S on the command line. CMD commands: list, description and application. Network CMD Commands

In Windows 7, there are operations that are impossible or difficult to perform through a regular graphical interface, but they can actually be carried out through the Command Line interface using the CMD.EXE interpreter. Let's look at the basic commands that users can use when using this tool.

Using commands in the Command Prompt, you launch various utilities and perform certain operations. Often the main command expression is used together with a number of attributes, which are written separated by a slash ( / ). It is these attributes that initiate the execution of specific operations.

We do not set ourselves the goal of describing absolutely all the commands used when using the CMD.EXE tool. To do this, I would have to write more than one article. We will try to fit information about the most useful and popular command expressions on one page, dividing them into groups.

Launching system utilities

First of all, let's look at the expressions that are responsible for launching important system utilities.

CHKDSK– launches the Check Disk utility, which performs . This command expression can be entered with additional attributes, which, in turn, trigger the execution of certain operations:

• /f– disk recovery in case of detection of logical errors;
• /r– restoration of drive sectors in case of detection of physical damage;
• /x– disconnecting the specified hard drive;
• /scan– proactive scanning;
• C:, D:, E: …— specifying logical drives for scanning;
• /? – call up help about the operation of the Check Disk utility.

SFC– launch the utility. This command expression is most often used with the attribute /scannow. It runs a tool that checks OS files for compliance with standards. In case of damage, if you have an installation disk, it is possible to restore the integrity of system objects.

Working with files and folders

The next group of expressions is designed to work with files and folders.

APPEND– opening files in a user-specified folder as if they were in the required directory. A prerequisite is to indicate the path to the folder to which the action will be applied. The recording is made according to the following template:

append [;] [[computer drive:]path[;...]]

When using this command, you can apply the following attributes:

• /e– recording a complete list of files;
• /? – launch help.

ATTRIB– the command is intended to change the attributes of files or folders. Just as in the previous case, a prerequisite is to enter, along with a command expression, the full path to the object being processed. The following keys are used to set attributes:

• h– hidden;
• s– systemic;
• r– read only;
• a– archival.

In order to apply or disable an attribute, the sign is placed in front of the key accordingly «+» or «-» .

COPY– used to copy files and directories from one directory to another. When using the command, be sure to indicate the full path of the copy object and the folder into which it will be performed. The following attributes can be used with this command expression:

• /v– checking the correctness of copying;
• /z– copying objects from the network;
• /y– rewriting the final object if the names match without confirmation;
• /? – activation of help.

DEL– deleting files from the specified directory. The command expression allows for the use of a number of attributes:

• /p– enabling a request to confirm deletion before manipulating each object;
• /q– disable the request when deleting;
• /s– deleting objects in directories and subdirectories;
• /a:— deleting objects with the specified attributes, which are assigned using the same keys as when using the command ATTRIB.

R.D.– is analogous to the previous command expression, but deletes not files, but folders in the specified directory. When used, the same attributes can be applied.

DIR– displays a list of all subdirectories and files that are located in the specified directory. The following attributes are used along with the main expression:

• /q– obtaining information about the owner of the file;
• /s– displaying a list of files from the specified directory;
• /w– displaying a list in several columns;
• /o– sorting the list of displayed objects ( e– by extension; n- by name; d– by date; s- by size);
• /d– display a list in several columns with sorting by these columns;
• /b– display only file names;
• /a– displays objects with certain attributes, which are specified using the same keys as when using the ATTRIB command.

REN– used to rename directories and files. The arguments to this command include the path to the object and its new name. For example, to rename the file file.txt, which is located in the folder "Folder" located in the root directory of the disk D, in the file file2.txt, you need to enter the following expression:

REN D:\folder\file.txt file2.txt

M.D.– is intended for creating a new folder. In the command syntax, you must specify the drive on which the new directory will be located, and the directory where it will be located if it is nested. For example, to create a directory folderN, which is located in the directory folder on disk E, you should enter the following expression:

md E:\folder\folderN

Working with text files

The next block of commands is designed to work with text.

TYPE– displays the contents of text files on the screen. The required arguments to this command are the full path to the object whose text should be viewed. For example, to view the contents of the file file.txt located in the folder "Folder" on disk D, you need to enter the following command expression:

TYPE D:\folder\file.txt

PRINT– prints the contents of a text file. The syntax of this command is similar to the previous one, but instead of displaying text on the screen, it is printed.

FIND– searches for a text string in files. Along with this command, the path to the object in which the search is performed must be indicated, as well as the name of the searched string, enclosed in quotation marks. In addition, the following attributes apply with this expression:

• /c– displays the total number of lines containing the searched expression;
• /v– output lines that do not contain the search expression;
• /I– case insensitive search.

