An automated information system must contain. Information system

automation labor accounting productivity

In a broad sense, an information system is a set of technical, software and organizational support, as well as personnel, designed to provide the right people with the right information in a timely manner.

Also, the concept of an information system is interpreted in a fairly broad sense by the Federal Law of the Russian Federation of July 27, 2006 No. 149-FZ “On information, information technologies and information protection”: “an information system is a set of information contained in databases and information technologies that ensure its processing And technical means».

One of the broadest definitions of IS was given by M. R. Kogalovsky: “an information system is a complex that includes computing and communication equipment, software, linguistic tools and information resources, as well as system personnel and provides support for a dynamic information model of some part of the real world to satisfy information needs of users."

The ISO/IEC 2382-1 standard gives following definition: “An information system is an information processing system that works in conjunction with organizational resources, such as people, hardware, and financial resources, that provide and distribute information.”

Russian GOST RV 51987 defines an information system as “an automated system, the result of which is the presentation of output information for subsequent use.”

The goal of automating information processes is to increase the productivity and efficiency of workers, improve the quality of information products and services, improve service and efficiency of user service. Automation is based on the use of computer technology (CT) and the necessary software.

The main tasks of automating information processes are:

• 1) reducing labor costs when performing traditional information processes and operations;
• 2) elimination of routine operations;
• 3) acceleration of information processing and transformation processes;
• 4) expanding the possibilities of implementation statistical analysis and increasing the accuracy of accounting and reporting information;
• 5) increasing the efficiency and quality level of user service;
• 6) modernization or complete replacement of elements of traditional technologies;
• 7) expanding the capabilities of organizing and effectively using information resources through the use of scientific information technologies (automatic identification of publications, desktop publishing systems, text scanning, CD and DVD, teleaccess and telecommunications systems, e-mail, other Internet services, hypertext, full-text and graphic machine-readable data and etc.);
• 8) facilitating opportunities for a wide exchange of information, participation in corporate and other projects that promote integration, etc.

An automated system is a system consisting of personnel and a set of automation tools for their activities, implementing automated technology for performing established functions.

An automated system (AS) consists of an interconnected set of organizational units and a set of activity automation tools, and implements automated functions for individual types of activities. A type of AS are information systems (IS), the main purpose of which is storage, provision effective search and transfer of information upon relevant requests.

IS is an interconnected set of tools, methods and personnel used for storing, processing and issuing information in order to achieve a set goal.

At the same time, automated information systems (AIS) are an area of ​​informatization, a mechanism and technology, an effective means of processing, storing, retrieving and presenting information to the consumer. AIS represent a set of functional subsystems for collecting, entering, processing, storing, retrieving and distributing information. The processes of collecting and entering data are optional, since all the information necessary and sufficient for the operation of an AIS may already be part of its database.

A database (DB) is usually understood as a named collection of data that reflects the state of objects and their relationships in the subject area under consideration.

A database is a collection of homogeneous data placed in tables; this is also a named collection of data that reflects the state of objects and their relationships in the subject area under consideration.

They manage information processes in the database using DBMS (database management systems).

A collection of databases is usually called a data bank. In this case, the data bank is a logical and thematic collection of databases.

An automated information system (AIS) is a set of software and hardware designed for storing and (or) managing data and information, as well as for performing calculations.

The main goal of AIS is to store, ensure efficient search and transfer of information according to relevant requests to most fully satisfy the information requests of a large number of users. The basic principles of automation of information processes include: payback, reliability, flexibility, security, friendliness, compliance with standards.

There are four types of AIS:

• 1) Covering one process (operation) in one organization;
• 2) Uniting several processes in one organization;
• 3) Ensuring the functioning of one process on the scale of several interacting organizations;
• 4) Implementing the work of several processes or systems on the scale of several organizations.

At the same time, the most common and promising are: factual, documentary, intellectual (expert) and hypertext AIS.

To work with AIS, special workstations for users (including workers) are created, called “automated workplace" (ARM).

AWS is a complex of tools, various devices and furniture designed to solve various information problems.

General requirements for workstations: convenience and ease of communication with them, including setting up the workstation for a specific user and ergonomic design; efficiency of input, processing, reproduction and search of documents; the ability to quickly exchange information between the organization’s personnel, with various individuals and organizations outside of it; safety for the user's health. A workstation is allocated for preparing text and graphic documents; data processing, including in tabular form; creating and using databases, designing and programming; manager, secretary, specialist, technical and support staff and others. At the same time, the automated workplace uses various operating systems and applied software, depending mainly on functional tasks and types of work (administrative and organizational, managerial and technological, personal, creative and technical).

AIS can be represented as a complex of automated information technologies that make up an information system intended for information services consumers. The main components and technological processes of AIS are shown in Fig. 1.

Rice. 1

AIS can be quite simple (elementary reference) and complex systems (expert, etc., providing predictive solutions). Even simple AIS have multivalued structural relationships between their modules, elements and other components. This circumstance allows us to classify them as complex systems consisting of interconnected parts (subsystems, elements) operating as part of an integral complex structure.

An automated information system is a set of information, economic and mathematical methods and models, technical, software, technological tools and specialists, designed for processing information and making management decisions.

An automated information system is an interconnected set of data, equipment, software, personnel, standards, procedures designed to collect, process, distribute, store, issue (provide) information in accordance with the requirements arising from the goals of the organization.

In general, AIS can be considered as a human-machine system with automated technology for obtaining the resultant information necessary for information support for personnel and optimization of the management process in subject activities.

Note that due to the complexity of structuring information and formalizing its processing processes, automation of all information procedures of an organization is difficult. The degree of automation of various information processes ranges from 10 to 20%.

Let's compare the advantages and disadvantages of information systems with non-automated (paper) and automated information technology.

Advantages of manual (paper) systems:

• -- ease of organization and (or) installation;
• -- ease of understanding and development;
• -- no technical skills required;
• -- flexibility and ability to adapt to suit the subject activity.

Advantages of automated information systems. AIS makes it possible to display everything that happens to the organization on the information plane. All economic factors and resources act in a single information form, in the form of data.

Using the example of one of the travel companies, we will compare traditional (paper) and automated technologies. (Table 1)

Table 1 Comparative characteristics traditional and automated technologies

The part of the real world that is modeled by an information system is called its subject area. Since the domain model supported by the information system is materialized in the form of information resources organized in the necessary way, it is called an information model. An automated information system does not always function independently. It can be included as a component (subsystem) in a more complex system, such as, for example, a production management system.

