Automated information system. Types of automated information systems

1.1. AIS: basic concepts and definitions

Before considering any complex concept, it is necessary to comprehend the simpler concepts included in it. Based on this, before comprehending the concept of AIS, we will define that there is automation, information, system and information system.

Automation is the replacement of human physical and mental labor with work technical means, ensuring the performance of work with a given productivity and quality without human intervention, which remains the functions of monitoring and preparing technical equipment for operation.

Information - information about objects, phenomena, events, processes of the surrounding world, transmitted orally, in writing or in another way and reducing the uncertainty of knowledge about them. This knowledge reflects reality in the consciousness (thinking) of a person. From the middle of the 20th century. information becomes a general scientific concept, including the exchange of information between people, man and machine, machine and machine.

Information must be reliable, complete, adequate, i.e., a certain level of compliance, concise, clearly and understandably expressed, timely and valuable.

The system can be a single object or a collection of heterogeneous, but interacting and interconnected objects according to certain rules.

GOST 34.003-90 (Appendix 1) gives following definition systems and automated systems.

“A system is a set of elements, united by connections between them and possessing a certain integrity.” Thus, a system is a set of interacting (interconnected) elements, united by a unity of purpose and general purposeful rules of relationships.

A set of elements is a set of elements that allows a system to have common characteristics.

The interconnectedness of elements refers to a set of purposeful rules for the relationships between elements.

The presence of relationships determines the organized complexity of the system. It is a property of the system and determines the number of elements in the system. There are also many elements outside the system (external sphere).

Localization of the system determines the boundaries of the system, identifying its elements and connections (existing and non-existent).

Two mistakes are often encountered: excluding significant connections and taking into account non-essential connections.

When building a system, the target function must be determined and algorithms for the structure and function of the system must be developed.

When we talk about an information system, we mean an interconnected set of tools, methods and personnel that ensure the collection, storage, processing, retrieval and delivery of information necessary for the consumer.

An information system is an interconnected set of tools, methods and personnel used for collecting, storing, processing and issuing information in order to solve assigned problems. Information systems are necessary in the decision-making process, they help analyze problems and create new products.

« Automated system- a system consisting of personnel and a set of automation tools for their activities, implementing information technology for performing established functions” (GOST 34.003-90, Appendix 1).

When considering systems, there are three main scientific directions.

A systems approach is an approach whose main objectives are to develop methods for analyzing and synthesizing objects, describing their integral characteristics, based on the purposefulness of the behavior of the system under study and its parts, and interaction with the environment.

General systems theory is a theory whose main task is to, based on an understanding of the system as a complex of interconnected elements, find a set of laws that explain the behavior, development and functioning of the system.

System analysis is a set of methods and techniques for developing and making decisions in the design, construction and management of complex objects (social, economic, technical, etc.).

The concepts of information system and information technology should be clearly distinguished.

“Information technology - techniques, methods and methods of using computer technology in performing the functions of collecting, storing, processing and using data” (GOST 34.003-90).

The Law of the Russian Federation “On Information, Informatization and Information Protection” dated February 20, 1995 defines IP, meaning that it is an AIS (automated information system):

« Information system- an organizationally ordered set of documents (arrays of documents) and information technologies, including the use of computer technology and communications that implement information processes.”

In addition to AIS, automated control systems are widely used, which also have many AIS functions, but in addition to them, they also have functions for managing various objects and processes.

Thus, AIS is a complex of information, software, technical, organizational, methodological and other necessary funds, providing collection, processing, storage, transmission of data, as well as manipulation of them to solve various problems.

Control is a purposeful influence on any self-propelled object or process, resulting in both qualitative and quantitative changes in the variables that determine the state of the object or process.

There are two types of management: objects and people. In the first case, this is the management of production tools and various technological processes. In the second case, it is the management of a group of people (team), ensuring unity of action in purposeful work.

« Automated control system (ACS)- a human-machine system that implements the automated collection and processing of information necessary for making decisions on facility management. ACS is created for optimal management in various fields of activity.

Automated information systems can be divided into:

• information support systems that have an independent purpose and scope;
• information support systems (subsystems) that are part of automated control systems (ACS).

AIS of the first group, as a rule, contain information base, used by various consumers to satisfy information needs when making decisions. Examples of such systems are electronic library catalogues, AIS according to legislation (for example, Consultant+, Garant), electronic document management systems for financial documents (for example, “Local Level Electronic Data Processing System” for automating the work of district tax inspectorates).

This group includes the following systems:

• information and reference and information retrieval;
• automation of document flow;
• educational;
• expert;
• artificial intelligence;
• geoinformation;
• hypertext and others.

Information and reference systems (ISS) and information retrieval systems (IRS) are divided into documentary and factographic.

Documentary systems are systems designed for searching, processing and displaying lists of documents on certain topics and characteristics, full texts of documents or their abstracts, and certificates for various purposes. An example is the search capabilities of the Consultant+ system (See Appendix 2).

Factual systems are systems designed to search, accumulate, store, process and display data on any facts, events, or information.

Document flow automation systems are a set of methods and tools for transferring document flow from paper to electronic form. For example, electronic depositories are databases that store records about shareholders.

Educational systems - training and control systems, mentoring, simulation and modeling systems, developmental games.

Training and monitoring systems are designed to consolidate skills based on the theoretical material covered. Training takes place while students answer the proposed questions. If the answers are incorrect, hints are provided.

Mentoring systems are designed to study theoretical material through “man-machine” dialogue. If the student's answers are incorrect, the program offers to re-study the material.

Simulation and modeling systems use graphical, illustrative and computational capabilities computer programs and are intended for building models and situations with the ability to change their parameters.

Educational games offer the student an imaginary environment, using the capabilities of which he realizes certain conditions and combinations.

The most famous domestic training programs: “Lesson”, “Master”, “Adonis” and others, as well as foreign ones - “Linkway”, “TeachCad” and others. Many of the training systems are multimedia.

Expert systems (ES) are systems that, using computers and software, perform the functions of experts when solving problems in their area of ​​competence.

Expert systems accumulate and can store valuable data and knowledge for a long time. The ES usually includes a knowledge base and subsystems for inference, explanation, knowledge acquisition, and others.

Expert systems can analyze the situation, provide advice and consultations, and make an objective diagnosis. They solve tasks that are usually performed by a specialist as a result of an examination. ES solve problems based on deductive reasoning using heuristics (intuitively found rules), so they can find solutions to problems that are poorly defined and unstructured.

According to the degree of automation, ES are divided into:

• information systems that include the necessary information for making decisions without affecting the very essence of the decisions that a person makes after analysis;
• information and advisory systems that provide information for decision-making and contain elements of decision evaluation, but final decision is accepted by a person;
• control systems - systems that, according to given programs, carry out a targeted impact on a production facility or process based on initial information and developed solutions;
• self-adjusting - systems that can, within a given algorithm, change the program in situations not specified in it.

ES help organizations improve the skills of specialists and work efficiency. Currently, there are already thousands of expert systems covering a wide variety of subject areas. Examples include DENDRAL - the oldest ES in the field of chemistry, PROSPECTOR - a system for commercially viable search for minerals, MYCIN - ES in the field of medical diagnostics and many others.

Artificial intelligence systems are systems in which complex research problems are solved using computers. These are problems of machine translation from one natural language to another, automatic proof of theorems, image recognition, game algorithms and strategies, robot action planning, and others.

Artificial intelligence is a set of scientific disciplines that study methods for solving intellectual (creative) problems using computers.

Geographic information systems are systems in which all data about objects is linked to a common electronic topographical basis. These systems are intended for use in those subject areas in which the structure of objects and processes has a spatial and geographical reference.

Hypertext systems are systems with associative linking of texts, the so-called hypertext. Hypertext is ordinary text that contains links to related fragments of text from the same or another document. Hypertext information systems are based on the idea of ​​an associative navigation approach to the analysis of text information. They are widely used on the Internet. Using a text editor (for example, MiSHESH) or an Internet browser, the user can “click” with the mouse on a highlighted word (on a hyperlink) to open the text associated with this link. Hypertext technology has now become the basis for the creation of various computer reference and educational systems and encyclopedias.

