Conceptual systems design. Conceptual design: methods, means, goals and objectives

Conceptual design is sometimes called technical design. Its main stages are:

1) preliminary design,

2) preliminary (detailed or technical-detailed) design,

3) manufacturing, testing and fine-tuning of a prototype system.

(IS - information system!)

When designing, incl. When solving problems of process automation, usually one of two options is initially adopted: creating a system that solves immediate problems or includes long-term tasks (“for growth”) that take into account future needs.

In the first case, you can choose an inexpensive solution and quickly implement it. However, there is a high probability that such a system will need to be significantly upgraded or replaced soon enough.

In the second case, a more serious study of requirements and technical solutions will be required, entailing an increase in the completion time and cost of the project.

It should not be overlooked that the rapid development of science, technology and technology leads to the rapid aging of the methods and systems used, which negatively affects the efficiency of their use. At the same time, gradually making changes to individual components of the system is much easier than replacing it completely. In addition, it is usually necessary to ensure a quick return on investment, which is quite difficult to organize when implementing complex solutions.

We can distinguish three main types of design of objects and systems according to their degree of complexity, volume and a number of other indicators: large, medium and small (small) projects.

When implementing large projects, they usually resort to the help of well-established large integrator companies, including consulting and implementation organizations.

To implement medium-sized projects, they try to do it on their own and (or) use ready-made solutions that they strive to adapt to the specific requirements of the customer organization.

Small projects are characterized by the use of ready-made solutions and, in some cases, their adaptation to specific conditions of use.

IS design begins with drawing up a work plan in text and (or) graphic form. At the first stage of design, it is necessary to find out the user requirements for the system and, based on these requirements, create a layout of the system. It is preferable to design using a modular method. Design information systems directly related to their programming, so a significant part of the design work is related to IC programming.

9. Features of natural analysis

Natural modeling refers to conducting research on a real object with subsequent processing of experimental results based on the theory of similarity. Full-scale modeling is divided into scientific experiment, complex testing and production experiment. A scientific experiment is characterized by the widespread use of automation tools, the use of very diverse means of information processing, and the possibility of human intervention in the process of conducting an experiment. One of the types of experiments is complex testing, during which, due to repetition of tests of objects as a whole (or large parts of the system), general patterns about the characteristics of the quality and reliability of these objects are revealed. In this case, modeling is carried out by processing and summarizing information about a group of homogeneous phenomena. Along with specially organized tests, it is possible to implement full-scale modeling by summarizing the experience accumulated during the production process, i.e. we can talk about a production experiment. Here, on the basis of similarity theory, statistical material is processed according to production process and obtain its generalized characteristics. It is necessary to remember the difference between an experiment and a real process. It lies in the fact that individual critical situations may appear in the experiment and the boundaries of process stability may be determined. During the experiment, new disturbing factors are introduced into the process of functioning of the object.

10. Study of analogues and samples

Dynamics of change in modern world is ensured primarily through intensive project activity, of which only subjects of cultural and technological development are capable, and not just performers. The main factor of development is the production of new knowledge - the determination of intellectual technologies, which presupposes a person’s departure from the sphere of direct transformation of matter and energy to the level of management and creative activity. The constantly accelerating pace of scientific and technological progress places special demands on to modern man. Knowledge quickly becomes outdated, and there is a constant need to update and acquire new knowledge. In such conditions, the knowledge a person has is not enough and he is forced to obtain and produce it at an increasingly accelerated pace.

Success and quality of life depend on a person’s ability to design - to independently identify problems, contradictions and tasks of the surrounding reality (pre-design research), to create something new (that has not existed before) that is more effective, allowing one to overcome an emerging problem, that is, by “going beyond” the limits of the known reality and the creation of a new one that has not yet become.

Design in reality is carried out according to some established rules and patterns. Design always involves some increment to original state design object. The design result can be presented as some initial system (IS) and an addition (increment) A.

The process of identifying a problem and finding its solution follows a certain pattern. Often this scheme is not realized (remains in the subconscious). The entire design process can be divided into three large stages:

This stage associated with identifying the problem. The basis for the emergence of a problem in a form suitable for performing logical or heuristic procedures to resolve it is some discomfort, obvious or hidden inconvenience that a person experiences in a certain situation of life, designated as problematic. Awareness of intuitively felt discomfort (physical, mental, intellectual, spiritual) and inconvenience lead to a person’s understanding of the essence of the problem and its formulation, which is one of the conditions for resolving the problem. In this case, the problem is transformed into a task where the object of study and/or transformation, initial conditions and state, as well as (if necessary) restrictions on future possible solutions. Pre-project research allows you to prevent repetition of already created projects and direct creative thought to identifying truly real problems and formulating tasks, the solution of which will allow you to eliminate the problem at a higher level of quality.

