Draw a diagram of the bus route. Tourist routes and their types. Optimal construction of circular routes

2.3. Planning an excursion route

Excursion route is the most convenient route for the excursion group to follow, facilitating the development of the topic. It is built depending on the most correct sequence of inspection of objects for a given excursion, the availability of sites for the group, and the need to ensure the safety of excursionists. One of the objectives of the route is to contribute to the most complete disclosure of the topic.

The main requirements that must be taken into account by the compilers of the route are the organization of the display of objects in a logical sequence and the provision of a visual basis for revealing the topic.

In the practice of excursion agencies, there are three options for constructing routes: chronological, thematic And thematic-chronological.

An example of a chronological route can be excursions dedicated to the life and work of outstanding people.

Excursions are organized on a thematic basis, related to the disclosure of a specific topic in the life of the city (for example, “Arkhangelsk is under construction,” “Literary Moscow Region,” etc.).

All city sightseeing tours are structured according to a thematic and chronological principle. The sequence of presentation of material according to chronology in such excursions is observed, as a rule, only when covering each subtopic.

Route development- a complex multi-stage procedure that requires fairly high qualifications and is one of the main elements of the technology for creating a new excursion. When developing a bus route, one should be guided by the “Rules of the Road”, “Charter of Motor Transport”, “Rules for the Transportation of Passengers” and other departmental regulations.

Objects, depending on their role in the excursion, can be used as basic And additional.

The main objects undergo a more in-depth analysis, and the subtopics of the excursion are revealed on them.

The display of additional objects, as a rule, is carried out during transfers (transitions) of the excursion group and it does not occupy a dominant position.

The route is built on the principle of the most correct sequence of inspection of objects and is planned taking into account the following requirements:

The display of objects should be carried out in a certain logical sequence, avoiding unnecessary repeated passages along the same section of the route (street, square, bridge, highway), i.e. so-called “loops”;
- accessibility of the object (site for its inspection);
- moving or transitioning between objects should not take 10-15 minutes, so that there are no too long pauses in the show and story;
- availability of well-equipped stops, including sanitary stops and vehicle parking areas.

It is recommended that at the time of the excursion you have several options for moving the group. The need to change the route in some cases is caused by traffic jams and repair work on city highways. All this must be taken into account when creating different route options.

The development of a bus route is completed by the coordination and approval of the passport and route diagram, calculation of mileage and time of use of vehicles.

Detour (detour) route

Detour (detour) route is one of the important stages in the development of a new excursion theme. When organizing a detour (detour) of the route, the following tasks are set:

1) get acquainted with the layout of the route, streets, squares along which the route is laid;
2) specify the location where the object is located, as well as the location of the proposed stop for the tour bus or walking group;
3) master access by bus to objects or parking areas;
4) time the time required to show the objects, their verbal descriptions and the movement of the bus (pedestrian group), as well as clarify the duration of the excursion as a whole;
5) check the feasibility of using the intended display objects;
6) select the best points for displaying objects and options for location of the excursion group;
7) choose a method of familiarization with the object;
8) for the safety of tourists’ movement along the route, identify potentially dangerous places and take measures.

Preparation of control text for the excursion

The text represents the material necessary for a full disclosure of all subtopics included in the excursion. The text is intended to provide the thematic focus of the guide's story; it formulates a certain point of view on the facts and events that the excursion is devoted to, and provides an objective assessment of the objects shown.

Requirements for the text: brevity, clarity of wording, required amount of factual material, availability of information on the topic, full disclosure of the topic, literary language.

The text of the excursion is compiled by the creative group when developing a new topic and performs control functions. This means that each guide must build his story taking into account the requirements of the given text (control text).

The control text in most cases contains a chronological presentation of the material. This text does not reflect the structure of the excursion and is not built in a route sequence, with the distribution of the presented material at stops where the analysis of excursion objects takes place. The control text is carefully selected and source-verified material, which is the basis for all excursions conducted on this topic. Using the provisions and conclusions contained in the control text, the guide constructs his own individual text.

Based on the control text, excursion options on the same topic can be created, including for children and adults, for various groups of workers.

In order to facilitate the work of creating such options, the control text may include materials related to objects, subtopics and main issues that are not included in the itinerary of this excursion.

In addition to materials for the guide’s story, the control text includes materials that should make up the content of the introductory speech and conclusion of the tour, as well as logical transitions. It should be convenient to use. Quotes, figures and examples are accompanied by links to sources.

Completing the "tour guide's briefcase"

"Tour guide's briefcase" is the conventional name for a set of visual aids used during the excursion. These aids are usually placed in a folder or small briefcase.