AIS of the second group are the most important components of various automated control systems:

• ACS - enterprise automated control system;
• Automated process control system - automated control system for technological processes;
• Automatic control systems - automated control systems for territorial organizations;
• OGAS - national automated system;
• ASPR - automated systems of planned calculations;
• ASGS - AS State Statistics;
• CAD - computer-aided design systems;
• ASNI - AS Scientific Research.

In automated control systems, computer technology is used not only in the processes of collecting, storing and processing data, but also in the processes of making management decisions. ACS are based on the use of economic and mathematical methods, computer technology, and means of receiving and transmitting data. A special feature is the use of telecommunications tools to receive data from the places where they originate, as well as to send information to performers and consumers.

ACS is a man-machine system that provides automatic collection and information processing using various software and hardware, but control and decision-making functions are performed by a person or group of people.

ACS can be classified according to purpose, rank, nature of action, complexity, etc.:

• by purpose - moving objects, control rooms, organizational, enterprises, power plants, technological processes, etc.;
• by rank (level of management) - local (within one organization), regional, sectoral, intersectoral, republican, national and international;
• by the nature of the action - continuous and discrete;
• by complexity - small, medium, large.

In our country there are thousands of automated control systems in all sectors of the economy, culture, education, and medicine.

For example, the Express automated control system, a system for servicing passengers and managing transportation in railway transport, is working effectively and is being improved. This automated control system is a complex of technical, software, information, technological and administrative tools. The system is based on a single series of computers, a single international numbering of passenger stations and a single numbering of trains. The ticket sales system includes approximately 17 thousand ticket offices and 10 computer centers (CC). Computer centers have machine computing systems, communication and switching devices (teleprocessing). Ticket cashiers, using peripheral equipment at their automated workstations (AWS), can perform various operations to serve passengers.

ACS "Sirena" - Aeroflot passenger service system. It is designed for reserving and accounting for seats on airliners, selling tickets and providing information about Aeroflot’s operations in major cities. The system is based on large computers that interact with a large number of workstations at airline ticket sales points. Siren databases store the annual schedule of flights connecting the capitals of the CIS and major cities of Russia, data on the cost of transportation, availability free seats for each flight and other information. Databases are updated.

The Aurora automated control system was put into operation to serve passengers on international lines. It is similar in many functions to the Sirena automated control system.

Management is associated with the exchange of information between elements of the system, as well as the system with the environment.

It should be noted here that in organizational management systems there are economic information related to people management, and technical information related to the management of technical objects.

Economic information is a collection of various economic information that can be recorded, transmitted, processed, stored and used in the process of planning, accounting, control, and analysis.

Economic information includes information about labor, material and monetary resources and the state of the management object at a certain point in time.

Economic information is characterized by large volume, repeated use, updating and transformation, a large number logical operations and relatively simple mathematical calculations to obtain many types of effective information.

Now we are consistently moving on to defining the concept of “automated information system” as the main part, which is automated information technology.

Automated information system is a set of information, economic and mathematical methods and models, hardware, software and specialists, designed for processing information and making management decisions.

Thus, an automated information system is, in the terminology of Soviet GOSTs, an automated control system (ACS) (hereinafter, for brevity, an automated system).

As we noted earlier, the creation of automated systems helps to increase the efficiency of production of an economic facility and ensures the quality of management. The greatest efficiency of the automated control system is achieved by optimizing the work plans of enterprises, quickly developing operational decisions, precise maneuvering of material and financial resources, etc.

Therefore, the management process under the operating conditions of an automated control system is based on economic and mathematical models that more or less adequately reflect the properties of the control object.

Test questions for section 1.1

1. What is information, automation, system?
2. What is meant by a set of elements and their interconnectedness?
3. What is the localization of the system and its organized complexity?
4. What is the difference between an information system and information technology?
5. What is the definition of an automated information system?
6. What groups can automated information systems be divided into?
7. What systems can be attributed to each AIS group?

DATA MANAGEMENT

A fully automated information system or AIS is a set of various software and hardware that are designed to automate any activity related to the transmission, storage and processing of various information. Automated information systems are, on the one hand, a type of information system or IS, and on the other hand, they are an automated AS system; as a result, they are often called AS or IS.

In automated information systems ah are responsible for storing any information: At the physical level: external drives; built-in memory devices (RAM); disk arrays. At the program level: DBMS; file system OS; Storage systems for multimedia, documents, etc.

Today, various software tools are widely used when working with a computer. These include automated information systems. An information system or IS is a system for processing, storing and transmitting any information that is presented in a certain form.

In modern computing technology, an IS is a whole software package that makes it possible to reliably store data in memory, perform information transformations and perform calculations using a convenient and user-friendly interface.

Based on the above, the use of modern information systems allows us to: Work with huge volumes of data; Store any data for a fairly long period of time; Link several components that have their own specific local goals, objectives and various operating methods into one system for working with information; Significantly reduce the cost of access and storage to any data we need; It’s pretty quick to find all the information we need, etc.

As a classic example of a modern information system, it is worth mentioning banking systems, enterprise management systems, railway or airline ticket reservation systems, etc.

Today, modern DBMSs have very broad capabilities for data archiving and backup, parallel processing of various information, especially if a multiprocessor computer is used as a database server.

An automated information system or AIS is an information system that uses a computer at the stages of entering information, preparing and issuing it, that is, it is a kind of development of information systems that perform searches using application software. Automated information systems can be safely classified as very complex systems and, as a rule, not so much with a large physical dimension, but due to the ambiguity of various structural relationships between the components of the system. An automated information system can be easily defined as a whole complex of modern automated information technologies that are designed for any information service. Without the introduction of the most modern management methods, which are based on AIS, it is impossible to increase the efficiency of enterprises.

Modern automated information systems allow you to: Increase the productivity of all personnel; Improve the quality of service to the customer base; Reduce the tension and labor intensity of personnel, as well as minimize the number of errors in their actions.

Today, an automated information system is a set of technical (hardware), mathematical, telecommunication, algorithmic tools, methods for describing and searching for programming objects, collecting, and storing information.

At the same time automated information systems(AIS) are the field of information, mechanism and technology, effective means processing, storing, searching and presenting information to the consumer. AIS represent a set of functional subsystems for collecting, entering, processing, storing, retrieving and distributing information. The processes of collecting and entering data are optional, since all the information necessary and sufficient for the operation of an AIS may already be part of its database.

Under database(DB) usually understand a named collection of data that reflects the state of objects and their relationships in the subject area under consideration.

Database– this is a collection of homogeneous data placed in tables; this is also a named collection of data that reflects the state of objects and their relationships in the subject area under consideration.
They manage information processes in the database using DBMS (database management systems).

A collection of databases is usually called a data bank. In this case, the data bank is a logical and thematic collection of databases.

Automated information system(Automated information system, AIS) is a set of software and hardware designed for storing and (or) managing data and information, as well as for performing calculations.

The main purpose of AIS is storage, provision effective search and transfer of information according to relevant requests to most fully satisfy the information requests of a large number of users. To the basic principles of automation information processes include: payback, reliability, flexibility, safety, friendliness, compliance with standards.

There are four types of AIS:

1) Covering one process (operation) in one organization;
2) Uniting several processes in one organization;
3) Ensuring the functioning of one process on the scale of several interacting organizations;
4) Implementing the work of several processes or systems on the scale of several organizations.

At the same time, the most common and promising are: factual, documentary, intellectual (expert) and hypertext AIS.

To work with AIS, special workstations for users (including employees) are created, called " automated workstation" (ARM).
AWS is a complex of tools, various devices and furniture designed to solve various information problems.

General requirements for workstations: convenience and ease of communication with them, including setting up the workstation for a specific user and ergonomic design; efficiency of input, processing, reproduction and search of documents; the ability to quickly exchange information between the organization’s personnel, with various individuals and organizations outside of it; safety for the user's health. A workstation is allocated for preparing text and graphic documents; data processing, including tabular form; creating and using databases, designing and programming; manager, secretary, specialist, technical and support staff and others. At the same time, the automated workplace uses various operating systems and application software, depending mainly on functional tasks and types of work (administrative and organizational, managerial and technological, personal, creative and technical).