Second stage has the goal of creating the project itself in the form of descriptions, diagrams, drawings, algorithms, programs, calculations, etc. The process of creating a project is to build mental images future reality(ideas) by heuristic, associative-intuitive, rational, algorithmic and other methods that activate the creative function of consciousness, and in the subsequent translation of the formed mental images into a form accessible to visual perception and understanding (visualization or construction). The creation of a perceivable image (shape) of an idea for solving a problem is ensured by mutually determined types of human mental activity - research and design. Despite their certain similarities, they differ, first of all, in the object of cognition, as well as in the methods and sequence of procedures. Research and design can be divided according to the type of models. Research is a cognitive model focused on the process of obtaining knowledge about reality. existing world and its elements. This model can be built for the learning process and for the process scientific research- this is the process of producing knowledge about phenomena, properties, states of an existing, available real object or their combination. You can only explore what exists in the real world. Design is a pragmatic model, built in situations where it is necessary to carry out any transformation of the real world in order to obtain another different result - this is the process of producing knowledge about a non-existent (virtual) reality that can take place under certain conditions.

Design and research, cognitive and pragmatic models cannot exist without each other. They can be considered as mutually determined procedures for the process of satisfying human needs.

11. Study of standards

Standards are guidelines in construction; they are a set of technical, economic and legal regulations adopted by executive authorities that regulate the implementation of urban planning activities, as well as engineering surveys, architectural and construction design and construction.

The study of standards plays a major, important role, since construction standards cover a huge area of ​​design. For example:

chapter Safety includes (Fire standards, loads and impacts, foundations of buildings and structures) and much more,

Chapter Constructions covers all kinds of concrete and reinforced concrete, aluminum, asbestos-cement and other structures

Chapter Engineering networks and systems covers sewerage of buildings, external networks and structures , heating, ventilation and air conditioning , as well as gas supply, calculation of steel pipelines and much more.

Chapter Transport covers main pipelines, industrial transport, tram and trolleybus lines and much more.

There is also and others sections for example hydraulic structures, urban planning, organization, production and acceptance of work, estimate standards and others

The quality of possession of this knowledge shapes the benefit, strength, beauty, and profitability of the constructed object.

Conceptual design operates with information independent of any actual implementation (ᴛ.ᴇ. from any specific technical or software). The purpose of conceptual design is precisely to present information in a form accessible to the user, independent of the system specification, but implemented by several systems.

The conceptual design stage is associated with the description and synthesis of various user information requirements into the initial database design. The result of this stage is a high-level representation of information requirements, such as an entity-relationship diagram. The basis of this diagram is a set of entities that represents or modernizes a certain set of information specified in the requirements. Entities are described by attributes that allow the properties of the entity to be detailed. One or more attributes can serve as an identifier to identify individual instances of an entity. Relationships between entities reflect the functional aspects of the information represented by the entities.

In most cases, users describe their information requirements in terms of entities, attributes and relationships (entity-relationship diagram or ER diagrams) or in terms of records, elements and sets, using DBMS data description languages.

However, conceptual design can be viewed from two points of view - the usual representation and modeling of the entities indicated in the figure.

The first approach involves the formulation, definition and integration of objects high level, used to build the model. The main attention is paid to the integration of concepts (concepts) representing objects. The main issues addressed by this approach are the following. What do we mean by objects? What are the contextual contents of these objects, the descriptive and identification properties of each object.

The second approach to conceptual design, entity modeling, is to model and integrate user views in terms of entity diagrams. The technique of constructing entity diagrams, being mostly unformalized, has the end result of a specification of entities, attributes and relationships. This approach is the most widely known and practiced of all approaches. It dates back to the first attempts to use OBD management systems in the mid-60s. In this regard, this approach should be considered in more detail.

To represent information in the “entity-relationship” model, the constructive elements of the model are entities, attributes and relationships. The main building block is essence. The user describes objects of interest to him subject area using entities, then defines properties of entities using attributes, and finally describes correspondences between entities using relationships.