One of the tasks of the "guide's portfolio" is to restore the missing links in the display. During excursions, it often turns out that not all objects necessary to cover the topic have been preserved. For example, tourists cannot see a historical building that has been destroyed by time; a village destroyed during the Great Patriotic War, etc. Sometimes it becomes necessary to give an idea of ​​the original appearance of the place on which the inspected building (residential neighborhood) was built. For this purpose, for example, photographs of a village or wasteland, panoramas of the construction of an enterprise, or a residential area are used. The task may also arise to show what will happen at the site being inspected in the near future. In this case, excursionists are shown designs of buildings, structures, and monuments.

During excursions, it may be necessary to show photographs of people who are related to this object or events related to it (for example, portraits of members of the Wulf family - friends of A. S. Pushkin - when conducting a tour of the "Pushkin Ring of the Upper Volga").

What makes the excursion more convincing is the demonstration of copies of original documents, manuscripts, and literary works, which the guide talks about.

And another important task of visual aids on excursions is give a visual representation of an object(plants, minerals, mechanisms by showing genuine samples or their photographs, models, dummies).

The “tour guide's portfolio” includes photographs, geographical maps, diagrams, drawings, drawings, product samples, etc. Such “portfolios” are created, as a rule, for each topic. They are a constant companion of the guide and help make any journey into the past and present more exciting and useful. The contents of the “portfolio” are dictated by the theme of the excursion.

Visual aids in the “tour guide’s briefcase” should be easy to use. Their number should not be large, since in this case the aids will distract tourists from examining the original objects and distract their attention.

Members of the creative group, preparing a new excursion, select from the visual materials at their disposal the most expressive ones that can assist the guide in covering the topic. The method of demonstrating visual aids is tested along the route. Then recommendations for the use of “portfolio” materials are included in the methodological development.

Each exhibit included in the “portfolio” is accompanied by a sheet of explanation or reference material. Sometimes explanations are glued to the back of the exhibit. This annotation serves as source material for the guide when showing the exhibit to tourists.

The list of visual materials of a certain topic included in the “tour guide’s portfolio” should be clarified throughout the development of a new excursion topic.

Museums, exhibitions, and archives provide great assistance to excursion organizations in selecting visual materials for their “portfolio.”

Determination of methodological techniques for conducting an excursion

The success of the excursion is directly dependent on the methodological techniques of showing and telling used in it. The choice of one or another methodological technique is dictated by the tasks assigned to the excursion and the information richness of a particular object.

The work of the creative group at this stage consists of several parts: selection of the most effective methodological techniques for covering subtopics, methodological techniques that are recommended depending on the excursion audience (adults, children), the time of the excursion (winter, summer, day, evening), features display; determining methods for maintaining the attention of tourists and activating the process of perceiving excursion material; developing recommendations for the use of expressive means in the guide’s speech; selection of rules for conducting excursion techniques. It is equally important to determine the technology for using methodological techniques.

Determination of excursion techniques

The excursion technique combines all organizational issues of the excursion process. The authors of a bus tour, for example, carefully consider when and where tourists go out to inspect the object, how the tourists move between objects, how and when the exhibits of the “guide’s portfolio” are demonstrated, etc. The corresponding entries are made in the methodological development column “Organizational instructions” . These instructions are also addressed to the bus driver. For example, where to park the bus, where it is necessary to drive slower to observe the object from the window. Separate instructions apply to excursionists (compliance with safety rules on the street, getting off the bus, seating in the cabin). It is important to formulate recommendations on the use of pauses in the excursion; on observing the time allotted for covering subtopics, organizing answers to questions from tourists; about the technique of using the exhibits of the “portfolio”; about the procedure for laying wreaths, etc. No less important are instructions about the place of the guide when showing objects, guiding the independent work of tourists along the route, and conducting a story while the bus is moving.

Drawing up methodological development

Methodological development is a document that determines how to conduct a given excursion, how best to organize the display of monuments, what methodology and management technique should be used to make the excursion effective. The methodological development sets out the requirements of the excursion methodology, taking into account the characteristics of the objects being demonstrated and the content of the material presented. She disciplines the guide and must meet the following requirements: suggest to the guide ways to reveal the topic; equip him with the most effective methodological techniques of showing and telling; contain clear recommendations on how to organize an excursion; take into account the interests of a certain group of excursionists (if excursion options are available); combine showing and telling into a single whole.

Methodological development is compiled for each topic of the excursion, including a differentiated approach to preparing and conducting the excursion. The options for methodological development reflect the age, professional and other interests of excursionists, as well as the peculiarities of the methodology for its implementation.