AIS can be represented as a complex of automated information technologies that make up an information system intended for information services to consumers. The main components and technological processes of AIS are shown in Fig. 3.1.

Rice. 3.1. Main components and technological processes of AIS.

AIS can be quite simple (elementary reference) and complex systems (expert, etc., providing predictive solutions). Even simple AIS have multivalued structural relationships between their modules, elements and other components. This circumstance allows us to classify them as complex systems consisting of interconnected parts (subsystems, elements) operating as part of an integral complex structure.

Introduction

The concept of an automated information system and its structural components

Classification of automated information systems

Main functions of automated information systems

Conclusion

References

Introduction

Automation and the creation of information systems are currently one of the most resource-intensive areas of activity in the technogenic society. One of the reasons for the active development of this area is that automation serves as the basis for a fundamental change in management processes that play an important role in human activity and society. Control systems arise, the action of which is aimed at maintaining or improving the operation of an object using a control device (a set of means for collecting, processing, transmitting information and generating control signals or commands).

An information system is a system that provides authorized personnel with data or information relevant to an organization. A management information system generally consists of four subsystems: a transaction processing system, a management reporting system, an office information system, and a decision support system, including a managerial information system, an expert system, and artificial intelligence.

An automated information system is an interconnected set of tools, methods and personnel used for storing, processing and issuing information in order to achieve a set goal.

Thus, an automated information system (AIS) is a set of information, economic and mathematical methods and models, technical, software, technological tools and specialists, designed for processing information and making management decisions.

The purpose of this work is to consider the essence of automated information systems.

1. The concept of an automated information system and its structural components

A system is understood as any object that is simultaneously considered both as a single whole and as a collection of heterogeneous elements united in the interests of achieving set goals. The systems differ significantly from each other both in composition and in their main goals.

In computer science, the concept of “system” is widespread and has many semantic meanings. Most often it is used in relation to a set of technical tools and programs. The hardware of a computer can be called a system. A system can also be considered a set of programs for solving specific application problems, supplemented by procedures for maintaining documentation and managing calculations.

Adding the word “information” to the concept of “system” reflects the purpose of its creation and operation. Information systems provide collection, storage, processing, retrieval, and issuance of information necessary in the decision-making process of problems from any area. They help analyze problems and create new products.

An information system is an interconnected set of tools, methods and personnel used for storing, processing and issuing information in the interests of achieving a set goal.

The modern understanding of an information system assumes the use of a personal computer as the main technical means of information processing. In large organizations, along with a personal computer, the technical base of the information system may include a supercomputer. In addition, the technical implementation of an information system in itself will not mean anything if the role of the person for whom the information produced is intended and without whom it is impossible to receive and present it is not taken into account, therefore

An automated information system (AIS) is a human-machine system that provides automated preparation, search and processing of information within the framework of integrated network, computer and communication technologies to optimize economic and other activities in various areas of management.

On this basis, various automatic and automated process control systems are created. A typical example of such systems is in communications - an automatic switching station. In this system, control is carried out using technical devices such as processors or other simpler devices. The human operator is not part of the control loop that closes the connections between the object and the control body, but only monitors the progress of the technological process and intervenes as necessary (for example, in the event of a failure). The situation is different with an automated production process control system. In automated production processes, both the object and the control body are a single human-machine system; a person is necessarily included in the control loop. By definition, an AS is a human-machine system designed to collect and process information necessary to manage the production process, that is, manage teams of people. In other words, the success of the functioning of such systems largely depends on the properties and characteristics of the human factor. Without a person, the AS production system cannot work independently, since a person forms tasks, develops all types of supporting subsystems, and selects the most rational solution options from the computer generated ones. And, of course, a person, which is very important, is ultimately legally responsible for the results of the implementation of the decisions he has made. As we see, the role of man is enormous and irreplaceable. A person organizes a program of preparatory activities before creating an AS, therefore, among other things, special organizational and legal support is required.

The structure of the AIS is a collection of its individual parts, called subsystems. A subsystem is a part of the system, distinguished by some characteristic.

The AS consists of two subsystems: functional and supporting. The functional part of the AS includes a number of subsystems that cover the solution of specific problems of planning, control, accounting, analysis and regulation of the activities of managed objects. During the analytical survey, various subsystems can be identified, the set of which depends on the type of enterprise, its specifics, level of management and other factors. For the normal operation of the functional part of the AS, it includes subsystems of the supporting part of the AS (the so-called supporting subsystems).

Classification of automated information systems

Systems, in relation to speakers, can be classified according to a number of characteristics. For example:

by hierarchy levels (supersystem, system, subsystem, system element);

by degree of closedness (closed, open, conditionally closed);

by the nature of the processes occurring in dynamic systems (deterministic, stochastic and probabilistic);

by type of connections and elements (simple, complex).

Systems are divided into primitive elementary ones (for them automatic systems control) and large complex ones. Since large and complex systems have the property of vastness, they can be viewed from several points of view. Consequently, there are also many classification criteria.

Speakers can be classified:

By level:

ACS Industry;

Automated Control System of Production;

ACS of the Shop;

ACS of the Site;

Automatic process control system (technological process).

Moreover, depending on the level of service of production processes at the enterprise, the CIS itself or its component parts (subsystems) can be classified into different classes:

Class A: systems (subsystems) for controlling technological objects and/or processes.

Class B: systems (subsystems) for preparing and recording the production activities of an enterprise.

Class C: systems (subsystems) for planning and analyzing the production activities of an enterprise.

Class A systems (subsystems) - systems (subsystems) for monitoring and managing technological objects and/or processes. These systems are typically characterized by the following properties:

a sufficiently high level of automation of the functions performed;

the presence of an explicit function of monitoring the current state of the control object;

the presence of a feedback loop;

The objects of control and management of such a system are: technological equipment; sensors; actuators and mechanisms.

small time interval for data processing (i.e., the time interval between receiving data about the current state of the control object and issuing a control action on it);

weak (insignificant) time dependence (correlation) between the dynamically changing states of control objects and the control system (subsystem).

Classic examples of class A systems include:

SCADA - Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition (supervisory control and data acquisition);

DCS - Distributed Control Systems (distributed control systems);

Batch Control - sequential control systems;

APCS - Automated Process Control Systems.

Class B systems are systems (subsystems) for preparing and recording the production activities of an enterprise. Class B systems are designed to perform a class of tasks that require direct human participation to make operational (tactical) decisions that affect a limited range of activities or a short period of operation of the enterprise.

In a sense, such systems usually include those that are at the level of the technological process, but are not directly related to technology. The list of main functions of systems (subsystems) of this class can include:

performing accounting tasks arising in the activities of the enterprise;

collection, preliminary preparation of data entering the CIS from class A systems, and their transfer to class C systems;

preparation of data and tasks for automatic execution of tasks by class A systems.

Taking into account application functions, this list can be continued with the following points:

management of production and human resources within the framework of the adopted technological process;

planning and control of the sequence of operations of a single technological process;

product quality management;

management of storage of raw materials and manufactured products by technological departments;

maintenance and repair management.

These systems, as a rule, have the following characteristic features and properties:

short duration of data processing, ranging from several minutes to several hours or days;

the system affects a short period of operation of the enterprise (ranging from a month to six months);

availability of interface with class A and/or C systems.

Classic examples of class B systems include:

MES - Manufacturing Execution Systems (production management systems);

MRP - Material Requirements Planning (material requirements planning systems);

MRP II - Manufacturing Resource Planning (production resource planning systems);

CRP - C Resource Planning (production capacity planning system);

CAD - Computing Aided Design (computer-aided design systems - CAD);

CAM - Computing Aided Manufacturing (automated production support systems);

CAE - Computing Aided Engineering (computer-aided engineering design systems - CAD);

PDM - Product Data Management (automated data management systems);

SRM - Customer Relationship Management (customer relationship management systems);

all kinds of accounting systems, etc.