The essence represents the main content of the phenomenon or process about which it is extremely important to collect information; it is the nodal point for collecting information. An entity can be a person, place or thing about which information needs to be stored. It is necessary to distinguish between concepts such as entity type and entity instance. The concept of entity type refers to a set of homogeneous objects or things acting as a whole. An entity instance refers to a specific thing in a set. For example, the entity type can be EMPLOYEE, and the entity instance can be V.M. Petrov, A.G. Sidorov, M.S. Terentyev. etc.

The means by which the properties of entities are determined are attributes. An attribute is a named characteristic of an entity. Its name must be unique for a specific entity type, but can be the same for various types entities (for example, COLOR can be defined for many entities). Although entities exist on their own, attributes are used to define what information should be collected about the entity. Examples of attributes for the EMPLOYEE entity are NAME. ADDRESS. DEPARTMENT, etc. Here too there is a basic difference between a type and an instance. The DEPARTMENT attribute type has many instances or values: OPT, OGM, etc. In this case, each entity instance is assigned only one attribute value.

The attribute has the following characteristics:

Name – unique name of the attribute.

Description – a narrative statement of the meaning of an attribute.

Role is the specific use of an attribute. The attribute can be used in any of the roles described below.

The most common role of an attribute is to describe a property of an entity. Another important role is entity identification, where the attribute can be used to uniquely recognize instances of the entity. For example, the PERSONNEL-NUMBER attribute, which has a unique set of values, allows you to distinguish instances of the EMPLOYEE entity from each other, even if several employees have the same last name. Among other attribute roles, it is extremely important to note:

1. representation of connections between entities:

2. use in the process of obtaining other output values:

3. providing information that is used in special cases, for example, the range of domain values, the number of copies, the unit of measurement.

Entities are correlated with each other in the subject area, and the connection mechanism is used to display this correspondence in the model. The connections were discussed in more detail earlier in Section. 1.5.

The concept of conceptual design refers to the initial stage of IS design and approximately corresponds to stages 1–3 of AS development according to GOST 34 or stages from determining requirements to design in models life cycle.

Determining the requirements for the IS is preceded by determining the purposes for which the system will be developed. IS goals define the boundaries of the subject area, the objects of which, their properties and relationships are significant from the point of view of the goals set and which will be presented in the IS (this is information about the subject area - software information). IS goals also determine which users and what information needs the system will serve (this is information about user needs - PP information). These two components: software information (which is an objective reflection of the subject area) and software information (which partly reflects the subjective views of users) are equally necessary and important for building a conceptual model, as shown in Fig. 14 7. Sometimes the second term prevails in a conceptual model based on taking into account current and foreseeable applications, because this makes it faster and easier to create a system. However, such systems turn out to be poorly suited for processing unformalized, changing and unforeseen tasks and requests. Adequate reflection of software information in the system gives it the necessary flexibility and adaptability to changing conditions.

ABOUT General conceptual design diagram:

Scheme in Fig. 16 represents two stages of design: collection and meaningful analysis of information about the subject area and applied tasks of users; conceptual data analysis and conceptual model synthesis.

The first stage is collecting data about the subject area, which can be obtained as a result of measurements or observations, studying reports and documents, interviewing specialists, and identifying a list of tasks that must be solved using the system being developed. The information obtained may be somewhat subjective. To increase its objectivity, they use expert assessment methods, conduct meaningful analysis to eliminate duplication of information, identify contradictions and ambiguity, and so on.

IS models and design techniques

The main feature of the development of modern information systems is the concentration of complexity on initial stages requirements analysis and system specification design. The vagueness and incompleteness of system requirements, unresolved issues and errors made at the analysis and design stages give rise to difficult, often insoluble problems at subsequent stages and, ultimately, lead to the failure of the entire work as a whole.

Two areas of activity are directly related to IS design: 1) the actual design of IS for specific organizations based on ready-made software and hardware components using special development tools; 2) design of the mentioned IS components and tools, oriented towards repeated use in the development of many specific information systems. 8

The term “system integration” is used to denote the first direction. In this case, the IS developer must be a specialist in the field of systems engineering, have a good knowledge of international standards, the state and trends in the development of information technologies and software products, be proficient in application development tools (CASE tools) and be ready to perceive and analyze automated application processes in collaboration with specialists in the relevant subject area.