The methodological development is prepared as follows:

The title page contains the following data: name of the excursion institution, name of the topic of the excursion, type of excursion, length of the route, duration in academic hours, composition of excursionists, names and positions of the compilers, date of approval of the excursion by the head of the excursion institution.
- the next page outlines the purpose and objectives of the excursion, a route diagram indicating objects and stops during the excursion.

The methodological development consists of three sections: introduction, main part and conclusion. The introduction and conclusion are not separated into columns. Here, for example, is what the recommendations for a guide look like about constructing an introduction to the methodological development of an excursion on the topic “Tyumen - the gateway to Siberia”: “First of all, you need to get to know the group, name the names of the guide and driver, then remind the excursionists of the rules of behavior on the bus, warning them that they will be able to ask questions and share their impressions when the time for this is provided. In the information part, it is necessary to name the topic, route, duration of the excursion, but it is advisable to do this in a way that attracts the attention of tourists to the topic, i.e. this; part of the introduction should be bright, emotional. It can begin with poems by A.S. Pushkin or a quote - a statement by the Decembrists about the untold riches of Siberia, the great future of this harsh region." The landing place of the group is determined in working order together with the customer, the starting point of the excursion is determined by methodological development.

Table 2.1

Sample methodological development of an excursion

The effectiveness of methodological development depends on the correct completion of all seven columns. The size of the development is 6-12 pages of typewritten text. The volume of the document depends on the number of excursion objects, the number of subtopics, the duration of the excursion in time and the length of the route.

In the column " Excursion route" is the starting point of the excursion and the end of the first subtopic.

In the column " Stops" these are the points on the route where exit from the bus is provided; it is intended to examine the object from the windows of the bus without excursionists exiting, or a stop on a walking tour is envisaged. You should not make such inaccurate entries as, for example: “Embankment of the Volga River” or “Central Square”. More correctly write down: “The embankment of the Volga River near the monument to N. A. Nekrasov.”

In the column " Display objects"list those memorable places, main and additional objects that are shown to the group at a stop, during the transfer or movement of the group to the next stop.

In a country excursion, the objects of display can be a city, a village, an urban settlement as a whole, and when driving along the route - visible parts from a distance (a tall building, a tower, a bell tower, etc.). In a city tour, the objects of display can be a street or square.

Count " Duration of the excursion". The time that is called in this column is the sum of the time spent on showing this object, the guide's story (the part when there is no demonstration) and on the movement of tourists along the route to the next stop. Here it is also necessary to take into account the time spent on movement near objects being inspected and between objects.

Count " Name of subtopics and list of main issues"contains brief notes. First of all, the subtopic is called, which is revealed on a given section of the route, in a given period of time, at the objects listed in column 3. Here the main questions set out when disclosing the subtopic are formulated. For example, on a city sightseeing tour to one of the subtopics is called “Poltava in the Northern War between Russia and Sweden.” The main issues covered in this subtopic are “Swedes in Ukraine” and “Battle of Poltava” The subtopic “New Old Town” reveals the main issues: “Housing construction in the city.” ", "Development of culture and art", "Construction of a sports complex". The number of main questions included in the subtopic should not exceed five.

In the column " Organizational guidelines"place recommendations on the movement of the group, ensuring the safety of excursionists along the route and fulfilling sanitary and hygienic requirements, rules of conduct for excursion participants in memorial places and at historical and cultural monuments. Requirements for excursionists for nature protection and fire safety rules are also set out here. In this column include all the questions that are included in the concept of “Technique of conducting an excursion.” Let’s give an example of an entry: “The group is positioned in such a way that all excursionists can see the entrance to the building.” “At this stop, excursionists are given time to take photographs.” include instructions on sanitary stops, recommendations on nature protection, rules for the movement of tourists at stops, especially near highways in order to ensure their safety.

When conducting industrial excursions and visiting working workshops, safety recommendations, excerpts from the instructions of the enterprise administration, mandatory rules of behavior for tourists at the enterprise are provided, and places where pauses are made in the story and show are named.

Count " Guidelines" defines the direction of the entire document, formulates the basic requirements for the guide on the methodology of conducting the excursion, and provides instructions on the use of methodological techniques. For example, in the excursion "Khatyn Memorial Complex" to the object "Defense Line of the 100th Infantry Division" two methodological instructions are given: " When revealing the subtopic, the technique of verbal comparison is used, information is given about the military potential of Nazi Germany at the time of its attack on the USSR" and "The story about the battles is carried out using the methodological technique of visual reconstruction of the place where the fighting took place."

It should be indicated where and how methodological techniques are applied. This column also outlines an option for a logical transition to the next subtopic, provides recommendations for displaying materials from the “guide’s portfolio”, and includes tips on using the movement of tourists relative to objects as a methodological technique (for example, “After observing the object and the guide’s story, tourists can independently continue to get acquainted with object", "The guide should explain the terms...", "When showing the battlefield, it is necessary to orient the tourists...", etc.).