One of the reasons for the emergence of such systems is the need to highlight individual management tasks at the level of the technological division of the enterprise.

Class C systems are systems (subsystems) for planning and analyzing the production activities of an enterprise. Class C systems are designed to perform a class of tasks that require direct human participation to make strategic decisions that influence the activities of the enterprise as a whole. The range of problems solved by systems (subsystems) of this class can include:

analysis of enterprise activities based on data and information coming from class B systems;

enterprise activity planning;

regulation of global parameters of the enterprise;

planning and distribution of enterprise resources;

preparation of production tasks and monitoring their execution.

the presence of interaction with the managing subject (personnel) when performing the tasks facing them;

interactivity of information processing;

increased duration of data processing, ranging from several minutes to several hours or days;

long period of making management decisions;

the presence of significant time and parametric dependencies (correlations) between the processed data;

the system influences the activities of the enterprise as a whole;

the system influences a significant period of the enterprise’s operation (from six months to several years);

availability of direct interface with class B systems.

The classic names of a class B system are:

ERP - Enterprise Resource Planning;

IRP - Intelligent Resource Planning (intelligent planning systems);

By type of decision made:

Information and reference systems that simply provide information (“express”, “siren”, “09”);

An information and advisory (reference) system presents options and assessments based on various criteria for these options;

Information-control system, the output result is not advice, but a control influence on the object.

By type of production:

ACS with discrete-continuous production;

ACS for discrete production;

ACS for continuous production.

By purpose:

Military automated control systems;

Economic systems (enterprises, offices, management structures);

Information retrieval systems.

By areas of human activity:

Medical systems;

Ecological systems;

Telephone systems.

By type of application computers:

Digital computers (DCM);

3. Basic functions of automated information systems

A process control system typically performs many different functions, which can be divided into three broad groups (Figure 1):

collection and evaluation of technical process data - monitoring;

control of some technical process parameters;

connection of input and output data - feedback, automatic control.

Rice. 1. Main functions of the control system

Process monitoring or collecting process information is a basic function inherent in all control systems. Monitoring is the collection of process variable values, their storage and display in a form suitable for the human operator. Monitoring is a fundamental property of all data processing systems.

Monitoring may be limited to displaying raw or processed data on a monitor screen or paper, or may include more complex analysis and display functions. For example, variables that cannot be directly measured must be calculated or estimated based on available measurements. Another classic feature of monitoring is checking that measured or calculated values ​​are within acceptable limits.

When the functions of a process control system are limited to data collection and display, all control action decisions are made by the operator. This type of control, called supervisory or remote control, was very common in early computer process control systems. It is still used today, especially for very complex and relatively slow processes where human intervention is important. An example is biological processes, where a certain part of the observations cannot be performed using automation.

When new data arrives, their value is assessed relative to acceptable limits. In a more advanced control system, several results can be combined based on more or less complex rules to check whether the process is in a normal state or has fallen outside of some acceptable limits. Even more modern solutions, especially those built on expert systems or knowledge bases, combine combined operational information from sensors with assessments made by operators.

Management is the opposite function of monitoring. In the literal sense, control means that computer commands are sent to actuators to influence the physical process. In many cases, process parameters can only be influenced indirectly through other control parameters.

A system that operates autonomously and without direct operator intervention is called automatic. An automatic control system may consist of simple control loops (one for each pair of input and output process variables) or more complex controllers with many inputs and outputs.

There are two main approaches to implementing feedback in computing systems. With traditional direct digital control (DDC, Direct Digital Control - DDC), the central computer calculates control signals for actuators. All observation data is transmitted in full from the sensors to the control center, and control signals are transmitted back to the actuators.

In distributed direct systems digital control(Distributed Direct Digital Control - DDDC) the computing system has a distributed architecture, and digital controllers are implemented on the basis of local processors, i.e. located near the technical process. Computers at upper control levels calculate reference values, and local processors are primarily responsible for direct control of the technical process, i.e. generation of control signals for actuators based on local monitoring data. These local computers include digital control loops.

A simpler and more archaic form automated control- This is the so-called setpoint control. The computer calculates reference values, which are then transmitted to conventional analog controllers. In this case, the computer is used only for calculations, and not for measurements or generating control actions.

Remote monitoring and control systems are usually defined by the general name SCADA (from Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition - Remote control and data acquisition). SCADA is a very broad concept and can be referred to as a fairly simple device, implemented on a single computer, and to a complex, distributed system, including a control center, peripheral devices and a communication system. The idea of ​​SCADA includes the use of advanced means of displaying, storing data and remote control, most often understood as control room, i.e. “manual” control, but does not include regulation or control procedures; the latter, however, are very often included in supplied SCADA systems as core functions or as customer-selected functions.

Application of a process database for monitoring and control

A medium to large control system has several hundred or thousand points of interaction with a technical process. It is virtually impossible to process all the relevant information using software modules written specifically for each of these points. Instead, a systematic approach to processing all input data is required. Simple structuring of process parameters can be done on the basis of records, but for more complex cases it is necessary to use a full-fledged database apparatus with appropriate access methods.

To organize and reduce the volume of process data, you need to consider the nature of the relevant information. Typically these are measured quantities or binary input/output data of the “on/off” or “normal/failure” type. Thanks to the regularity of this presentation, the input data can be processed by a universal data collection and interpretation program that works on the basis of specific parameters for each object. Object description parameters are stored in the process database, which is the central element of the software control system. An example of the process database structure is shown in Fig. 2.

Programs for accessing information stored in the database include, among other things, the following subsystems:

data entry and database interface;

data output, i.e. interface between the database and the output of the control computer or actuators;

data display;

interface for entering commands.

Advanced databases can include up to twenty descriptive parameters for each I/O object. Some of these descriptors are required and are found in every database implementation; the rest apply only under certain circumstances.

The process database gives uniformity and structure to the stored data. Sensors and actuators in a process control system can be of a wide variety of types. Temperatures can be measured with a positive resistor temperature coefficient, thermocouple and digital device. Accordingly, information from sensors can arrive to the central processor both in its original format and in the form of data packets, possibly already converted to ASCII codes. Using the process database, each measured value is processed independently and converted to a single form. Application modules only need to access the database and do not need information about the features of sensors and actuators. Replacing one sensor with another or new model will not require reprogramming of any modules - simply introducing new control parameters into the database. Database updates can be performed online without shutting down the control system.

Rice. 2. Real-time process database structure and modules for data access

Abstract description and separation of measurement results from the methods by which they are obtained is useful if some characteristics of these quantities may change. In this case, there is no need to modify programs or stop the control system - it is enough to simply redefine the conversion parameters stored in the database.

Process database access, queries and protocols

Access to the information contained in a database is carried out using three basic operations that can be combined - selection, projection and sorting. Strictly speaking, these operations are formally defined only for relational databases; however, they can also be used for databases of other structures.

Selection defines an operation to retrieve only records from the database that meet specified criteria.

Projection -. this is a list of fields of interest in a database record.

Sorting means arranging selected records according to some criteria.

The combination of three main operations gives rise to a large number of options for data processing and analysis. Typically, a database contains too much information to be completely absorbed and analyzed, but with the appropriate tools, any necessary problem-oriented information can be extracted. Database access operations are these tools.

The operation of retrieving information from a database is called a query.

To effectively use database access programs, it is necessary to pre-select a subset of the data of interest. Typically, only a very limited number of samples from the database will be of interest in any given situation, so a small set of standard queries can be defined in advance. Such requests are called protocols. Protocols are usually queries in which projection and sorting operations are predefined (what information to display and in what order), and only specific parameters need to be specified before running them.

Alarm protocols.

The most important function of the control system is to quickly identify unacceptable modes and notify the operator about this. Each state change classified as an emergency must be recorded in special file- accident log - indicating the time of the event.

A special request - the emergency protocol - is used to search and display all database objects that are currently in an emergency state. This protocol is extremely important for maintenance and repair.

Maintenance protocols.