The second direction is more related to the development of mathematical and software for implementing IS functions - models, methods, algorithms, programs based on knowledge of methods of analysis and synthesis of design solutions, programming technologies, operating systems, etc.

Both at the survey stage and at subsequent stages, it is advisable to adhere to a certain discipline of recording and presenting the results obtained, based on one or another method of formalizing specifications. Formalization is needed for the performers and the customer to clearly understand the requirements, restrictions and decisions made.

In conceptual design, a number of specifications are used, among which the central place is occupied by models of transformation, storage and transmission of information. Models obtained in the process of studying a subject area, including a survey of an organization, are models of its functioning. In the process of developing an IS, models, as a rule, undergo significant changes and in their final form they are considered as models of the designed IS.

There are functional, informational, behavioral and structural models 9. The functional model of a system describes the set of functions performed by the system. Information models reflect data structures - their composition and relationships. Behavioral models describe information processes (dynamics of functioning), they include such categories as the state of the system, an event, a transition from one state to another, transition conditions, and a sequence of events. Structural models characterize the morphology of a system (its construction) - the composition of subsystems, their relationships.

Thus, functions (answering the question “What to do?”) in combination with initial data (“What to take action on?”), restrictions (time, financial and material resources, regulatory documents or business rules, etc.) , means of implementation (“What to do?”) and the result (“What has been done?”) describe the designed IS.

There are a number of ways to construct and present models, different for different types of models. The basis is structural analysis - a method of studying a system, which begins with its general overview and then goes into detail, forming a hierarchical structure with everything a large number levels. All of the most common structural approach methodologies are based on a number of general principles. Basic principles are:

the principle of “divide and conquer” - the principle of solving complex problems by breaking them down into many smaller independent tasks that are easy to understand and solve;

principle of hierarchical ordering - principle of organization components problems into hierarchical tree structures with new details added at each level.

Highlighting two basic principles does not mean that the remaining principles are secondary, since ignoring any of them can lead to unpredictable consequences (including the failure of the entire project). The main ones of these principles are the following:

the principle of abstraction - is to highlight the essential aspects of the system and abstract from the unimportant;

the principle of formalization - lies in the need for a strict methodological approach to solving the problem;

the principle of consistency - lies in the validity and consistency of the elements;

The principle of data structuring is that data should be structured and hierarchically organized.

Currently, about 90 varieties of structural systems analysis are known, which can be classified in relation to schools (for modeling software systems or systems in general), according to the order of model construction (declaring the primacy of functional or information modeling), according to the type of target systems (information systems or real-time systems) 10. Despite such an abundance of methods, almost all of them use three groups of funds:

DFD (Data Flow Diagrams) - data flow diagrams or SADT (Structured Analysis and Design Technique) diagrams illustrating the functions that the system must perform;

ERD (Entity-Relationship Diagrams) - entity-relationship diagrams that model relationships between data;

STD (State Transition Diagrams) - state transition diagrams that model time-dependent behavior of a system (real-time aspects).

In addition to these models, at the structural design stage, structural map techniques are used to describe the relationships between modules (Constantine structural maps) and the internal structure of modules (Jackson structural maps).

The most significant difference between the types of structural analysis lies in the methods and tools of functional modeling, since for information and behavioral modeling there is currently practically no alternative to ERD and STD, respectively. Next, we will consider the basic concepts associated with the above design techniques.

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Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation

Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution

higher professional education

Volgograd State Technical University

Faculty of Engineering Personnel Training

Department of Computer-Aided Design and Search Engine

design"

Coursework

Course "Conceptual design of systems"

Completed by: student of group AUZ-361s Tyulyaeva I.A.

Checked: Art. Ave. Orlova T. A.

Volgograd 2013

Introduction

1) Conducting a structural and functional analysis of the system

1.Description of the original system

Object of study

Verbal description

Research restrictions

Purpose of system definition

System classification

Structural and functional analysis of the system

Structural and functional structure in graphical form

2) Conducting a functional-physical analysis of technical objects

1. Functional and physical analysis of technical objects

2. Thread-functional structure

3) Carrying out morphological analysis and morphological synthesis of a technical object

1. Description of the technical object

2. Morphological analysis of a technical object

2.1 Purpose of morphological analysis

Morphological table

Total number of possible technical solutions

Final total number of possible technical solutions

3. Morphological synthesis of a technical object

3.1 Purpose of morphological synthesis

Table of expert assessments

Synthesis according to one criterion

Synthesis according to all criteria

Conclusion

List of sources used

Introduction

Creation modern designs highly effective technology is associated with the need to search for new, unparalleled, original inventions, and in some cases, pioneering technical solutions. They ensure the development of complex technologies and technical systems for various purposes.