Working with accounts

Using the command line, you can view and manage information about system users.

FINGER– displaying information about users registered in the operating system. The required argument of this command is the name of the user about whom you want to obtain data. Alternatively, you can use the attribute /i. In this case, the information will be displayed in a list format.

TSCON– attaches a user session to a terminal session. When using this command, you must specify the session ID or its name, as well as the password of the user to whom it belongs. The password should be specified after the attribute /PASSWORD.

Working with Processes

The next block of commands is designed to control processes on the computer.

QPROCESS– providing data about running processes on a PC. The information displayed will include the name of the process, the name of the user who launched it, the session name, ID and PID.

TASKKILL– used to terminate processes. The required argument is the name of the element that needs to be stopped. It is indicated after the attribute /IM. You can also terminate not by name, but by process ID. In this case the attribute is used /PID.

Networking

Using the command line, it is possible to manage various network activities.

GETMAC– starts displaying the MAC address of the network card connected to the computer. If there are several adapters, all their addresses are displayed.

NETSH– initiates the launch of the utility of the same name, which is used to display information about network parameters and change them. This command, due to its very broad functionality, has a huge number of attributes, each of which is responsible for performing a specific task. To obtain detailed information about them, you can use Help using the following command expression:

NETSTAT– displaying statistical information about network connections.

Other commands

There are also a number of other command expressions used when using CMD.EXE that cannot be separated into separate groups.

TIME– viewing and setting the PC system time. When you enter this command expression, the current time is displayed on the screen, which can be changed to any other time in the very bottom line.

DATE– the syntax command is completely similar to the previous one, but is used not to display and change the time, but to launch these procedures in relation to the date.

SHUTDOWN– turns off the computer. This expression can be used both locally and remotely.

BREAK– disable or start the button combination processing mode Ctrl+C.

ECHO– displays text messages and is used to switch their display modes.

This is not a complete list of all commands that are used when using the CMD.EXE interface. Nevertheless, we tried to reveal the names, as well as briefly describe the syntax and main functions of the most popular ones, for convenience, dividing them into groups by purpose.

The command line is a software tool for the user to enter commands and receive the results of their execution on the screen. In modern operating systems of the Windows family, the command line is provided by a standard application cmd.exe, also called the command processor, command interpreter, and console. The Command Line application provides the user with a text-based interface for entering commands and obtaining the results of their execution. In fact, the command line is a software emulator of the classic console of the first computer systems, which is a terminal with a keyboard used by the operator as a means of communicating with the computer. As in the days of the first computers, the command line supports the standard input device, the keyboard, and the standard output device, the display. The user enters commands from the keyboard and receives the results of their execution on the display screen.

Launch the command line.

To launch the command line, you can use one of the following methods:

Start - Run (or Win+R keys) enter cmd and press the Enter key;

Start - All Programs - Accessories - Command Prompt";

Start - Search - Command Line . Also, to launch the command line, you can use a pre-prepared shortcut that links to the executable file %SystemRoot%\system32\cmd.exe(usually C:\Windows\system32\cmd.exe). Executing some commands requires elevated privileges, therefore, the command line application must be launched using the right-click “Run as administrator” context menu item.

Command line setup.

Working on the command line involves entering data from the keyboard, and sometimes quite a lot of it. This volume can be significantly reduced using some techniques:

Using the clipboard.

Text selected in the application window can be copied to the clipboard, as well as pasted from the clipboard into the input field. With standard command line settings, to select text, use the “Mark” item in the right-click context menu. If desired, in the properties of the shortcut used to launch, you can enable mouse selection mode:

In mouse selection mode, the context menu is not used, and text is selected using the left mouse button. Copying and pasting is performed by clicking the right mouse button. When “Allow keyboard shortcuts with CONTROL” is enabled, you can use standard keyboard shortcuts:

CTRL+C (CTRL+Insert) – copy the selected text.

CTRL+V (Shift+Insert) – paste selected text.

Using command history and hotkeys.

To recall previously entered commands, use the arrow keys Up Arrow - one command back and Down Arrow - one command forward. In addition, you can use function keys:

F1- character-by-character call of the last entered command. Each press of F1 results in sequential substitution of one character from the previous command into the input field.

F2- copying to character. After pressing F2, the screen displays a request for the character to which the previous command will be copied. For example, if the previous command was ping yandex.ru, and a dot is specified as a symbol, then the command input line will contain ping yandex, if a space is given, then - ping.