Another important component of the operation of a manufacturing enterprise is the maintenance of instruments and equipment. Examples of maintenance include replacing worn tools, calibrating sensors, monitoring fuel and lubricant levels. Maintenance operations can be even more complex, including disassembling entire units to check the condition and clean their components. This type of maintenance is called preventive maintenance and is performed to keep equipment in optimal operating condition. Repairing defective or failed devices is called corrective maintenance.

Data analysis and trends.

An important task in industrial production is recording productivity and statistical indicators. The information contained in the database can serve as a primary source for statistical processing procedures. The main statistical operation is the summation of indicators over time, i.e. calculation of increasing total values ​​for given time intervals - day, week, month. Summary indicators can be displayed in the form of statistical tables containing other values ​​calculated on their basis - indicators of efficiency and quality.

Management operations performed using the database

Some control systems store instructions in a database for automatic actions that are performed in certain situations. A special database table indicates at what value of a certain parameter the execution command is called. This table operates similar to a PLC, although the data it uses is at a higher level of abstraction and may include derived values.

There is an important practical difference in automated functions and process control using a database and systems based on PLCs or local controllers. The latter are installed directly near the process inputs and outputs and can quickly respond to changes in input data. A hierarchical control system database, on the other hand, has a long response time because information must flow through communication channels up and down and go through several processing steps. Therefore, it is advisable to program automatic reactions at the central computer level only when several parameters need to be compared and this operation cannot be performed locally. The coupled control loops cannot be implemented as a distributed direct digital control system. In this case, the likelihood of significant overload of communication channels must be taken into account.

Conclusion

automated information system

As a result of this work, the following conclusions were made.

A system is understood as any object that is simultaneously considered as a single whole.

An information system is an interconnected set of tools, methods and personnel used to store, process and issue information in order to achieve a given goal.

AIS is a human-machine system that provides automated preparation, search and processing of information within the framework of integrated network, computer and communication technologies to optimize economic and other activities in various areas of management.

A subsystem is a part of the system, distinguished by some characteristic. At the same time, AIS consists of two subsystems: functional and supporting.

Among the supporting subsystems, information, technical, mathematical, software, organizational and legal support are usually distinguished.

Systems, in relation to automated control systems, can be classified according to a number of characteristics. Systems are divided into primitive elementary ones (automatic control systems are built for them) and large complex ones.

References

Gates B. Business at the speed of thought. - M.: EKSMO-Press, 2005. - 73 p.

Gustav O., Gianguido P. Digital systems automation and control. - St. Petersburg: Nevsky Dialect, 2005. - 557 p.

Drucker P. Management challenges in the 21st century. - M.: Williams, 2006. - 153 p.

Informatics. Basic course / Simonovich S.V. and others - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2005. - 640 p.

Simonovich S., Evseev G., Alekseev A. General informatics. - M.: AST-Press, 2006. - 592 p.

Wilson S., Maples B., Landgrave T. Principles of software design and development. - M.: Russian Edition, 2005. - 249 p.

Ustinova G.M. Management information systems / Textbook. - St. Petersburg: DiaSoft UP, 2004. - 368 p.

Information system (IS) – is an interconnected set of means, methods, personnel used for storing, processing and issuing information in the interests of achieving a set goal. To describe the system, concepts such as:

· structure (many elements and relationships between them);

· inputs and outputs (material, financial and information flows entering and exiting the system);

· laws of behavior (functions connecting the inputs and outputs of the system);

· goals and limitations (system functioning processes described by a number of variables; individual variables are usually subject to restrictions).

Under management understand the change in the state of the system leading to the achievement of the goal. The process of system management is determined by management goals, the environment and internal conditions.

Information exchange, which underlies the system management process, consists of the cyclic implementation of the following procedures:

· collecting information about the current state of the managed object;

· analyzing the information received and comparing the current state of the object with the desired one;

· development of control action in order to transfer the controlled object to the desired state;

· transfer of control action to the object.

Automated Information System (AIS) is a complex that includes computer and communications equipment, software, linguistic tools, information resources, as well as system personnel that provide support for a dynamic information model of some part of the real world to meet the information needs of users and for decision making.

AIS structure:

1. – infrastructure that ensures the implementation of information processes of collecting, processing, accumulating, storing, searching and distributing information. IT is designed to reduce the labor intensity of the processes of using information resources, increasing their reliability and efficiency.

2. Functional subsystems and applications – specialized programs, designed to provide processing and analysis of information for the purpose of preparing documents and making decisions in a specific functional area based on IT.

3. IP management – a component that ensures optimal interaction between IT, functional subsystems and associated specialists, their development during life cycle IS.

Each AIS is focused on one or another subject area. A subject area is understood as an area of ​​problems, knowledge, human activity that has certain specifics and a range of objects appearing in it. Moreover, each automated system is focused on performing certain functions in its corresponding field of application.

It is quite difficult to classify information systems due to their diversity and constant development of structures and functions. The following classification features are used: scope, territory covered, organization of information processes, line of activity, structure, etc.

Based on territorial characteristics, AIS are classified into international, national, geographic information, regions, republics, districts, cities, districts etc.

According to the scope of application, AIS is distinguished in economics, industry, trade, transport, legal sphere, medicine, educational institutions etc.

Within one area, AIS can be classified by type of activity. For example, all legal information systems can be divided into AIS used in lawmaking, law enforcement practice, law enforcement, legal education and upbringing. Of course, this kind of classification is quite arbitrary, since the same AIS can be used in various types of legal activities.

It is possible to classify legal information systems from the point of view of the legal education within which they developed and the tasks of which they solve in the process of their functioning - automated systems of the prosecutor's office, justice, courts, etc.

One of the main approaches to the classification of automated legal information systems (ALIS) is associated with the types of social and legal information processed.

When classifying automated legal information systems, one can distinguish ASPIs based on the system of regulatory legal acts (for example, information retrieval systems according to legislation). For these systems, problems of information systematization are related to issues of classification and systematization of regulatory legal acts.

On the other hand, we can distinguish systems that accumulate and process a variety of socio-legal information of a non-normative nature: criminological, forensic, forensic, operational investigative, scientific legal, etc.

From the point of view development of automated systems in the field of law classifications are distinguished for documented and other legal information.

Documented information (document) – information recorded on a tangible medium with details that allow its identification. The specified details are the main grounds for classifying the processed information.

Factual Information – this is a description of selected characteristics, properties of objects, information about which is collected, systematized and processed in a given information system. For each characteristic, the form of its presentation in the system (text, graphic, sound, etc.) must be precisely defined. The type of information stored and processed by an automated system largely determines its software and hardware solution.

All documented legal information may be official And unofficial . TO official Legal information includes information and data about the law or legislation in the broad sense of the word, that is, about all existing and expired regulations. In automated systems based on official legal information, its classification according to sources of law plays an important role: laws of the Russian Federation, regulations of the government of the country and the governments of the republics, ministries and departments of the country and republics and local government bodies and public administration, public organizations, etc. .

As unofficial legal information underlying the functioning of ASPI, all information and data about law and related phenomena that are reflected in legal scientific literature that is not official (legal monographs, textbooks, articles, reviews, reports, reference books and other materials) are considered. and information contained in materials received from enterprises, institutions, public organizations, citizens and other sources.

It should be noted that information obtained as a result of the operation of an automated system that stores and processes official legal information will not be official.

Of great importance, from the point of view of the creation and operation of AIS, is the classification of information by degree of access on open And limited access . The use of this kind of information in automated systems requires the organization of technical and software protection from unauthorized access.

There are classifications of ASPI by type of used technical (what class of computers they operate on), software (what operating system they operate on, what software tools they use), linguistic means, as well as logical and mathematical methods that underlie the information processing process. In addition, automated legal information systems can be classified on demand to the level of user training (for specialists, for a wide range of users).

Experience practical application AIS showed that the most accurate classification corresponding to the purpose of AIS should be considered by degree of difficulty technical, computational, analytical and logical processing of the information used. With this approach to classification, it is possible to most closely link AIS and relevant information technologies.