The purpose of this work is to familiarize yourself with the basic ideas and principles of the methods used in the creation of technical systems and technologies.

As a result of this work, the student should learn and learn:

Main features of the problems solved during the design of technical objects;

Apply a scientific approach to the analysis and synthesis of solutions when designing technical objects;

Use methods of analysis and synthesis of technical solutions to build automated systems for the design of technical objects;

Set and solve problems of creating automated systems to support conceptual design.

1) Conducting a structural and functional analysis of the system

Purpose of the work :

1. Description of the original system

1.1 Object of study

The object of the study is an impact-type electric coffee grinder. Let's define the object as an electric coffee grinding system without an electronic regulator.

1.2 Verbal description

The automated electric coffee grinder system is designed to ensure uniformity and intensity of grinding. A special feature of the impact electric coffee grinder system is the grinding of roasted coffee beans using a knife rotating at high speed.

The sender (V 1) of the coffee beans (V 2) in the system is the person who is responsible for feeding the coffee beans into the coffee bean hopper and unloading the resulting ground coffee powder from the ground coffee hopper.

The electric coffee grinder turns on and off by pressing the "Start" button. Such a system allows you to interrupt the grinding process at any time. High frequency The rotation of the electric motor allows you to grind grains with a knife in a matter of seconds. Depending on the grinding time, you can get any degree of grinding: fine, medium and coarse. The knife is installed directly in the hopper for grinding coffee, so the electric coffee grinder is equipped with a locking device that turns off the engine when the lid is opened. The press unloads the ground coffee into a removable hopper.

1.3 Research restrictions

When studying this system, the influence of the external environment on the object of study is not taken into account. Humans and coffee beans are considered as the external environment that directly influences the system under study. The system is designed to ensure uniformity and intensity of grinding of coffee beans, as well as cereals and nuts, the size of which should not interfere with the operation of the system.

1.4 Purpose of system definition

Research on methods for grinding coffee beans without manual labor and additional equipment and technology, as well as the development of effective components for this system.

2. System classification

The system under study belongs to complex technical deterministic systems.

The system is open system, since it interacts with the environment and is not alive.

The system is specific because it has more than 2 elements, which are objects.

An automated electric coffee grinder belongs to artificial physical systems, as it was created by man.

The description of the object system cannot be used for mathematical data processing, since it is described abstractly, that is, properties are described as variables, and the base property as a parameter.

Each block represents one variable state. When observed properties are carried out at a certain value of the parameter, then the observed property receives a certain manifestation from the set of manifestations of properties.

Any property in relation to which other properties are observed is called basic. In relation to the impact-type electric coffee grinder system, we can conclude that the basic property for it will be the volume of ground coffee beans.

3. Structurally -functional analysis of the system

Table No. 1. Structural and functional structure

4. Graphical representation

Rice. 1. Structural and functional structure in graphical form.

2) Conducting a functional-physical analysis of a technical object

Purpose of the work: studying functional-physical analysis of automated systems and gaining skills in working with this method during design automated system.

1. Functional and physical analysis of technical objects

External environment: V 1 - Human, V 2 - Coffee beans.

Table No. 2: Functional-physical structure

2. Potoko in - functional structure

Rice. 2. Flow-functional structure in graphical form.

3) Conducting morphological analysis and morphological synthesistechnical object

Purpose of the work: studying the constructive and functional analysis of automated systems and gaining skills in working with this method when designing an automated system.

1. Description of the technical object

The system is an automated electric coffee grinder system designed to ensure uniformity and intensity of grinding of coffee beans. A special feature of the impact electric coffee grinder system is the grinding of roasted coffee beans using a knife rotating at high speed. The invention relates to electrical engineering as a processing device of various kinds electrical signals, performing switching, etc.

Electro(from New Latin electricus and other Greek ?lekfspn) - electr, shiny metal; amber.