An open system means a system that meets the OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) standards; provides users with free access to its resources; capable of modification.

In Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) terminology, open systems are defined as systems that implement a comprehensive and consistent set of core international information technology standards and functional standards profiles that specify interfaces, services, and supporting data formats to enable interoperability and portability. applications, data and personnel.

The creation of open computing systems was originally based on the Unix operating system, which is used in most such systems today.

The basic principles of building open systems in relation to electronic security are:

• · interaction, interoperability - the ability to interact between applications of different subsystems within one integrated electronic unit or several electronic units among themselves;
• · portability - the ability to transfer data and software between different platforms;
• · scalability - saving information and software when moving to a more powerful hardware platform, when changing the size of the tasks being solved, or the number of users served by the electronic computer;
• · extensibility (changeability) - the ability to expand the composition of applied functions of an electronic system.

An automated information system for accounting for enterprise resources is designed to collect, systematize and provide operational information about the available information resources, material assets and needs of the company, which makes it possible to constantly analyze the technical condition of all accounting objects and make optimal management decisions.

The objects of the accounting system are information and material resources.

Automated information system for accounting of material resources

An automated information system for accounting for enterprise resources offers a solution to the assigned tasks of accounting and planning the use of the company’s material assets.

AIS for enterprise resource accounting is a powerful tool for collecting and processing information about the availability, movement and qualitative condition of the company’s material assets throughout their entire life cycle.

Optimizing the management of a company's assets is impossible without monitoring the current state of assets and obtaining various analytical sections about their condition and functioning. Therefore, the AIS for accounting for enterprise resources allows you to evaluate the preliminary, operational, final and long-term activities of the company for any period of time.

Having accurate and detailed information about the technical condition of all accounting objects, about current and planned maintenance and modernization work, as well as about all contracts concluded with service organizations, the company is able to assess and plan costs associated with technical support and significantly reduce its costs .

In the territorial institutions and structural divisions of the Bank of Russia, the company SCAN-PLUS CJSC introduced the Automated System for Accounting for Information and Telecommunication Resources of the Bank of Russia (ASUR-BR).

Information resources of the organization. S.I. Ozhegov’s dictionary defines the concept of “resource” as a reserve, a source of something. Considering an organization of any scale (national economy of a country, any industry, enterprise), we can highlight material, natural, labor, financial and energy resources. These concepts are economic categories.

Currently, there is an understanding that for the normal functioning of an organization of any size, these resources alone are not enough. Information has become an essential resource. It is not enough to have only the necessary material, financial and human resources for production; you need to know what to do with all this, have information about technologies. Therefore, information and information resources are currently considered as a separate economic category.

Information resources can be defined as the entire available amount of information in an information system. For a country, these will be the country's information resources; for an organization at some level, these will be the organization's information resources. In other words, this is the entire volume of knowledge, alienated from its creators, recorded on material media and intended for public use.

The Federal Law “On Information, Informatization and Information Protection” dated January 25, 1995 defines information resources as separate documents and separate sets of documents in information systems (libraries, archives, funds, data banks, other information systems).

Information and information resources have always existed, but these resources, due to their specificity, were not considered as an economic category. Although information has always been used by people for control. When, as a result of the development of society, the complication of technology, etc., the volume of information became so large that it could not be processed for management, humanity found some kind of solution. The emergence of a management hierarchy, the emergence of commodity-money relations, and the creation of computers from this point of view made it possible to overcome the difficulties in processing huge volumes of information for management (information barriers, according to V. M. Glushkov).

Currently, we have reached a level of development where the volume of information and the level of its complexity required the creation information industry. The availability of information determines the development of countries, industries, and organizations. Information has become a strategic resource, and information resources are among the most important.

What are the sources of formation of the organization's information resources? Any organization exists in some external environment. The same organization generates its own internal environment. The internal environment is formed by the totality of the structural divisions of the organization and the people working there, technological, social, economic and other relations between them.

Depending on the source of occurrence, within the organization there is internal and external information that makes up its information resources.

Information from the internal environment, as a rule, is accurate and fully reflects the financial and economic state. Its processing can often be carried out using standard formalized procedures.

Example of internal information: about personnel, products, costs, services, technological processes, areas of application of the product, sales methods and sales techniques, supplies, sales channels.

External environment - economic and political entities operating outside the enterprise, and relations with them. These are economic, social, technological, political and other relations of an enterprise with customers, suppliers, intermediaries, competitors, government agencies, etc.

Information from the external environment is often approximate, inaccurate, incomplete, contradictory, and probabilistic. In this case, it requires non-standard processing procedures.

An example of external information: about the market, competitors, trends in changes in the country’s business environment and the state of international markets, customers, demand, requirements of clients and competitors, changes in legislation.

The organization receives external information from various sources, for example:

• 1. General information about the state of the economy. Source: information and analytical materials, specialized magazines, newspapers, Internet.
• 2. Specialized economic information. Thus, on the Central Bank server you can find information on the financial market (interbank credit market, rates for attracting ruble deposits, Bank of Russia bond market, government securities market, foreign exchange market, exchange rates for a given date, dynamics of the exchange rate of a given currency, cross-currency rates) .
• 3. Information on prices for goods. Sources: specialized magazines and newsletters, catalogues, Internet databases.
• 4. Specific information. Various sources, including the Internet. When searching for information that is difficult to find on special servers, they use search engines.
• 5. Information from government bodies and government bodies

It does not require proof that one of the important sources for minimizing costs and expenses of an enterprise and optimizing business methods, in accordance with the current market situation, is information systems (IS). To create an effective IS of enterprises, the following have been studied and identified: tasks, sources of information and information base necessary for the high-quality calculation of economic, technical and business indicators of an enterprise; strategy for the functioning of information systems; basic system-wide principles necessary when creating an IS; models of strategy for the creation and development of IP; topology and network operating systems used to implement the IS.

An automated information system (AIS) is a set of information, economic and mathematical methods and models, technical, software, technological tools and specialists, designed for processing information and making management decisions.

The creation of an AIS helps to increase the production efficiency of an economic entity and ensures the quality of management. The greatest efficiency of AIS is achieved by optimizing work plans for enterprises, firms and industries, and quickly developing operational decisions, precise maneuvering of material and financial resources.