Writing a custom text

Excursion practice is based on the fact that the basis of the guide’s story is custom text, which determines the sequence and completeness of the presentation of thoughts, helps the guide logically build his story. Each guide composes such a text independently. The basis for the individual text is the control text.

All individual texts, if there is a good control text, will have identical content, but different figures of speech, different words, different sequences in the story, there may even be different facts confirming the same position. Naturally, all guides, being at the same object, will say the same thing.

You should not hide the control text from those who are developing a new excursion, since a creative group of the most trained guides worked on the control text, and a guide preparing a new topic for himself will not be able to achieve what was done before him through collective efforts. After the guide’s preliminary work on the new topic is completed (collection, study and initial processing of material), he is allowed to familiarize himself with the control text. This will help him select material for the story, determine the optimal number of examples used to cover subtopics, and draw correct conclusions on the subtopics of the excursion and in general. A timely reference to the control text guarantees a higher level of beginner preparation for the excursion.

The main difference between an individual text and a control text is that it reflects the structure of the excursion and is built in full accordance with the methodological development of the excursion. The material is placed in the sequence in which objects are shown and has a clear division into parts. Each of them is dedicated to one of the subtopics. An individual text compiled in accordance with these requirements is a story ready for “use.” The individual text contains a complete statement of what should be covered on the excursion. When presenting the essence of historical events, there should be no abbreviations or assessments of their significance.

It is also not allowed to mention facts without dating them or citing sources. At the same time, this type of text reflects the peculiarities of the “performer’s” speech. The guide's story consists of separate parts, tied to visual objects. These parts are united by conclusions for each subtopic and logical transitions between subtopics (and objects). In an individual text, each subtopic is a separate story suitable for use during the excursion.

When composing an individual text, its author must not forget about the logic of the spoken speech, that the word and the image (object) act, as a rule, on the senses of sightseers synchronously. The desire for lively presentation of material on excursions should not lead to attempts to entertain excursionists. When deciding on the combination of educational and entertaining elements on an excursion, the matter should be decided according to the formula: maximum educational and minimum entertainment. The question of legends has a special place in preparing the excursion. Only legends may be used in excursions.

In terms of content, both texts (control and individual) are the same. This means that if all guides who have mastered this topic have a correctly composed test text, the excursions are “standard.” They are identical in their content, coincide in their assessments of historical events and facts in the conclusions that are drawn on individual subtopics and on the topic as a whole.

When analyzing the same visual object, guides show and tell the same thing. This is the meaning of the control text as a standard.

However, with equal content, guides can use different figures of speech and may present recommended facts, figures and examples in a different sequence. The individuality of the excursion also lies in the fact that guides leading an excursion on the same topic may have different degrees of emotionality. They can, being at the same object, use different display techniques and forms of storytelling. The same situation can be illustrated using different examples. The text should be written in the first person and express your individuality.

Story and individual text

The success of the story depends on how close the individual text is to generally accepted speech, and how it takes into account the speech characteristics of the particular guide to whom this text belongs. “The degree of influence of various texts on our consciousness depends on many reasons and conditions (logic, evidence, novelty of the topic and information, the author’s psychological attitude towards influence or lack thereof, etc.).” However, speech, its properties, structure, and features play an equally important role.

The individual texts of almost all guides on the same topic are characterized by similarity in the content and presentation of the material, in the assessment of historical events, facts and examples. However, the stories of all guides are individual. How does the guide's personality express itself? All guides, conducting excursions on the same topic, tell the same thing, but say it differently. Their story is the same in content, but different in form, use of vocabulary, and emotional level.

The methodology requires the guide to remember, when compiling an individual text, the significant difference between the speech of the lecturer and the guide.

During the excursion, the guide is “hurried” by objects that need to be shown to the group. The two to three hours allotted for the excursion, the excursionists being on their feet and in the open air, force the guide to speak briefly, clearly characterize the monuments in front of the group, and concisely talk about the events associated with them.

The duration of the story should not exceed the time that the monument is able to attract the attention of tourists. Most often it is five to seven minutes. If this time is not respected, then no liveliness of the story, no methodological techniques can restore the attention of the tourists. It is no coincidence that the term “object language” is used in methodological literature. One of the tasks of the guide is to make the object “speak”.

Techniques for using custom text

The guide, just like the lecturer, can use his own individual text during the excursion. For ease of use, it is recommended to transfer the content of the story to special cards, where brief data about the object, the main thoughts of the story, individual quotes, and historical dates are written down. For each subtopic, several cards are filled out (usually according to the number of main questions).