Accordingly, the following types of AIS can be distinguished:

1. Automated data processing systems (ADS).

2. Automated information retrieval systems (AIRS).

3. Automated information and reference systems (AISS).

4. Automated information and logical systems (AILS).

5. Automated workstations (AWS).

6. Automated control systems (ACS).

7. Automated information support systems (ASIO).

8. Expert Systems (ES) and decision support systems.

Let us dwell on a more detailed description of the types of AIS listed in the classification.

1. Automated data processing systems (ADS) are designed to solve well-structured problems for which input data is available, algorithms are known and standard procedures processing. ASODs are used to automate repetitive routine operations of managerial labor of low-skilled personnel. As independent information systems, ASODs are currently practically not used, but at the same time they are mandatory elements of most complex information systems, such as AISS, automated workplaces, automated control systems. In particular, ASOD OVDs are used for statistical processing of information on specified reporting forms.

2. Under automated information retrieval system (AIRS) in the field of law, we will understand an automated legal information system designed to collect, systematize, store and search for legal information based on user requests.

AIPS are used to accumulate and constantly correct large amounts of information about persons, facts and objects of interest. These systems operate primarily on the “request-response” principle, so information processing in them is mainly associated not with the transformation of primary data, but with their search. A fundamental feature of AIPS is the concept of “information retrieval”.

Information search - this is the process of finding in some set of information that is devoted to the topic (subject) specified in the information request, information about which the user needs.

Automated information retrieval systems are usually divided into documentary and factographic. This division is based on the difference in search objects. In documentary search objects are documents, their copies or bibliographic descriptions. In factual ones, the searched objects can be records characterizing specific facts or phenomena.

3. Automated information and reference system (AISS) in the field of law is an automated legal information system designed to store documented and factual information and issue certificates on narrow thematic sections. A characteristic feature of these systems is the requirement for the absence of information “noise” in the results of data processing. The absence of “noise” is a consequence of very detailed pre-processing of the information arrays entered into the system. It is obvious that such processing should be carried out by specialists in the field within which the information and reference system operates, and manual processing of information significantly limits the subject area of ​​the system.

It has recently become difficult to make a clear distinction between information retrieval and information reference systems.

The use of information retrieval and reference systems for legal information in various fields of activity has its own characteristics and, accordingly, determines specific tasks and requirements that allow us to talk about them not only as a search tool.

There are four main areas of application of these systems:

· systematization and research of legislative problems;

· lawmaking;

· law enforcement practice;

· legal education.

To successfully solve problems of systematization of legislation, a preliminary classification of legal material is necessary. A special role is played by the subject classification of normative acts. This work is carried out on the basis of special thematic classifiers (for example, a general legal classifier of branches of legislation).

It should be noted undeniable advantage automated information retrieval systems when analyzing connections between various regulatory legal acts. This work, quite painstaking if done manually, becomes simple and fast thanks to the presence of hypertext links between documents in many modern systems.

Automated information retrieval systems provide ample opportunities for systematization of legal material: incorporation, codification and consolidation. Chronological and subject incorporation is significantly simplified with the help of automated information retrieval systems that have special chronological and subject classifiers.

The work of making official changes to the text of regulatory legal acts is simplified.

In legislative activities, the use of automated information retrieval systems is also of great importance. These systems play the role of an indispensable assistant for taking into account previous legislation at the stage of developing new regulations. The need to link all newly created normative acts with those already in force, to prevent repetition of the same norms in different legal acts, to recognize certain normative acts as no longer in force is very labor-intensive work. Manual selection of the necessary legal documents can not only take quite a long time, but also lead to the fact that many regulations remain outside the field of view of specialists. Machine search significantly increases the efficiency of preparing new regulations and lists of regulations that have lost force.

Automated information retrieval systems are most widely used in law enforcement.

Obtaining the necessary regulatory legal documents from the media requires a lot of time. This task becomes even more difficult when we are talking about various departmental regulations, which are not always published in periodicals.

With the use of information retrieval systems, the task of quickly selecting the necessary documents is greatly simplified. Moreover, among people working with legal information, the number of specialists who do not have a special legal education has recently increased significantly. Faced with the need to resolve a specific legal issue, many of them do not know what specific regulatory legal acts regulate this issue. Such problems often arise for lawyers who are not specialists in the legal field in question. These difficulties can be avoided by taking advantage of the various search capabilities provided by modern automated legal information systems. Classification systems (chronological, thematic, based on document details, etc.) of such computer databases make it possible to solve many problems at a good level.

4. Automated information and logical systems (AILS) are designed to solve various types of simple logical problems on the basis of systematized legal information. As a result of the operation of systems of this class, not only the search for legal information necessary for solving problems occurs (as in information retrieval systems), but also, with the help of certain logical procedures, the synthesis of new information that is not explicitly contained in the selected legal information. Let us give a more precise definition of such systems.

Information-logical systems of legal information are called automated information legal systems, designed on the basis of a specially systematized array of legal information stored in them, using special logical procedures to solve problems of analyzing legal information.

5.Automated workstations (AWS) — an individual set of hardware and software designed to automate the professional work of a specialist. The automated workplace usually includes: personal computer, printer, plotter, scanner and other devices, as well as application programs designed to solve specific problems from professional activity. The concept of automated workplace is not fully established. Thus, sometimes an automated workplace is understood only as a workstation equipped with all the hardware necessary to perform certain functions.

You can also come across the concept of automated workplace as a conventional name for a software package designed to automate a work process.

Since automated workplaces differ from AISS and AIPS in their developed functionality, the latter can be included in the automated workplace as subsystems.

Typically, there are three ways of constructing workstations depending on the execution structure - individual use, group use and network. It should only be noted that the network method of construction seems to be the most promising, since it allows you to obtain information from remote data banks, up to the federal and international level, as well as exchange information of interest between structural divisions, without resorting to other means of communication.

6. Automated control systems (ACS) — a set of software and hardware designed to automate the management of various objects. The main function of the automated control system is to provide management with information. An automated control system provides automated collection and transmission of information about the controlled object, processing of information and issuance of controlled impacts on the controlled object.

7. Systems in which certain logical algorithms are implemented can be called automated information support system (ASIO).

8. Expert systems (ES) belong to artificial intelligence systems. These systems are capable of accumulating and processing knowledge from a certain subject area, using it to derive new knowledge and solving practical problems based on this knowledge, explaining the progress of the solution. With the help of expert systems, unformalized, poorly structured problems are solved, solution algorithms for which do not exist due to incompleteness, uncertainty, inaccuracy, and vagueness of the situations under consideration and knowledge about them.

From the point of view of systematization of legislation, a system of information and data contained in the rules of law must be implemented in expert systems, in contrast to the systematization of regulatory legal acts in information retrieval systems.

Currently large number expert systems in the field of law have already been created to solve specific legal problems and are functioning successfully. These systems can replace an expert lawyer when solving a certain class of problems. By drawing on the expert knowledge embedded in their information bank data, they explain, argue and draw conclusions.

The functioning of an expert system is associated with solving three main problems:

· problems of transferring knowledge from human experts to a computer system;

· problems of knowledge representation, that is, reconstructing a body of knowledge in a certain legal field and presenting it as a knowledge structure in computer memory;

· problems of using knowledge.

The need for deep and detailed formalization of the decision-making process in order to model it in a computer system leads to the fact that while expert systems of this kind are created by programmers and legal experts to solve specific issues in fairly limited legal areas, that is, they are highly specialized. The users of such systems are legal practitioners who are faced with legal issues outside their area of ​​expertise, and especially non-lawyers.

In the future, expert systems can be effectively used in the practice of systematizing legislation to solve the following problems:

· identifying and eliminating through expert interpretation of conflicting legal regulations in acts of varying legal force;

· identifying and filling legal gaps using analogies of law, analogies of law;

· doctrinal (unofficial) interpretation of rules, concepts, and principles vaguely formulated in legal acts.

The listed types of information systems can be included as components of more complex information formations.

Information Technology are part of the AIS.

Information technology (IT) is a set of methods for processing scattered source data into reliable and operational information for making decisions using hardware and software in order to achieve optimal parameters of the control object.