The successful functioning of human-machine information systems and technology determines the quality of design. The design aims to ensure the effective functioning of AIS and automated information technologies with specialists using PCs in the field of activity of a specific economic object. It is high-quality design that ensures the creation of a system that is capable of functioning with the constant improvement of its technical, software, information components, that is, its technological basis, and expanding the range of implementable managerial functions and objects of interaction.

Achieving this goal requires the consistent implementation of the following tasks:

• 1. technical and economic survey and analysis of the production and economic activities of the object and subject of informatization;
• 2. meaningful formulation of the problem, focused on market methods of management and the use of computer technology;
• 3. definition of the subject area;
• 4. analysis of the composition and content of input and output information for applications.
• 5. studying the documentation of the subject area;
• 6. development of an information and logical model;
• 7. implementation of the task;

When delivering the system to the customer, a number of problems arise related to the customer’s dissatisfaction with the results of the work. What is the reason? At first glance, the main reason is the poor approach of consultants to their work. Each organization is individual and requires appropriate treatment. Unfortunately, many consulting companies, for various reasons, cannot or do not consider it necessary to provide it. The hidden source of problems lies in the enterprise itself.

The manager who makes the decision to implement an information system must clearly understand what it will be used for. Implementation should always be preceded by a diagnostic examination of the enterprise in order to make recommendations for the development of IS based on its results. Usually, cases where the decision to implement was made spontaneously or left to specialists from the control systems automation department (ACS) end in failure. If the decision is conscious, then both the approach to the selection of consultants and internal support for the implementation of the project will ensure the achievement of the above-mentioned advantages of using IP, which will allow the company to achieve maximum results at minimal costs.

IN lately highlight the next important problem of information systems - information security. The fact is that the protection of an information system must be systematic. The concept of systematicity does not simply mean creating appropriate protection mechanisms, but is a regular process carried out at all stages of the IS life cycle. At the same time, all means, methods and measures used to protect information are combined into a single holistic mechanism - a security system. Unfortunately, the need for comprehensive security of information technologies is not yet adequately understood by users of modern information systems. At the same time, the construction of information security systems is not limited to the simple choice of certain means of protection. To create such systems, it is necessary to have certain theoretical knowledge, namely: what a secure information system is, what an information security system is and what requirements are imposed on it, what threats exist and causes of violations of information technology security, what protection functions and how should be implemented, how they counteract threats and eliminate the causes of security violations, how to build a comprehensive information security system, how to achieve a high level of security at reasonable costs for information security tools, and much, much more. Considering that the modern regulatory and methodological framework in this area does not give a complete picture of how to organize information security, you often have to act at your own peril and risk, therefore, in order to reduce the likelihood of making erroneous decisions, I would like to give the reader a holistic understanding of the problems information protection and ways to solve them. Existing publications on this topic are mainly limited to listing the threats and capabilities of specific information security tools. The book presents a full range of questions about the practical creation of secure information systems.

Information security issues are an important part of the process of introducing new information technologies into all spheres of society. The large-scale use of computer technology and telecommunication systems within the framework of geographically distributed information systems, the transition on this basis to paperless technology, an increase in the volume of processed information and an expansion of the range of users lead to qualitatively new opportunities for unauthorized access to resources and data of the information system, and to their high vulnerability. The implementation of threats of unauthorized use of information now causes much more damage than, for example, “accidental” fires in premises or physical impact on employees. However, the costs of building an information security system are still disproportionately small compared to the costs of protection from robbers or fire protection. Moreover, in modern business There is a gradual transition from purely physical methods of influencing competitors to more intellectual ones, including the use of the latest tools and methods of obtaining information.

In addition to the problems listed above, the following disadvantages of Information Systems are identified:

The sensitivity of the system to incorrect actions. All business processes must be perfectly streamlined. Any incorrect information or its absence leads to cardinal errors in the operation of the system and, as a result, a high risk of making the wrong decision.

You can hear statements like this: “Our system (unlike our competitor) adapts to any organization and any business processes!” It remains, however, to find out whether there are clearly and unconditionally carried out business processes in your enterprise? Are there prescribed regulations for the movement of documents and information and, most importantly, are these regulations implemented without exceptions to the general rules? A negative answer to any of these questions casts great doubt on the success of the implementation of any automated system.

Expensive solution. When assessing the cost of the project, we must not forget that in addition to the cost of licenses and implementation consultant services, there are significant costs for restructuring all business processes and costs associated with the enormous efforts of all managers and company specialists involved in the process. The last component is difficult to even approximate. In addition, we must not forget that the system requires constant support, its improvement and adjustment in connection with the new needs of the company, periodic updating of versions and similar costs during operation. And this is where you need to answer yourself main question- are these costs less than the benefits that you want to get from the integrated system? The answer is not always obvious, but in practice many people deliberately duplicate information and implement only partial automated solutions that affect certain aspects of financial and management accounting.

Problems of understanding. Lack of understanding of what IT is and how it should be applied to the activities and strategic objectives of the company.

Problems of the organization. Lack of a proper formalized system of rules for the activities of the enterprise that affect the development of the company. Often, the work of many areas of an enterprise, despite its success, is a creative process.

Management problems. Lack of a formalized company management system. In particular:

• - lack of decision-making rules
• - lack of ways to control the quality of work of both the enterprise as a whole and its divisions
• - lack of clear tools for making management decisions

Automation problems. Lack of software tools and relevant specialists capable of realizing the vision of a particular manager and the specifics of the company. The problems of supporting an automated information management system are the need to regularly modernize the system in order to more fully meet the information needs of the adopted enterprise management system.

Problems with supporting software that automates an information system are associated with:

• - technical failures and software breakdowns
• - the need of the enterprise to update software versions
• - the need for constant training of new employees - software users
• - the need for regular software upgrades in order to more fully meet the needs of the adopted control system.

Problems of development of an automated control system. The need to overcome the mismatch between an automated solution and a changing enterprise management system, which constantly arises as a result of its development. This means that managers at different levels are beginning to make management decisions in a new way, and the current accounting system does not provide them with the necessary information in the proper amount.

However, along with the existing problems of information systems, reality shows that when used correctly, this is a fairly effective means of increasing the competitiveness of a company.

Introduction

The concept of an automated information system and its structural components

Classification of automated information systems

Main functions of automated information systems

Conclusion

References

Introduction

Automation and the creation of information systems are currently one of the most resource-intensive areas of activity in the technogenic society. One of the reasons for the active development of this area is that automation serves as the basis for a fundamental change in the management processes that play important role in the activities of man and society. Control systems arise, the action of which is aimed at maintaining or improving the operation of an object using a control device (a set of means for collecting, processing, transmitting information and generating control signals or commands).