Using cards, the guide does not read their contents during the excursion, but only by looking at them, recalls the contents of the story. If there is a significant break between objects during the excursion, the guide can look at the cards again and refresh his memory of the material in the story. Most often, cards are used as a summary of a story in preparation for an excursion. The exceptions are those cards that contain quotes and large excerpts from works of art, the content of which forms the basis of the literary montage technique. During the excursion they are read in full.

The card should be easy to use. A small size is recommended, about a quarter sheet of thick writing paper suitable for long-term use. The cards have serial numbers and are folded before the excursion, taking into account the sequence of subtopics covered.

Using cards on excursions is the right of every guide, but as they gain experience, they no longer need to do so. The fact that the cards are at hand and can be used at the right time gives the guide confidence in his knowledge.

The presence of an individual text does not mean that all of it must be learned by heart and conveyed to tourists word for word.

Logical transitions

The creators of the excursion are faced with the task of linking the content of all subtopics into a single whole. It can be solved with logical transitions, which should be considered as an important, although not independent, part of the excursion. Well-written logical transitions make the excursion coherent, ensure consistency in the presentation of the material, and guarantee that the next subtopic will be perceived with interest.

Often on excursions, when moving from one subtopic to another, they use formal (constructive) transitions. Formal is a transition that is not related to the content of the excursion and is not a “transition bridge” from one part of the excursion to another. (For example, “Now let’s drive around the square”, “Now we will follow you further”, “Let’s explore another remarkable place”). However, one should not deny the legitimacy of using such transitions in general and consider them one of the mistakes in excursion work.

In cases where movement between objects takes a matter of seconds, such transitions are inevitable: (For example, “Now look here” or “Please pay attention to the monument located nearby”). Such transitions are inevitable when viewing exhibitions in museums and exhibitions, where halls, thematic sections and individual stands dedicated to various subtopics are located close to each other. A constructive transition, while not being a “bridge” between subtopics, directs tourists to become familiar with the next object.

More efficient logical transition linked to the theme of the excursion. Such a transition may begin before the group moves to the next stop or may end already at the stop near the object. The logical transition is dictated not so much by the features of the excursion object, but by the content of the excursion itself, the subtopic after which this transition is made.

The duration of a logical transition is usually equal in time to the move (transition) of a group from object to object, but it can be longer or shorter.

Acceptance (delivery) of excursions

If the test text and methodological development of the excursion are positively assessed, as well as if there is a complete “guide’s briefcase” and a route map, a date for acceptance (delivery) of the new excursion is set. The delivery of the excursion is entrusted to the head of the creative group. In case of absence due to illness or other valid reasons, the excursion is given by one of the members of the creative group. The leaders of the excursion institution, methodological workers, members of the creative group and the methodological section where the excursion was prepared, as well as the heads of other sections take part in the reception (delivery) of the excursion.

The reception (delivery) of the excursion is of a business nature and is carried out in the form of a creative discussion, exchange of opinions, and identification of shortcomings. Participants in the tour must be previously familiar with its control text and methodological development, route diagram, contents of the “guide’s portfolio,” list of used literature, etc.

Excursion approval

If there is a positive conclusion about the control text and methodological development, as well as on the basis of calculating the cost and determining the rate of profit of the new excursion, the head of the excursion institution issues an order to approve the new excursion topic and the list of guides allowed to conduct it.

Guides who took an active part in the development of the topic and were heard on the route or during the interview are allowed to work. The conclusion of the interview is made by the methodologist of the excursion and methodological department.

All other guides, who subsequently independently prepared this topic, conduct a trial tour in the usual manner. Guides (regardless of work experience) are allowed to conduct excursions on a topic that is new to them only if they have individual text after listening and issuing the appropriate order.

Conclusions

Mandatory documentation on the topic. Preparing a new excursion theme is a complex process. This work is considered completed when all necessary documents are prepared. Documentation on excursion topics is stored in the methodological office.

Table 2.2.

Documentation required for each theme

In any case, travel (stays, trips, tours) is carried out along pre-selected routes and they have a certain duration and purpose. According to M.B. Birzhakov, “ tourist route there is a geographically defined route of a hike or journey, tied to a given area and special objects, and described with varying degrees of detail.”

Often tourist route are defined as a pre-planned route for the movement of tourists over a certain period of time in order to receive the services provided for by the program and additional tourist and excursion services. Tourist routes are one of the main types of services provided to tourists. Tourist and excursion organizations develop routes in advance, including a certain range of services (food, accommodation, excursions, sports and leisure activities, etc.).

Route there is a tourist’s route, indicated by a list of all geographical points and places sequentially visited by him during his trip, indicating the types of transport used by the tourist to move between stops (stays) along the route.