2. Morphological analysis of a technical object

2.1 Purpose of morphological analysis

The purpose of the analysis is to create a morphological matrix on the basis of which in the future it will be possible, using the synthesis procedure, to create a new technical solution, which will be more reliable and cost-effective.

It is necessary to improve the system in question.

Requirements: It is necessary to increase the reliability and functionality of the system.

Goal: Increase fixation accuracy and performance.

2.2 Morphological table

constructive morphological automated electric coffee grinder

Table No. 3: Morphological table of a technical object.

2.3 Total quantities

Total number of possible technical solutions:

3 * 3 * 2 * 2 * 3 * 2 * 2 = 432

To reduce the number of possible combinations, the following less significant classification criteria can be discarded:

Hopper for coffee beans.

Hopper for ground coffee.

Switch.

We also reduce the number of alternatives by discarding the least useful ones in each of the remaining classification criteria.

2.4 Final total quantitiesabout possible technical solutions

Table No. 4: Final table.

The final total number of possible technical solutions:

3 * 3 * 2 * 2 = 36

3. Morphological synthesis of a technical object

3.1 The purpose of morphological synthesis

Based on the morphological table compiled at the stage of morphological analysis, it is necessary to identify solutions that are economically justified and reliable in operation.

3.2 Table of expert assessments

Table No. 5: Table of expert assessments of a technical object.

Weight significance of the criteria:

Efficiency - 0.3

Ease of implementation - 0.1

Economy - 0.2

Reliability - 0.4

3.3 Synthesis according to one criterion

Synthesis according to the criterion "Reliability".

Best option:

Knife material: V 2 1 - steel;

3.4 Synthesis according to all criteria

Table No. 6: Synthesis table for all criteria.

Best option:

Cover material: V 1 3 - plastic;

Knife material: V 2 1 - steel;

Press type: V 4 1 - piston;

Type of blocking device: V 5 2 - contact plate.

Conclusion

This course work examined an automated electric coffee grinder system, which was created to ensure uniformity and intensity of grinding of coffee beans. A special feature of the impact electric coffee grinder system is the grinding of roasted coffee beans using a knife rotating at high speed.

In progress course work a constructive and functional analysis of the system, a functional and physical analysis, a morphological analysis and a synthesis of the technical object were carried out. The constructive-functional and flow-functional structure of the system under consideration has been compiled. Found optimal options one and all criteria, such as efficiency, ease of implementation, cost-effectiveness, reliability. As a result, experience was gained in working with systems analysis methods and methods for synthesizing new design solutions that allow you to modify existing systems and technical objects and invent new ones.

List of sources used

http://www.4analytics.ru/metodi-analiza/metod-ekspertnix-ocenok.html

http://www.coffeepedia.ru/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0

http://coffeetime.ru/production/cook/2007-04-16-624/

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Involves identifying existing connections between separate elements data and comparison of such relations in an organized sense of the word. When designing a database, there are several types: conceptual database design, logical database design, physical database design. The simplest is perhaps the logical and physical design of the database. Conceptual database design is a little more ambiguous, since there is no direct work with . The process itself is purely an exercise in identifying relevant data.
Two main things that are revealed in the conceptual design of a database are entities and connections, that is, data that are real objects of the material world and relationships, a network of connections connecting one legal entity with another for an indefinite time. This is where the central concept of this type of design arises: the entity-relationship model. This is not a characteristic general organization and structures that will be inherent logical circuit databases; this is its predecessor.

The cardinality of relationships is an integral part of the information model that is used in the conceptual design of the database. Cardinality can be expressed regularly when an enterprise experiences a special relationship with another entity. In the real model, they are indicated by points at which the enterprise on the branches of the diagram has links with one or more persons. Various “attributes” such as names, quality and quantity associated with entities and relationships are depicted on the model.

Final considerations in developing an entity-relationship model for conceptual database design include assigning each observable attribute to a specific domain and double checking to ensure that everything in the model makes sense. Reviewing everything that the search entails and filtering out any duplicate data, making sure that all attributes are associated with the correct entities and the relationships between them, confirms that all relationships in the schema are not logical. If connections are not logical in a real-world context, they must be logical at least on an abstract level.

Logical design of the database at the conceptual stage. A process that creates order and consistency so that these relationships have been previously mapped and organizes them so that they can be used to design a physical database. The execution of tasks in the physical results of database design occurs in a database that is functional and well structured given the work done in the conceptual design of the database and the logical structure of the database.