An information system is a system that provides authorized personnel with data or information relevant to an organization. A management information system generally consists of four subsystems: a transaction processing system, a management reporting system, an office information system, and a decision support system, including a managerial information system, an expert system, and artificial intelligence.

An automated information system is an interconnected set of tools, methods and personnel used for storing, processing and issuing information in order to achieve a set goal.

Thus, an automated information system (AIS) is a set of information, economic and mathematical methods and models, technical, software, technological tools and specialists, designed for processing information and making management decisions.

The purpose of this work is to consider the essence of automated information systems.

1. The concept of an automated information system and its structural components

A system is understood as any object that is simultaneously considered both as a single whole and as a collection of heterogeneous elements united in the interests of achieving set goals. The systems differ significantly from each other both in composition and in their main goals.

In computer science, the concept of “system” is widespread and has many semantic meanings. Most often it is used in relation to a set of technical tools and programs. The hardware of a computer can be called a system. A system can also be considered a set of programs for solving specific problems. applied problems, supplemented by documentation and settlement management procedures.

Adding the word “information” to the concept of “system” reflects the purpose of its creation and operation. Information systems provide collection, storage, processing, retrieval, and issuance of information necessary in the decision-making process of problems from any area. They help analyze problems and create new products.

An information system is an interconnected set of tools, methods and personnel used for storing, processing and issuing information in the interests of achieving a set goal.

The modern understanding of an information system assumes the use of a personal computer as the main technical means of processing information. In large organizations, along with personal computer The technical base of the information system may include a supercomputer. In addition, the technical implementation of an information system in itself will not mean anything if the role of the person for whom the information produced is intended and without whom it is impossible to receive and present it is not taken into account, therefore

An automated information system (AIS) is a human-machine system that provides automated preparation, search and processing of information within the framework of integrated network, computer and communication technologies to optimize economic and other activities in various areas of management.

On this basis, various automatic and automated process control systems are created. A typical example of such systems is in communications - an automatic switching station. In this system, control is carried out using technical devices such as processors or other simpler devices. The human operator is not part of the control loop that closes the connections between the object and the control body, but only monitors the progress of the technological process and intervenes as necessary (for example, in the event of a failure). The situation is different with an automated production process control system. In automated production processes, both the object and the control body are a single human-machine system; a person is necessarily included in the control loop. By definition, an AS is a human-machine system designed to collect and process information necessary to manage the production process, that is, manage teams of people. In other words, the success of the functioning of such systems largely depends on the properties and characteristics of the human factor. Without a person, the AS production system cannot work independently, since a person forms tasks, develops all types of supporting subsystems, and selects the most rational solution options from the computer generated ones. And, of course, a person, which is very important, is ultimately legally responsible for the results of the implementation of the decisions he has made. As we see, the role of man is enormous and irreplaceable. A person organizes a program of preparatory activities before creating an AS, therefore, among other things, special organizational and legal support is required.

The structure of the AIS is a combination of its individual parts, called subsystems. A subsystem is a part of the system, distinguished by some characteristic.

The AS consists of two subsystems: functional and supporting. The functional part of the AS includes a number of subsystems that cover the solution of specific problems of planning, control, accounting, analysis and regulation of the activities of managed objects. During the analytical survey, various subsystems can be identified, the set of which depends on the type of enterprise, its specifics, level of management and other factors. For the normal operation of the functional part of the AS, it includes subsystems of the supporting part of the AS (the so-called supporting subsystems).

Classification of automated information systems

Systems, in relation to speakers, can be classified according to a number of characteristics. For example:

by hierarchy levels (supersystem, system, subsystem, system element);

by degree of closedness (closed, open, conditionally closed);

by the nature of the processes occurring in dynamic systems (deterministic, stochastic and probabilistic);

by type of connections and elements (simple, complex).

Systems are divided into primitive elementary ones (for them automatic systems control) and large complex ones. Since they are big and complex systems have the property of vastness, they can be viewed from several points of view. Consequently, there are also many classification criteria.

Speakers can be classified:

By level:

ACS Industry;

Automated Control System of Production;

ACS of the Shop;

ACS of the Site;

Automatic process control system (technological process).

Moreover, depending on the level of service production processes at the enterprise the CIS itself or its component(subsystems) can be classified into different classes:

Class A: systems (subsystems) for controlling technological objects and/or processes.

Class B: systems (subsystems) for preparing and recording the production activities of an enterprise.

Class C: systems (subsystems) for planning and analyzing the production activities of an enterprise.

Class A systems (subsystems) - systems (subsystems) for monitoring and managing technological objects and/or processes. These systems are typically characterized by the following properties:

a sufficiently high level of automation of the functions performed;

the presence of an explicit function of monitoring the current state of the control object;

the presence of a feedback loop;

The objects of control and management of such a system are: technological equipment; sensors; actuators and mechanisms.

small time interval for data processing (i.e., the time interval between receiving data about the current state of the control object and issuing a control action on it);

weak (insignificant) time dependence (correlation) between the dynamically changing states of control objects and the control system (subsystem).

Classic examples of class A systems include:

SCADA - Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition (supervisory control and data acquisition);

DCS - Distributed Control Systems (distributed control systems);

Batch Control - sequential control systems;

APCS - Automated Process Control Systems.

Class B systems are systems (subsystems) for preparing and recording the production activities of an enterprise. Class B systems are designed to perform a class of tasks that require direct human participation to make operational (tactical) decisions that affect a limited range of activities or a short period of operation of the enterprise.

In a sense, such systems usually include those that are at the level of the technological process, but are not directly related to technology. The list of main functions of systems (subsystems) of this class you can enable:

performing accounting tasks arising in the activities of the enterprise;

collection, preliminary preparation of data entering the CIS from class A systems, and their transfer to class C systems;

preparation of data and tasks for automatic execution of tasks by class A systems.

Taking into account application functions, this list can be continued with the following points:

management of production and human resources within the framework of the adopted technological process;

planning and control of the sequence of operations of a single technological process;

product quality management;

management of storage of raw materials and manufactured products by technological departments;

maintenance and repair management.

These systems, as a rule, have the following characteristic features and properties:

short duration of data processing, ranging from several minutes to several hours or days;

the system affects a short period of operation of the enterprise (ranging from a month to six months);

availability of interface with class A and/or C systems.