F3- call the previous command.

F4- delete up to the character. Deletes text from the current cursor position to the specified character.

F5 And F8- calling a buffer of previously entered commands. Output by pressing the F5 key stops when the first entered command of the current session is displayed.

F7- display of previously entered commands in a separate window in the form of a list. To execute the desired command, select it using the arrow keys and press ENTER

F9- execute the command whose number is requested. The command number in the history list can be obtained by using F7.

Windows 10/Windows Server 2016 introduces features not found in previous command line implementations:

Changing the transparency of the console window when pressing combinations CTRL+Shift+- or CTRL+Shift++ .

Enable/disable full screen mode when clicked CTRL+Enter.

Expanded text selection and editing capabilities:

Shift+Home– select text from the current cursor position to the beginning of the line.

Shift+End– select text from the current cursor position to the end of the line.

Quickly move through the screen buffer and search by context:

CTRL+Home– go to the beginning of the screen buffer

CTRL+End– go to the end of the screen buffer.

CTRL+Up Arrow- move 1 line up.

CTRL+Down Arrow- move 1 line down.

CTRL+F- open the text search dialog in the screen buffer.

The command prompt window in Windows 10 can be closed using the standard keyboard shortcut - ALT+F4.

To disable new CMD features, you need to check the “Use previous version of the console (restart required)” checkbox in the application properties.

File path completion

In the Windows command line, you can perform file and directory name substitution when you press a key Tab. For example, to go to a directory with a long name Program Files type the initial part of the directory name

CD Pro and press Tab. The command should appear in the input line:

CD "Program Files"

As you can see, the missing part of the directory name is substituted, and in cases where it contains a space character, double quotes are also added.

If there are multiple matching initial parts of file or directory names, each time you press the key Tab The next name in alphabetical order will be substituted. To return to the previous one, use the combination Shift+Tab

Redirect console standard input/output data.

As already mentioned, the standard command line input device is the keyboard, and the display is used as the output device. However, there is a possibility redirects I/O to other devices using redirection operators:

ping –n 5 localhost > nul- ping the loopback interface 5 times with output redirected to a dummy device nul. The output of the command execution results is suppressed. A similar technique is used to organize a delay in command files, since the ping of the loopback interface is performed almost instantly, and the interval between pings is one second, the execution time of this command is determined by the value of the parameter -n

ping –n 100 yandex.ru > C:\ping-ya.txt- ping the yandex.ru node 100 times, writing the results of the command to the file C:\ping-ya.txt. If the file does not exist, it will be created, and if it exists, its contents will be overwritten.

ping –n 100 yandex.ru >> C:\ping-ya.txt- the same as in the previous example, but if the file does not exist, then it will be created, and if it exists, then the results will be written to the end of the file.

cmd - launch the CMD command processor and enter data from the 1.txt file. If you put the line in the file ping –n 100 yandex.ru, then the command discussed above will be executed.

Often, the output of one command needs to be passed as input to another, i.e. combine commands into a sequential chain:

ping -n 100 microsoft.com | find "Interval exceeded"- result of command execution ping -n 100 microsoft.com passed as input to the string search command ( find) containing the text "Interval exceeded".

ping -n 100 microsoft.com | find "Interval exceeded" > C:\ping-ya.txt- the same as in the previous example, but with redirection of the output results of the command to a text file.

Each open file or device has its own descriptor (handle) which is a non-negative number whose value is used by the process that spawned the I/O thread. By default, for all processes, including the command interpreter cmd.exe :

0 (STDIN) – standard input descriptor (keyboard input).

1 (STDOUT) – standard output descriptor (output to screen).

2 (STDERR) – descriptor for displaying diagnostic messages (error messages on the screen).

Descriptors can be used in cases where you need to redirect (change) data sources and sinks in standard input/output streams. For example:

ping.exe –n 100 yandex.ru 2> C:\pinglog.txt- standard program message flow ping.exe will be printed to the screen and errors (stdout with handle = 2) will be written to a file C:\pinglog.txt. In the real case for the program ping.exe The above construction is not significant since it displays both diagnostics and results on the screen.

To specify redirection to existing handles, use an ampersand (&) followed by the number of the desired handle (for example, &1):

ping –n 100 yandex.ru >log.txt 2>&1- standard error messages (handle=2) are redirected to standard output (handle = 1) and the whole thing is redirected to a file log.txt current directory.

ping –n 100 yandex.ru >log.txt 1>&2- standard output (handle = 1) is redirected to error message output (handle = 2) and all this is written to a text file.