In the conditions of market relations, the ever-increasing demand for information and information services has led to the fact that information processing technology began to focus on the use of a wide range of technical means and, above all, computers and communications.

On their basis, computer systems and networks of various configurations were created with the aim of not only accumulating, storing, and processing information, but also bringing terminal devices as close as possible to the workplace of a specialist or decision-maker. This was the achievement of many years of IT development.

The development of market relations has led to the emergence of new types of business activities and, above all, to the creation of firms engaged in the information business, the development of information technologies, their improvement, and the distribution of IT components, in particular software products that automate information and computing processes.

IT components also include computer equipment, communications equipment, office equipment and specific types of services - information, technical and consulting service, training, etc.

There is a wide variety of AIS, differing in their focus on the management level, the scope of operation of the economic entity, the particular nature of the management process, the type of supported information resources, architecture, methods of access to the system, etc.

Introduction……………………………………………………………………………….2

1. Information system and its types……………………………………………...3

2. Composition of automated information systems……………………………9

3. Technological process of information processing…………………………….16

4. The role of information technology in the design, operation and modification of information systems………………………………………………………20

5. CASE technologies…………………………………………………………………...22

Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………………...28

List of used literature……………………………………………………………..29

Introduction

The 21st century, which marks the beginning of the third millennium, has challenged humanity in the form of pervasive international communications, the World Wide Web, the Internet, and the emergence of a virtual economy. And who today can say with complete confidence that, leaving the 21st century. will not bring humanity a more serious threat in the form of the emergence of “machine (i.e., electronic) intelligence” and “human-machine” economy? XXI century provides us with an opportunity to look at the development of the economy since its inception, and also to take an intelligent look at the future of the economy and humanity.

Using communication means, you can, without leaving your home, manage production lines or the financial and commercial activities of an enterprise, maintain accounting records, study remotely at an educational institution, read books in the library, buy goods, make banking, stock exchange and other financial transactions. , etc. Appearance at the end of the 20th century. Information technology has led to the emergence of the most profitable business - the interactive business.

It can be said with complete confidence that in the middle of the 21st century. the leaders of the world economy and international trade will be those countries that will have high technology and high-tech industries. This means that the export of Russian oil, minerals, trade in weapons and heavy engineering products by Russian firms will occupy one of the lowest places in international trade and will no longer provide the income that Russia had at the end of the 20th century.

In a market economy, the approach to management is radically changing, from functional to business-oriented, and the role of information technology is radically changing. A focus on business process-based management provides a competitive advantage for an organization in highly competitive environments, and business process-based management cannot be effectively implemented without the use of information technologies and systems.

1. Information system and its types.

Information system is an interconnected set of means, methods and personnel used to store, process and issue information in the interests of achieving a set goal. The modern understanding of an information system involves the use of a computer as the main technical means of processing information. It is necessary to understand the difference between computers and information systems. Computers equipped with specialized software are the technical basis and tool for information systems. An information system is unthinkable without personnel interacting with computers and telecommunications.

In the legal and regulatory sense, an information system is defined as “an organizationally ordered set of documents (an array of documents) and information technologies, including the use of computer technology and communications that implement information processes” [RF Law “On Information, Informatization and Information Protection” dated February 20, 1995, No. 24-FZ].

The processes that ensure the operation of an information system for any purpose can be conventionally represented as consisting of the following blocks:
entering information from external or internal sources;
processing input information and presenting it in a convenient form;
outputting information for presentation to consumers or transfer to another system;
Feedback is information processed by people of a given organization to correct input information.

In general, information systems are defined by the following properties:
1) any information system can be analyzed, built and managed on the basis of general principles for building systems;
2) the information system is dynamic and developing;
3) when building an information system, it is necessary to use systematic approach;

4) the output of the information system is the information on the basis of which decisions are made;

5) the information system should be perceived as a human-machine information processing system.

The introduction of information systems can contribute to:
obtaining more rational options for solving management problems through the introduction of mathematical methods; freeing workers from routine work due to its automation; ensuring the reliability of information; improving the structure information flows(including document management system); providing consumers with unique services; reducing costs for the production of products and services (including information).

The type of information system depends on whose interests it serves and at what level of management. Based on the nature of the presentation and logical organization of stored information, information systems are divided into factual, documentary and geoinformation systems.

Factual Information Systems accumulate and store data in the form of multiple instances of one or several types of structural elements (information objects). Each of these instances or some combination of them reflects information on a fact or event separately from all other information and facts.

In documentary (documented) information systems A single element of information is a document that is not divided into smaller elements, and information during input (input document), as a rule, is not structured, or is structured in a limited form. For the entered document, some formalized positions can be set (date of production, artist, subject).

In geographic information systems the data is organized in the form of separate information objects (with a certain set of details) linked to a common electronic topographical basis ( electronic map). Geographic information systems are used for information support in those subject areas in which the structure of information objects and processes has a spatial-geographical component (transport routes, utilities).

In Fig. 1.1 presents the classification of information systems according to the characteristics of their functional subsystems.

Rice. 1.1. Classification of information systems according to functional criteria.

In the economic practice of production and commercial facilities, the typical types of activities that determine the functional attribute of the classification of information systems are production, marketing, financial, and personnel activities.

Classification of information systems by management levels
Highlight:
operational (operational) level information systems – accounting, bank deposits, order processing, ticket registration, salary payments; information system for specialists – office automation, knowledge processing (including expert systems);
tactical level information systems (middle management) – monitoring, administration, control, decision making;
strategic information systems – formulation of goals, strategic planning.

Operational (operational) level information systems
The operational level information system supports executive specialists by processing data on transactions and events (invoices, invoices, salaries, loans, flow of raw materials). The purpose of the information system at this level is to respond to queries about the current status and monitor the flow of transactions in the company, which corresponds to operational management. To cope with this, the information system must be easily accessible, continuously available and provide accurate information. The operational level information system is the link between the company and the external environment.

Information systems of specialists. Information systems at this level help specialists working with data, increase the productivity and productivity of engineers and designers. The task of such information systems is to integrate new information into the organization and assist in the processing of paper documents.
Information systems office automation Due to their simplicity and versatility, they are actively used by employees of any organizational level. They are most often used by semi-skilled workers: accountants, secretaries, and clerks. The main goal is data processing, increasing the efficiency of their work and simplifying clerical work.

These systems perform the following functions: processing texts on computers using various word processors; production of high-quality printed products; archiving of documents;
electronic calendars and notebooks for maintaining business information; email and audiomail; video and teleconferences.

Information systems for knowledge processing, including expert systems, absorb the knowledge necessary for engineers, lawyers, scientists when developing or creating a new product. Their job is to create new information and new knowledge.

Tactical level information systems (middle level)
The main functions of these information systems are: comparison of current indicators with past indicators; preparation of periodic reports for certain time(rather than issuing reports on current events, as at the operational level); providing access to archival information, etc.

Decision support systems serve semi-structured tasks, the results of which are difficult to predict in advance (they have a more powerful analytical apparatus with several models). Information is obtained from management and operational information systems. Characteristics of decision support systems:
provide solutions to problems whose development is difficult to predict;
equipped with sophisticated modeling and analysis tools;
allow you to easily change the formulation of the problems being solved and the input data;
are flexible and easily adapt to changing conditions several times a day; have technology that is as user-oriented as possible.

Strategic information systems. Strategic Information System- a computer information system that provides decision support for the implementation of long-term strategic development goals of the organization. There are situations when the new quality of information systems forced to change not only the structure, but also the profile of companies, promoting their prosperity. However, in this case, an undesirable psychological situation may arise associated with the automation of certain functions and types of work, since this may put some of the workers in a difficult situation.

Other classifications of information systems.

Classification by degree of automation. Depending on the degree of automation of information processes in the company's management system, information systems are defined as manual, automatic, automated.

Manual information systems are characterized by the lack of modern technical means of information processing and all operations are performed by humans. For example, about the activities of a manager in a company where there are no computers, we can say that he works with a manual information system.