Classic examples of class B systems include:

MES - Manufacturing Execution Systems (production management systems);

MRP - Material Requirements Planning (material requirements planning systems);

MRP II - Manufacturing Resource Planning (production resource planning systems);

CRP - C Resource Planning (production capacity planning system);

CAD - Computing Aided Design (computer-aided design systems - CAD);

CAM - Computing Aided Manufacturing (automated production support systems);

CAE - Computing Aided Engineering (computer-aided engineering design systems - CAD);

PDM - Product Data Management (automated data management systems);

SRM - Customer Relationship Management (customer relationship management systems);

all kinds of accounting systems, etc.

One of the reasons for the emergence of such systems is the need to highlight individual management tasks at the level of the technological division of the enterprise.

Class C systems are systems (subsystems) for planning and analyzing the production activities of an enterprise. Class C systems are designed to perform a class of tasks that require direct human participation to make strategic decisions that influence the activities of the enterprise as a whole. The range of problems solved by systems (subsystems) of this class can include:

analysis of enterprise activities based on data and information coming from class B systems;

enterprise activity planning;

regulation of global parameters of the enterprise;

planning and distribution of enterprise resources;

preparation of production tasks and monitoring their execution.

the presence of interaction with the managing subject (personnel) when performing the tasks facing them;

interactivity of information processing;

increased duration of data processing, ranging from several minutes to several hours or days;

long period of making management decisions;

the presence of significant time and parametric dependencies (correlations) between the processed data;

the system influences the activities of the enterprise as a whole;

the system influences a significant period of the enterprise’s operation (from six months to several years);

availability of direct interface with class B systems.

The classic names of a class B system are:

ERP - Enterprise Resource Planning;

IRP - Intelligent Resource Planning (intelligent planning systems);

By type of decision made:

Information and reference systems that simply provide information (“express”, “siren”, “09”);

An information and advisory (reference) system presents options and assessments based on various criteria for these options;

Information and control system, the output result is not advice, but a control influence on the object.

By type of production:

ACS with discrete-continuous production;

ACS for discrete production;

ACS for continuous production.

By purpose:

Military automated control systems;

Economic systems (enterprises, offices, management structures);

Information retrieval systems.

By areas of human activity:

Medical systems;

Ecological systems;

Telephone systems.

By type of computer used:

Digital computers(TsVM);

3. Basic functions of automated information systems

A process control system typically performs many different functions, which can be divided into three large groups(Fig. 1):

collection and evaluation of technical process data - monitoring;

control of some technical process parameters;

connection of input and output data - feedback, automatic control.

Rice. 1. Main functions of the control system

Process monitoring or collecting process information is a basic function inherent in all control systems. Monitoring is the collection of process variable values, their storage and display in a form suitable for the human operator. Monitoring is a fundamental property of all data processing systems.

Monitoring may be limited to the display of raw or processed data on a monitor screen or paper, or may include more complex analysis and display functions. For example, variables that cannot be directly measured must be calculated or estimated based on available measurements. Another classic feature of monitoring is checking that measured or calculated values ​​are within acceptable limits.

When the functions of a process control system are limited to data collection and display, all control action decisions are made by the operator. This type of control, called supervisory or remote control, was very common in early computer process control systems. It is still used today, especially for very complex and relatively slow processes where human intervention is important. An example is biological processes, where a certain part of the observations cannot be performed using automation.

When new data arrives, their value is assessed relative to acceptable limits. In a more advanced control system, several results can be combined based on more or less complex rules to check whether the process is in a normal state or has fallen outside of some acceptable limits. In even more modern solutions, especially those built on expert systems or knowledge bases, a combined operational information from sensors is combined with estimates made by operators.

Management is the opposite function of monitoring. In the literal sense, control means that computer commands are sent to actuators to influence physical process. In many cases, process parameters can only be influenced indirectly through other control parameters.

A system that operates autonomously and without direct operator intervention is called automatic. An automatic control system may consist of simple control loops (one for each pair of input and output process variables) or more complex controllers with many inputs and outputs.

There are two main approaches to implementing feedback in computing systems. With traditional direct digital control (DDC, Direct Digital Control - DDC), the central computer calculates control signals for actuators. All observation data is transmitted in full from the sensors to the control center, and control signals are transmitted back to the actuators.

In Distributed Direct Digital Control (DDDC) systems computing system has a distributed architecture, and digital controllers are implemented on the basis of local processors, i.e. located near the technical process. computer upper levels controls calculate reference values, and local processors are primarily responsible for direct control of the technical process, i.e. generation of control signals for actuators based on data local monitoring. These local computers include digital control loops.

A simpler and more archaic form of automated control is the so-called setpoint control. The computer calculates reference values, which are then transmitted to conventional analog controllers. In this case, the computer is used only for calculations, and not for measurements or generating control actions.

Remote monitoring and control systems typically determine common name SCADA (from Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition - Remote control and data acquisition). SCADA is a very broad concept and can be referred to as a fairly simple device, implemented on one computer, and to complex, distributed system, including a control center, peripheral devices and a communication system. The idea of ​​SCADA includes the use of advanced means of display, data accumulation and remote control, most often understood as dispatching, i.e. “manual” control, but does not include regulation or control procedures; the latter, however, are very often included in supplied SCADA systems as core functions or as customer-selected functions.

Application of a process database for monitoring and control

Medium control system or large size has several hundreds or thousands of points of interaction with the technical process. It is virtually impossible to process all the relevant information using software modules written specifically for each of these points. Instead, a systematic approach to processing all input data is required. Simple structuring of process parameters can be done on the basis of records, but for more complex cases it is necessary to use a full-fledged database apparatus with appropriate access methods.

To organize and reduce the volume of process data, you need to consider the nature of the relevant information. Typically these are measured quantities or binary input/output data of the “on/off” or “normal/failure” type. Thanks to the regularity of this presentation, the input data can be processed by a universal data collection and interpretation program that works on the basis of specific parameters for each object. Object description parameters are stored in the process database, which is the central element of the control system software. An example of the process database structure is shown in Fig. 2.

Programs for accessing information stored in the database include, among other things, the following subsystems:

data entry and database interface;

data output, i.e. interface between the database and the output of the control computer or actuators;

data display;

interface for entering commands.

Advanced databases can include up to twenty descriptive parameters for each I/O object. Some of these descriptors are required and are found in every database implementation; the rest apply only under certain circumstances.