If the handle is not defined, then the input redirection operator defaults to will be zero (0), and the output redirection operator > will be one.

Chaining multiple commands

In the Windows command line, it is possible to execute several commands sequentially, depending on the results of their execution. What are command concatenation symbols used for - & (ampersand) and | (vertical bar)

& - A single ampersand is used to separate multiple commands on the same command line. For example:

echo ping ya.ru- display a line on the screen ping ya.ru

echo &ping ya.ru- sequential command execution echo without parameters and command ping ya.ru

&& - conditional execution of the second command. It will be executed if the exit code (the value of which is passed to the standard variable ERRORLEVEL) of the first command is zero, i.e. the command completed successfully.

team1 && team2- executed team1, A team2 executed only if the first one was executed successfully. For example:

ping ya.ru -err & ping –n 2 ya.ru- when using a single ampersand, the first command ping ya.ru –err -err, and the second, ping –n 2 ya.ru will ping the node twice ya.ru

ping ya.ru -err && ping –n 2 ya.ru- when using a double ampersand, the first command ping ya.ru –err will display a message about an invalid parameter -err and, accordingly, will generate a termination code not equal to zero (error), which will lead to the fact that the second command ( ping ya.ru -n 2) will not be executed.

Double vertical bar || - conditional execution of the second command. If the first command returns with a non-zero return code (failure), then the command following the double vertical bar is executed.

team1 || team2- If team1 executed unsuccessfully, then it is started for execution team2

ping –n 1 ya.ru && ping –n2 ya.ru || ping –n 3 ya.ru- the 1st command will be executed first ping ya.ru –n 1- single node ping ya.ru, then the command will be executed ping ya.ru -n 2- double ping of the node ya.ru. Third team ping ya.ru -n 3, ping the node three times ya.ru will not be executed.

ping –n 1 –err ya.ru && ping ya.ru -n 2 || ping ya.ru -n 3- first team ping ya.ru –n 1 –err will fail due to an invalid parameter -err, second team ping –n 2 ya.ru- double ping of the node ya.ru will fail due to the double ampersand condition, and will result in the third command being executed ping –n 3 ya.ru, ping the node three times ya.ru.

In some cases, it may be necessary to prohibit the processing of service characters and treat them as plain text. For example, if you enter on the command line

ECHO

Then instead of text ping -n 1 ya.ru & ping -n 2 ya.ru the part up to the ampersand character will be displayed ping -n 1 ya.ru and then the command after the ampersand is executed - ping -n 2 ya.ru. The problem is solved by using a special escape character ^ , which allows you to use service characters as text:

ECHO ping -n 1 ya.ru ^& ping -n 2 ya.ru- text display ping -n 1 ya.ru & ping -n 2 ya.ru

Conditional command processing logic implemented using constructs && And || affects only the nearest command, that is, when entering a command

Team COPY /? will run in any case, regardless of the result of the command TYPE C:\plan.txt. However, several commands can be grouped using parentheses. For example, there are 2 command lines:

TYPE C:\plan.txt && DIR & COPY /?

TYPE C:\plan.txt && (DIR & COPY /?)

In the first of them, the conditional processing symbol && acts only on the DIR command, in the second - on two commands simultaneously: DIR and COPY. As a visual experiment, try running the second command under both file present and file absent conditions C:\plan.txt. To create an empty file, you can use copying from a dummy device nul:

copy nul C:\plan.txt

To delete a file use the command erase c:\plan.txt or del C:\plan.txt

Batch files

Batch files (scripts) are ordinary text files with a pre-prepared set of commands for execution by the command processor cmd.exe. As a standard, such files have the extension .bat or .cmd. Lines of command files can contain specific commands of the command processor itself, for example - FOR, ECHO, REM, etc. or the names of executable modules – reg.exe, sc.exe, auditpol.exe., which can be used without the extension – reg, sc, auditpol. Example of a simple batch file:

REM Creates a text file listing the Windows directory
dir C:\Windows > %TEMP%\winlist.txt
REM delay for 5 seconds
ping -n 5 localhost > nul
REM File opens in WordPad editor
write %TEMP%\winlist.txt
REM After Wordpad finishes running, the text file is deleted.
erase C:\winlist.txt

Lines starting with REM are comments. As an example, commands are used to work with the file system and a graphical environment application is launched - the Wordpad text editor (write.exe) passing it a command line parameter (file name). The command file language is quite primitive and does not fully meet the requirements of today, however, it is the simplest means of automating routine actions and is used by the majority of system administrators and literate users. Working with batch files is a separate topic, described in more detail on the page