The starting and ending points of the route are the starting and ending points of the journey. The beginning of the route is the place where the first tourist service specified in the contract is provided to the tourist, and the end of the route is the place where the last tourist service is provided. Depending on the movement along the route, linear, circular, radial and combined types of routes are distinguished.

Linear route - a route, the beginning and end of which occur at different geographical points of stay. At the same time, this is the most common type of tourist route. The tourist stays in the destination for 7-10 days or more, making one-day excursions from his place of stay. After rest, the tourist returns back to his place of permanent residence.

The option of radial movements is also possible. Radial route - a travel route, the beginning and end of which occur in one geographical point of stay, located in which the tourist travels to other points of stay, returning at the same time to the point of origin of the journey. For example, tourists from Saratov arrived in Moscow and, after a two-day stay in the capital of Russia, leaving hotel rooms behind, made two-day trips to Smolensk, Rostov-Velikiy and Vladimir.

Circular route - route, the beginning and end of which occur in one geographical location, for example, the “America” tour (New York - Washington - Atlantic City - Philadelphia - New York) or the "Golden Ring of Russia" tour (Moscow - Sergiev Posad - Rostov-on-Don) Velikiy - Yaroslavl - Kostroma - Ivanovo - Suzdal - Vladimir - Moscow).

In this case, the place of arrival in the country or locality may be:

A) unchanged when tourists arriving in the country pass through only 1-2 transit points - cities (for Russia such “gateways” are Moscow and St. Petersburg, for the USA - Los Angeles and New York, etc.);

b) different from the place of arrival, when tourists arrive in one city and fly home from another city (for example, a tourist begins a tour of the United States from New York airport in the east of the country, and ends it by flying home from Los Angeles, located in the west of the country).

That is, in the first option, a trip around the country invariably begins and ends at the same point, and in the second option, the tourist arrives at one tourist center and leaves home from another tourist center (so-called crossing tours).

Combined route - a route that contains all the elements of linear, circular and radial routes in one or another combination. For example, you can visit the “Golden Ring of Russia” tour in combination with a visit to ancient Russian cities not included in the tourist route - Smolensk, Tver, Nizhny Novgorod and others.

Rice. 2.Types of tourist routes

A - linear route type

B- circular route type

IN- radial route type

G- combined route type

N- starting point of the route

TO- final point of the route

PP 1-4- intermediate route points

According to seasonality, tourist routes are divided into: year-round, which include all types of travel routes if they have a year-round schedule and seasonal operating during any season or seasons. According to the duration of the trip, routes are divided into multi-day(vacation pay) and weekend routes.

Classification of tourist routes according to transport: on your own transport- tours on transport owned by travel agencies; on rented specialized transport- tours on transport owned by transport organizations, which travel agencies use on a lease basis for a certain period; tours on public transport- tours on scheduled passenger transport, where tourists are transported as passengers; tours on tourists' personal transport- special tours for owners of personal cars, with the provision of all types of services along the route, except for travel.

According to the types of transport used, tourist routes are divided into motor ships, air, bus, railway and combined routes:

- ship routes- on motor ships of river and sea shipping companies. Sea: cruise - more than 1 day, sightseeing - no more than 24 hours. River: tourist and excursion flights - more than 1 day; excursion and walking tours - no more than 24 hours;

- aviation tours: group - using part of the seats on passenger airlines; special flights - full rental of an aircraft for special tourist transportation;

- bus routes: tourist excursion - with the provision of accommodation and meals, various services, pleasure - without service, city transport can be used;

- train tours: group travel - using part of the seats on scheduled trains; special - rented trains using seats in the cars as an accommodation base on a given route;

- combined tours- travel using two or more modes of transport.

The remaining cargo must be distributed throughout the warehouse network in St. Petersburg in accordance with the individual assignment. The needs of each warehouse are presented in the table. 9 (total requirement - 57 tons, is the same for all options).
It is necessary to determine rational pendulum delivery routes to consumers if it is known:

1. The carrying capacity of one vehicle is 1.5 tons.
2. The operating time on the route is 9 hours a day.
3. Time for loading, unloading and paperwork – 1 hour.
4. Average speed is 25 km/h.
5. The address of the motor transport company is st. Khrustalnaya, 27.