The process database gives uniformity and structure to the stored data. Sensors and actuators in a process control system can be of a wide variety of types. Temperatures can be measured by a positive temperature coefficient resistor, a thermocouple, and a digital device. Accordingly, information from sensors can arrive to the central processor both in its original format and in the form of data packets, possibly already converted to ASCII codes. Using a process database, each measured value is processed independently and converted to a single form. Application modules only need to access the database and do not need information about the features of sensors and actuators. Replacing one sensor with another or a new model will not require reprogramming any modules - simply entering new control parameters into the database. Database updates can be performed online without shutting down the control system.

Rice. 2. Real-time process database structure and modules for data access

Abstract description and separation of measurement results from the methods by which they are obtained is useful if some characteristics of these quantities may change. There is no need to modify programs or stop the control system - you just need to redefine the conversion parameters stored in the database.

Process database access, queries and protocols

Access to the information contained in a database is carried out using three basic operations that can be combined - selection, projection and sorting. Strictly speaking, these operations are formally defined only for relational databases; however, they can also be used for databases of other structures.

Selection defines an operation to retrieve only records from the database that meet specified criteria.

Projection -. this is a list of fields of interest in a database record.

Sorting means arranging selected records according to some criteria.

The combination of three main operations gives rise to a large number of options for data processing and analysis. Typically, a database contains too much information to be completely absorbed and analyzed, but with the appropriate tools, any necessary problem-oriented information can be extracted. Database access operations are these tools.

The operation of retrieving information from a database is called a query.

To effectively use database access programs, it is necessary to pre-select a subset of the data of interest. Typically, only a very limited number of samples from the database will be of interest in any given situation, so a small set of standard queries can be defined in advance. Such requests are called protocols. Protocols are usually queries in which projection and sorting operations are predefined (what information to display and in what order), and only specific parameters need to be specified before running them.

Alarm protocols.

The most important function of the control system is to quickly identify unacceptable modes and notify the operator about this. Each state change classified as an emergency must be recorded in special file- accident log - indicating the time of the event.

A special request - the emergency protocol - is used to search and display all database objects that are currently in an emergency state. This protocol is extremely important for maintenance and repair.

Maintenance protocols.

Another important component of the operation of a manufacturing enterprise is the maintenance of instruments and equipment. Examples of maintenance include replacing worn tools, calibrating sensors, monitoring fuel and lubricant levels. Maintenance operations can be even more complex, including disassembling entire units to check the condition and clean their components. This type of maintenance is called preventive maintenance and is performed to keep equipment in optimal operating condition. Repairing defective or failed devices is called corrective maintenance.

Data analysis and trends.

An important task in industrial production is recording productivity and statistical indicators. The information contained in the database can serve as a primary source for statistical processing procedures. The main statistical operation is the summation of indicators over time, i.e. calculation of increasing total values ​​for given time intervals - day, week, month. Summary indicators can be displayed in the form of statistical tables containing other values ​​calculated on their basis - indicators of efficiency and quality.

Management operations performed using the database

Some control systems store instructions in a database for automatic actions that are performed in certain situations. A special database table indicates at what value of a certain parameter the execution command is called. This table operates similar to a PLC, although the data it uses is at a higher level of abstraction and may include derived values.

There is an important practical difference in automated functions and process control using a database and systems based on PLCs or local controllers. The latter are installed directly near the process inputs and outputs and can quickly respond to changes in input data. A hierarchical control system database, on the other hand, has a long response time because information must travel up and down communication channels and go through several processing steps. Therefore, it is advisable to program automatic reactions at the central computer level only when several parameters need to be compared and this operation cannot be performed locally. The coupled control loops cannot be implemented as a distributed direct digital control system. In this case, the likelihood of significant overload of communication channels must be taken into account.

Conclusion

automated information system

As a result of this work, the following conclusions were made.

A system is understood as any object that is simultaneously considered as a single whole.

An information system is an interconnected set of tools, methods and personnel used to store, process and issue information in order to achieve a given goal.

AIS is a human-machine system that provides automated preparation, search and processing of information within the framework of integrated network, computer and communication technologies to optimize economic and other activities in various areas of management.

A subsystem is a part of the system, distinguished by some characteristic. At the same time, AIS consists of two subsystems: functional and supporting.

Among the supporting subsystems, information, technical, mathematical, software, organizational and legal support are usually distinguished.

Systems, in relation to automated control systems, can be classified according to a number of characteristics. Systems are divided into primitive elementary ones (automatic control systems are built for them) and large complex ones.

References

Gates B. Business at the speed of thought. - M.: EKSMO-Press, 2005. - 73 p.

Gustav O., Dzhanguido P. Digital automation and control systems. - St. Petersburg: Nevsky Dialect, 2005. - 557 p.

Drucker P. Management challenges in the 21st century. - M.: Williams, 2006. - 153 p.

Informatics. Basic course / Simonovich S.V. and others - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2005. - 640 p.

Simonovich S., Evseev G., Alekseev A. General informatics. - M.: AST-Press, 2006. - 592 p.

Wilson S., Maples B., Landgrave T. Principles of software design and development. - M.: Russian Edition, 2005. - 249 p.

Ustinova G.M. Management information systems / Textbook. - St. Petersburg: DiaSoft UP, 2004. - 368 p.

Automation systems for professional activities. Their classification and use in management. Principles and methods of designing AIS in economics. Place of information and calculation tasks in computer software.

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Systems

The concepts of “information”, “information process”, “information system” are closely interrelated. It is impossible to determine which of these concepts is “primary” in relation to the others. Any attempt to define each of them is usually impossible without involving the others.

Information manifests itself in information processes that occur only within the framework of a system.

It is natural to call such systems information systems (IS). In the sequence of changes in the state of the IS, they appear information processes.

One can think differently and consider that an information system is a system, some elements of which are information objects (information), and some connections are made through the flow of information processes. That is, the presence of information and information processes allows the information system to “appear” and be realized.

An attempt to give a strict definition of the concept “information system” immediately raises the need for a strict definition of the concept “information”, which, as you know, modern science has not yet developed.

Computer science studies the patterns of information processes in systems of various natures, but the greatest subject of its research is information processes in technical and sociotechnical systems. Moreover, these patterns are important from the point of view of the possibility of automating these processes. Therefore, when considering information systems, we will limit ourselves to the framework of technical and sociotechnical information systems, and mainly automated information systems.

