browser, page navigation technology and working with Web pages are discussed in detail in the section Application programs for viewing Web pages.
11. Describe the rules of koristuvannya with individual screenshots.