Where t c - i - c With– warehouse index; i– consumer index; l c - i– distance between the warehouse and the consumer, km; l i - c– distance between consumer and warehouse, km; t pr – time required for loading and unloading, min; V– vehicle speed, km/h.
The work time on the route is calculated in the same way, subject to returning to the convoy
Where t c - i - a– operating time on the route, min; With– warehouse index; i– consumer index; a– convoy index; l c - i– distance between the warehouse and the consumer, km; l i - a– distance between the consumer and the convoy, km; t pr – time required for loading and unloading, min; V– vehicle speed, km/h.
Calculation example for the route: Railway station warehouse (hereinafter referred to as Warehouse) – Warehouse 1

The result is presented in table. 12
Table 12 - Example of calculating time spent on one trip
In table Line 12 of the route “Warehouse - C1 - Warehouse” means that the vehicle is loaded with goods at the warehouse of the railway station, travels to Warehouse 1, unloads, and then returns back for further loading.
The route line “Warehouse - C1 - Motorcade” means that the vehicle is loaded with goods at the enterprise warehouse, travels to Warehouse 1, unloads, and then returns to the Motorcade and does not transport any more goods that day.
Stage 3. Compile the initial working matrix (Table 13).
Table 13 - Example of the original matrix
The destination Warehouse 3 has the lowest score (-4), and the highest score (11) is Warehouse 2. This means that the starting point of the route will be Warehouse 2, and the entire working day the vehicle will transport cargo to this warehouse and only the last trip will be to Warehouse 3, from where the car will go to the convoy. This is necessary to minimize empty mileage.
Route number 1 for one car: Convoy – Warehouse – Warehouse 2 – Warehouse – Warehouse 3 – Convoy. It is known that the operating time on the route is 9 hours a day (540 minutes). If the car serves Warehouse 3 and returns from there to the convoy, it will spend 108 minutes (Table 12). Consequently, 432 minutes (540-108) remain for servicing Warehouse 2.
If the travel time to Warehouse 2 and back is 74 minutes, then the car can make 5 trips to this point. But according to the conditions of the problem, only 4 are needed.
Thus, the route of this vehicle for a working day includes 4 trips to Warehouse 2 and one to Warehouse 3 (results are presented in Table 18).
Stage 4. Define a new initial matrix (Table 14).
Table 14 - Initial matrix

Warehouse 1 has the highest estimate of the distance difference, and Warehouse 3 has the lowest.
Route number 2 for one car: Convoy – Warehouse – Warehouse 1 – Warehouse – Warehouse 3 – Convoy. It is known that the operating time on the route is 9 hours a day (540 minutes). If the car serves Warehouse 3 and returns from there to the convoy, it will spend 108 minutes. Therefore, 432 minutes (540-108) remain for servicing Warehouse 1.
If the travel time to Warehouse 1 and back is 118 minutes, then the car can make 4 trips to this point.
Stage 5. Define a new initial matrix (Table 15).
Table 15 - Initial matrix

Warehouse 5 has the highest estimate of the distance difference, and Warehouse 3 has the lowest.
Route number 3 for one car: Convoy – Warehouse – Warehouse 5 – Warehouse – Warehouse 3 – Convoy. It is known that the operating time on the route is 9 hours a day (540 minutes). If the car serves Warehouse 3 and returns from there to the convoy, it will spend 108 minutes. Therefore, 432 minutes remain for servicing Warehouse 1.
If the travel time to Warehouse 5 and back is 146 minutes, then the car can make 2 trips to this point. After two trips there are still 140 minutes left. This will allow you to make another trip to point 4.
The resulting route is presented in table. 18
Stage 6. Define a new initial matrix (Table 16)
Warehouse 4 has the highest estimate of the distance difference, and Warehouse 3 has the lowest.
Table 16 - Initial matrix

Route number 4 for one car: Convoy – Warehouse – Warehouse 4 – Warehouse – Warehouse 3 – Convoy. It is known that the operating time on the route is 9 hours a day (540 minutes). If the car serves Warehouse 3 and returns from there to the convoy, it will spend 108 minutes. Therefore, 432 minutes remain for servicing Warehouse 4. This will allow the car to make 3 trips.
The resulting route is presented in table. 18
Stage 7. Define a new initial matrix (Table 17).
Table 17 - Initial matrix

Warehouse 4 has the highest estimate of the distance difference, and Warehouse 3 has the lowest.
Route number 5 for one car: Convoy – Warehouse – Warehouse 4 – Warehouse – Warehouse 3 – Convoy.
The resulting route is presented in table. 18
Table 18 - Summary route sheet