Example. Consider a conventional and automatic washing machine. To wash clothes, both need to be connected to an electrical outlet. But the washing process (filling the machine with water, setting the temperature, rotating the drum, etc.) in the first case is completely regulated by a person, and in the second - by a control program recorded on a special punched card or microcircuit. It’s unlikely that anyone would call an ordinary washing machine an information technology system, but this name is quite suitable for an automatic one.

Note 1.

Let us note the difference between the terms “automatic” and “automated”. The process is automatically carried out, which, even if it began at the command of a person, subsequently proceeds without his participation until completion. When we talk about an automated process, it means that a person can intervene, regulate and direct the course of the process as necessary.

Note 2.

When we say that a given system is informational, this does not mean that all its elements and all connections are informational only. Elements of the system can be of a very different nature - material, energy, information. In order for a system to be classified as informational, it is sufficient that some of its elements and/or some connections are of an informational nature.

Example. A television is a relatively complex technical system. But only when connected to the television broadcasting system does it become a subsystem of the information system.

Example. A bicycle is a technical system. A cyclist riding a bicycle forms a simple socio-technical information system with it. Its informational nature is due to the fact that during the ride the cyclist receives and processes information about the state of the external environment and the system itself (obstacles on the road, the presence of cars or other cyclists, wind strength, own fatigue, serviceability of bicycle components, etc.) and uses it to regulation and direction of system behavior.

Example. The hardware of a computer is a rather complex technical system, but only in combination with software does it constitute an information technical system. A system consisting of a computer and a user working with it already belongs to the class of information sociotechnical systems.

Example. When we talk about the Internet as a large and complex socio-technical information system, we mean not only technical means of telecommunications, but also the information resources of the network, developers, administrators and network users.

In computer science, the term “information system” is used in a narrower sense. Information systems are understood as systems designed to store information in a specially organized form, equipped with procedures for entering, placing, processing, searching and issuing information according to user requests.

Further, unless specifically stated, we will consider information systems understood in a narrow sense. The very idea of ​​such IS and some principles of their organization arose long before the advent of computers. Maybe-

The power of computers increases the efficiency of using information systems, significantly expands the scope of their application, and makes it possible to automate the basic procedures for placing, processing and retrieving information in the system.

Information systems created based on the use of computer capabilities, as a rule, are automated information systems(AIS).

In general, an automated information system is understood as a set of information arrays, technical, software and language tools designed for collecting, storing, searching, processing and issuing data according to user requests.

Automated information systems are used in almost all areas of human activity: in the management of an enterprise, institution, production; when organizing scientific research; in library science, in teaching, when performing design and design work.

Automated information systems come in many different types. Here are the most common of them:

measuring- are used for automatic (using special sensors) collection of information about the state and parameters of the object of interest. Nowadays, not a single nuclear power plant or chemical production facility that is harmful to humans can operate without measuring AIS. Measuring AIS are used in medicine, meteorology, seismology, when organizing space flights, and so on;

information and reference(ISS) - various electronic dictionaries, electronic encyclopedias, electronic notebooks, etc.;

information retrieval systems(IPS) - the most famous among which are world wide web(WWW) with corresponding search engines (Aport, Rambler, AltaVista, Yahoo!, etc.) and legal information retrieval systems, intended primarily for storing official documents, namely laws, regulations, instructions letters issued by legislative and executive government bodies ;

IP providing automation of document flow and accounting. Most often, these systems are used to organize document flow in enterprises, but, for example, software that allows the user to work with files on a computer can also be classified as automated accounting systems;

computer-aided design systems(CAD), containing, along with other components, large arrays of reference technical information (state standards, sanitary norms and rules, technical specifications, etc.), algorithms for calculating certain parameters and other information;

scientific research automation systems-

equipped with the means to build information models very different types;

expert systems(ES) and decision support systems(SPPR). They are based on knowledge bases (KB) for a specific subject area. These systems are actively used in planning and making long-term forecasts in industry, for making a diagnosis in medicine, for choosing the most likely version in law, and so on;

automated control systems(ASU). This is a wide class of information systems, which include control systems for an individual technological process (APCS) and management systems for the entire enterprise (APS) and management systems for an entire branch of social production (APS);

geographic information systems(GIS). In them, information about objects is organized in accordance with the spatial location of objects, most often presented on geographic maps;

training AIS- all kinds of electronic textbooks, computer tests, training programs, as well as simulators that simulate the operation of some device (airplane, car, etc.).

Note that the division of automated information systems into types is quite arbitrary, and a real AIS can combine the capabilities of systems of different types.

Example. Simulators created for pilot training have measuring sensors, programs that simulate various flight conditions, and the necessary help systems.

An automated information system can be used as an independently functioning tool, as well as as a component (subsystem) of another automated information system.

Example. Library information retrieval systems, air and railway ticket reservation systems are autonomous automated information systems. The automated accounting system for time worked by an employee is a subsystem of the automated payroll system, which, in turn, is a subsystem of the AIS accounting system.

Automated information systems are currently developing at a rapid pace, the volume of their storage is increasing, mechanisms are being improved, and the list of services provided to the user is expanding.

Example. If you are working with word processor Word 2000, then experienced its “intellectual” capabilities. For example, you should type “1.” at the beginning of the paragraph. and then some text, and after pressing the enter key, the system will offer you the beginning of the next paragraph - “2.”. Sometimes this is convenient. If you did not want to format this piece of text as a list, then you will need to take certain actions to correct the consequences of unwanted “help”.

There is a separate direction in the development of software - artificial intelligence systems.

Term "artificial intelligence" causes a lot complaints from philosophers, psychologists, and teachers. Robotics, automated control systems, and search engines for global computer networks and so on. The results obtained during the creation and operation of artificial intelligence systems are now used in many automated information systems.

The most important subsystems of automated information systems are databases and data banks(DB and BnD), and those belonging to the class of artificial intelligence systems - knowledge base(BZ).

Information system, understood in a broad sense, it is a system, some elements of which are information objects (texts, graphics, formulas, sites, programs, etc.), and connections are of an informational nature.

Information system, understood in a narrow sense, it is a system designed to store information in a specially organized form, equipped with tools for performing procedures for entering, placing, processing, searching and issuing information at user requests.

Automated information system(LIS) is a set of information arrays, technical, software and language tools designed for collecting, storing, searching, processing and issuing data according to user requests.

Request- a formalized message received at the system input and containing a data search condition.

Automated information systems (AIS) are information systems, the work of which is directed and regulated by a person, and the main processes are performed automatically - according to a given algorithm, without human intervention.