DISTRIBUTION OF CONSUMERS ACROSS THE WAREHOUSE NETWORK
During the work on the course project, cargo was distributed between warehouses (Table 9). Next, you need to attach the stores you have chosen to warehouses to organize further deliveries. In total, within a month it will be necessary to distribute the following volume of cargo to stores (Table 19).
Table 19 - Store addresses in St. Petersburg
Attaching consumers (stores) to warehouses is carried out using linear programming methods.
Statement of the problem.
There are 5 suppliers (logistics network warehouses) who have a certain amount of products (Table 9), and 5 consumers (stores) who have a need for these products (Table 19). It is necessary to determine the transport costs for delivering goods from any supplier to any consumer and assign consumers so that the total transport costs for delivering products to suppliers are minimal.
Stage 1. Determine transportation costs. Transportation costs depend on the distance from the warehouse to the consumer. The cost of transporting one ton of cargo per kilometer is 50 rubles/t. Let's assume that the distance from Warehouse 1 to Store 1 is 24 km, then the cost of delivering one ton of cargo will be 1,200 rubles.
Information about distances must be determined independently using the resource maps.google.ru. The results of calculating the cost of cargo delivery are presented in the form of a table. 20.
To build an economic-mathematical model, we introduce the following notation: i– supplier number ( i= 1,…,m), m– number of suppliers (in coursework – 5); j- consumer number ( j= 1,…,n), n– number of suppliers (in coursework – 5); A i– resources i th supplier, i.e. the amount of cargo that the supplier can supply to consumers (Table 9), t; In j– need for products j th consumer (Table 19), t; C ij– transportation costs for the delivery of one ton of cargo from i th supplier j-th consumer, rub./t.; X ij i th supplier j-th consumer, t. This value is unknown and must be determined.
Transport costs for delivery of one ton of cargo from i th supplier j th consumer
The economic-mathematical model must contain an objective function, systems of restrictions and conditions for the non-negativity of variables. In the problem under consideration, it is necessary to minimize transport costs

Where C ij– transportation costs for the delivery of one ton of cargo from i th supplier j-th consumer, rub./t.; X ij– quantity of products supplied from i th supplier j-th consumer, i.e.
Achieving the minimum value of the objective function occurs under certain conditions (constraints). The first of them is that, according to the optimal option, each supplier was planned to produce the amount of products it has

The second is that according to the optimal plan, the quantity of products for each consumer should correspond to his needs

Finally, the model specifies the condition that the variables are not negative
x i ≥0.
After building the model, the problem of assigning suppliers to consumers is solved. Calculations can be performed using the potential method (Table 21). In this table, in addition to supplier resources, consumer needs and transport costs, there is a column and row for recording potentials U i And V j, which make it possible to determine the optimal plan for assigning suppliers to consumers. In the upper right corner of the cells the cost of delivery of products is indicated (RUB/t).
Stage 1. Drawing up an initial plan. To draw up the initial plan, we will use a technique called the “northwest corner method.” According to this method, filling out the table should begin from the upper left square and from the position of this square, compare the resources of the first supplier (15 tons) and the needs of the first consumer (6 tons), select the smaller of them and write them in this square, which are now called “loaded” ( table 22). This means that the needs of the first consumer are satisfied. Then you need to move to the right and compare the resources remaining with the first supplier (15 – 6 = 9) and the need of the second consumer (16), writing a smaller number in the cell of the first row of the second column, move down, because The resources of the first supplier have run out, and the need of the second consumer has not yet been satisfied. So, moving step by step, we get the initial plan.
Table 21 - Initial data

Table 22 - Initial plan for attaching consumers to suppliers

Let's check it for optimality (Table 28). Table 27 - Plan for attaching consumers to suppliers with calculated potential values

Exercise

Development of a route diagram.

In this section, it is necessary, using the atlas, to draw up a schedule of the optimal route for a given direction, indicate the distances between the main transit points, and provide information about the availability of RPS service points. The main outfitting points, which organize the supply of refrigerated sections and ARVs with fuel, lubricant, refrigerant, drinking and distilled water, etc., as well as preventive inspection and routine repairs of cars, are located on the territory of refrigerated depots closest to the departure and destination stations. Auxiliary equipment points are designed to supply the RPS with diesel fuel, lubricant and water.

Table 4

Transportation route statement

It is necessary to determine the need to refuel the RPS when following it along the planned route. The distance that the RPS can cover without refueling diesel generator sets depends on the capacity of the fuel tanks, daily fuel consumption and route speed:

Values

Table 5

For a 5-car section of the BMZ:

Determination of LNG transportation conditions.

In the second section, it is recommended to select transportation conditions according to the most severe climatic zone. Since the transportation route covers several railways, it is necessary to show the duration of the periods of the year for different sections of the route. It is necessary to indicate the type of rolling stock (RPS, thermos, covered wagon, etc.), the requirements for the temperature conditions of transportation, the need for ventilation, cooling or heating for each specific cargo, as well as the maximum (

We summarize all the data in a table:

Table 6

Conditions for transporting LNG along the route

The deadline for LNG delivery is standardized, i.e., determined by the relevant regulations, and the statutory period is calculated using the formula:

Where L- length of the cargo transportation route, km;