Most modern automated information systems are created on the basis of using the capabilities provided by computers and computer networks.

Important components automated information systems are databases and data banks (DB and BnD).

Important components of automated information systems belonging to the class of artificial intelligence systems are knowledge bases (KB).

Types of automated information systems (AIS):

Measuring AIS;

Information and reference systems (ISS);

Information retrieval systems (IRS);

IS providing automation of document flow and accounting;

Computer-aided design systems (CAD);

Automation systems for scientific research;

Expert systems (ES) and decision support systems (DSS);

Automated systems control (ACS);

Geographic information systems (GIS);

Educational AIS.

Task 1

Give examples of technical systems and information technical systems. Select the information components of the latter.

Task 2

Recently, such a form of knowledge control as testing has become increasingly widespread in the education system. In the future, all testing is planned to be carried out using computers. A computer test is a small automated information system. Think and formulate the advantages and disadvantages of using this kind of automated information system in training.

Task 3

Based on the definition of an information system (in the narrow sense), justify that the following systems are automated information systems:

a) computer file system;

b) text editor together with the files with which it
can work;

c) electronic encyclopedia;

d) email;

e) chat (IRC - parallel conversations on the Internet).

Task 4

For management file system exist special programs(Norton Commander, Dos Navigator, FarManager, File Manager, My Computer, etc.) What type of information systems (measuring, reference, etc.) would you classify a system that includes files, a file directory, a file management program? Justify your answer.

What queries might a user have for this system? What means are provided to him to formulate a request? Give examples of user requests generated by the file management program installed on your computer.

Task 5

When scanning texts, optical character recognition (OCR) programs, such as FineReader, are used to convert them from graphics to text format. Can this software be classified as an artificial intelligence system? Justify your answer.

Technical systems can be informational or non-informational. Can social systems, that is, systems whose main elements are individuals or groups of people, not be informational? In other words, do non-informational social systems exist?

When searching for information on the Internet, the problem often arises of how to formulate search query. After all, any language has many synonyms and ambiguous words, and by including keywords in your query that have many different meanings, you can get links to documents that are completely different from what interests you.

Currently, systems are being developed that perform intelligent search and intelligent text processing. They are characterized by properties such as sensitivity to context and the search for “similar” texts and texts that match the meaning (and not just the form) of the query - without necessarily containing the requested words. These systems offer the user additional information not explicitly requested.

To implement these properties, various mechanisms are used: neural networks, genetic algorithms, “collective filtering” methods, systems of heuristic rules, etc.

Such systems can be used for various purposes, in particular, to reproduce the content of documents in other forms. This is, for example, automatic abstracting, that is, identifying the essence of a document and briefly formulating it, or highlighting the main provisions of a document (thesis), or displaying the content of a document in the form of a concept diagram. With the help of these systems, it is possible to extract various types of informative elements from the text - quantitative indicators, proper names, especially informative phrases. These systems will help the user of the information system sort documents in accordance with the task being solved, distribute them into classes, determine which category the document belongs to, etc.

You know that objects can be natural or man-made (designed, created by a person or group of people). Accordingly, we can talk about natural and constructive systems, as well as natural and constructive information systems.

Quite common nowadays is the approach according to which natural information systems are identified with living systems. In other words, any living system is an information system. Let's consider the arguments of supporters of this approach.

The system retains its integrity if the connections between the elements of the system are stronger than their connections with the external environment. In addition, any system has both system-forming and system-destroying connections. In the case when the power of system-destroying external influences and system-destroying internal connections is greater than the power of system-forming connections, the system turns out to be unstable and without additional stabilizing factors will be destroyed over time, for example, a state

during a crisis. A possible stabilizing factor may be the presence in the system of appropriate control processes (and the presence of subsystems that implement these processes) that would record system-destroying connections and the result of their impact on the system and would carry out appropriate protective, compensating actions. But in order to manage some object (system, process), you need to know the current values ​​of its parameters, the optimal values ​​of the parameters necessary for the preservation and development of the system, the method (algorithm) for bringing the current parameter values ​​closer to the optimal ones. In other words, to implement control functions, the system must receive information and be able to process it, that is, the system must be informational. That is, only information systems are capable of self-government, self-regulation, adaptation to external and internal influences. The property of self-regulation is inherent in living systems, but natural systems of inanimate nature are not believed to possess it.

Abstract

ON THE TOPIC: Automated information system. The principle of operation using an example of a specific system.

Completed student of group EU-091-1

Buymov S. V.

Checked Art. Rev. Schmidt T.S.

Novokuznetsk 2012

Introduction. 3

1. Automated information system. 4

2. The principle of operation of an automated information system using the example of 1C:Enterprise. 18

Conclusion. 26

List of sources used. 27

Introduction

The rapid development of computer technology has led to the fact that information systems based on the use of information computing technology and communications, which are the main technical means of storing, processing and transmitting information, have become increasingly widespread. Such information systems are called automated. They are based on the use special means and methods for converting information, i.e. automated information technologies.

An automated information system (AIS) is a set of information, economic and mathematical methods and models, technical, software, technological tools and staff of specialists, designed for processing information and making management decisions. The creation of an AIS helps to increase the production efficiency of an economic entity and ensures the quality of management. The greatest effectiveness of AIS is achieved by optimizing the work plans of enterprises, firms and industries, quickly developing operational decisions, clearly maneuvering material and financial resources, etc. Therefore, the management process in the context of the functioning of automated information systems is based on economic and organizational models that more or less adequately reflect the characteristic structural and dynamic properties of the object.

Of course, there cannot be a complete repetition of the object in the model, but details that are not essential for analysis and management decision-making can be neglected. Models have their own classification, divided into probabilistic and deterministic, functional and structural. These features of the model give rise to a variety of types of information systems.

Automated information system

Automated information systems are a set of various tools designed to collect, prepare, store, process and provide information that satisfies the information needs of users. AIS combines the following components:

1) language tools and rules used to select, present and store information, to display a picture of the real world into a data model, to present the necessary information to the user;

2) information fund of the system;

3) ways and methods of organizing information processing processes;

4) a set of software tools that implement information conversion algorithms;

5) a set of technical means operating in the system;

6) personnel servicing the system.

The main goals of enterprise automation are:

1. Collection, processing, storage and presentation of data on the organization’s activities and external environment in a form convenient for financial and any other analysis and use when making management decisions.

2. Automation of business operations (technological operations) that constitute the target activity of the enterprise.

3. Automation of processes that ensure the implementation of core activities.