Automatic information systems perform all information processing operations without human participation.

Automated information systems involve the participation of both humans and technical means in the process of information processing, with the main role assigned to the computer. In the modern interpretation, the term “information system” necessarily includes the concept of an automated system. Automated information systems, given their widespread use in organizing management processes, have various modifications and can be classified, for example, by the nature of the use of information and the scope of application.

Classification by the nature of information use
Information retrieval systems They enter, systematize, store, and issue information at the user’s request without complex data transformations (information retrieval system in the library, railway and air ticket offices).

Information decision systems carry out all information processing operations according to a specific algorithm. Among them, a classification can be made according to the degree of influence of the generated resultant information on the decision-making process and two classes can be distinguished - governing and advising systems.

Management information systems produce information on the basis of which a person makes a decision. These systems are characterized by the type of tasks of a computational nature and the processing of large volumes of data. An example would be a system for operational production planning and an accounting system.

Advising information systems produce information that is taken into account by a person and does not immediately turn into a series of specific actions. These systems have a higher degree of intelligence, since they are characterized by processing knowledge rather than data.

Classification by scope of application. Information systems organizational management designed to automate the functions of management personnel. Information systems process management serve to automate the functions of production personnel. Information systems computer-aided design designed to automate the functions of design engineers, designers, architects, designers when creating new equipment or technology.
Integrated (corporate) information systems are used to automate all functions of the company and cover the entire cycle of work from design to product sales.

Classification by method of organization. According to the method of organization, group and corporate information systems are divided into the following classes:

Systems based on file-server architecture;

Systems based on client-server architecture;

Systems based on multi-level architecture;

Systems based on Internet/Intranet technologies.

2. Composition of automated information systems.

As a rule, the AIS includes:

· information resources presented in the form of databases (knowledge bases) storing data about objects, the connection between which is specified by certain rules;

· a formal logical-mathematical system, implemented in the form of software modules that provide input, processing, search and output of the necessary information;

· an interface that allows the user to communicate with the system in a form convenient for him and allows him to work with database information;

· personnel determining the functioning of the system, planning the procedure for setting tasks and achieving goals;

· complex of technical means.

The composition of AIS is shown in Fig. 1.5.

Information resources include machine and non-machine information. Machine information is presented in the form of databases, knowledge bases, data banks. Databases (banks) of data can be centralized or distributed.

Rice. 1.5. Composition of AIS

The complex of technical means (CTS) includes a set of computer equipment (computers of different levels, operator workstations, communication channels, spare elements and instruments) and a special complex (means for obtaining information about the state of the control object, local means regulation, actuators, sensors and devices for monitoring and adjusting technical means).

Software(software) consists of general software (operating systems, local and global networks and complexes of maintenance programs, special computing programs) and special software (organizing programs and programs that implement monitoring and control algorithms).

Personnel and instructional and methodological materials constitute the organizational support of the system.

Procedures and technologies are developed on the basis of logical-mathematical models and algorithms that form the basis of the mathematical software of the system, and are implemented using software and hardware, as well as an interface that provides user access to information.

For example, an expert system (ES) includes:

· an interface that allows you to transfer information to the database and contact the system with a question or explanation;

· working memory (DB), which stores data about objects;

· dispatcher who determines the order of operation of the ES;

· inference machine - a formal logical system implemented in the form of a software module;

· Knowledge base (KB) - a collection of all available information about a subject area, recorded using formal knowledge representation structures (a set of rules, frames, semantic networks).

The most important component of the ES is the explanation block. It allows the user to ask questions and get reasonable answers.

AIS structure. Functional and supporting subsystems

Structure - a certain internal structure of the system.
Based on the definition that an information system is an interconnected set of tools, methods and personnel used for collecting, storing, processing and issuing information in order to solve assigned problems, its structure should be considered as a set of subsystems organized in a certain way that ensure the implementation of these processes.

AIS consists, as a rule, of functional and supporting parts, each of which has its own structure.

Function is a manifestation of the interaction of the system with the external environment. Manifestation of function in time called functioning.

The functional part is a set of subsystems that depend on the characteristics of the automated control system. These subsystems are divided according to a certain characteristic (functional or structural) and combine the corresponding sets of management tasks.

The supporting part is a set of information, mathematical, software, technical, legal, organizational, methodological, ergonomic, metrological support.

The structure of the AIS is shown in Fig. 1.6.

Supporting part.

AIS information support is a set of databases and operating system files, format and lexical databases, as well as language tools intended for entering, processing, searching and presenting information in the form required by the consumer

AIS functions are divided into information, control, protective and auxiliary.

Information functions implement the collection, processing and presentation of information about the state of the automated object to operational personnel or the transfer of this information for subsequent processing. These can be the following functions: measurement of parameters, control, calculation of parameters, generation and delivery of data to operational personnel or related systems, assessment and forecast of the state of the plant and its elements.

Control functions develop and implement control actions on the control object. These include: parameter regulation, logical influence, program logical control, mode control, adaptive control.

Protective functions can be technological and emergency.

When implementing functions automatically, the following modes are distinguished:

· interactive (staff has the opportunity to influence the development of recommendations for managing the facility using software and CTS);

· advisor (staff decides to use recommendations issued by the system);

· manual (personnel makes management decisions based on control and measurement information).

The above diagram of the AIS structure is implemented mainly in information and reference, information and retrieval systems. The structure of more complex systems is essentially an AIMS, i.e. AIS control, automated control system different levels and appointments.

For example, AIS “Tax” is a system of organizational management of the State Tax Service bodies. This is a multi-level system that:

· first (highest) level (President of the Russian Federation, Government of the Russian Federation, State Tax Service of the Russian Federation) - methodological guidance and control over taxation for various types of taxes at the country level;

· second level (Tax Services of Territories and Regions, Tax Services of the Republics, Tax Services of Moscow and St. Petersburg) - methodological guidance and control over taxation for various types of taxes at the territorial level;

· third level (Tax inspectorates of districts, Tax inspectorates of cities, Tax inspectorates of urban areas) - direct interaction with taxpayers.

In the tax system, the management process is informational. AIS of the tax service consists of supporting and functional parts.

The supporting part includes information, software, technical and other types of support characteristic of organizational-type AIS.

The functional part reflects the subject area and is a set of subsystems that depend on the features of the automated control system. Each level of AIS has its own set of functional support.

So, at the second level, the structure of the system looks like this (Fig. 1.7).

Rice. 1.7. Structure of the AIS “Tax” (second level)

The subsystem of methodological, auditing and legal activities ensures work with legislative acts, regulations, decrees and other government documents, as well as with regulatory and methodological documents of the State Tax Service of the Russian Federation. The subsystem collects, processes and analyzes information received from territorial tax inspectorates.

The control activity subsystem ensures documentary inspection of enterprises and maintenance of the State Register of enterprises and individuals. The Register of Enterprises contains official registration information about enterprises (legal entities), and the Register of Individuals contains information about taxpayers required to submit income tax returns and pay certain types of taxes from individuals.

The subsystem of analytical activities of the State Tax Inspectorates (STI) provides for the analysis of the dynamics of tax payments, forecasting the amount of collection of certain types of taxes, economic and statistical analysis economic activities of enterprises in the region, identification of enterprises subject to documentary inspection, analysis of tax legislation and development of recommendations for its improvement, analysis of the activities of territorial tax inspectorates.

The subsystem of intradepartmental tasks solves problems that ensure the activities of the State Tax Inspectorate and includes office work, accounting, logistics, and work with personnel.

The subsystem for preparing standard reporting forms generates summary tables of statistical indicators that characterize typical activities of the State Tax Inspectorate at the regional level in collecting various types of tax payments, and controls this process.

The structure of the system at the third level includes the following functional subsystems:

· registration of enterprises;

· desk check;

· maintaining personal cards of enterprises;

· analysis of the state of the enterprise;

· documentary check;

· maintaining regulatory documentation;

· intradepartmental tasks;

· processing of documents of individuals.

It does not seem appropriate to describe these subsystems in detail here.

Note that functional subsystems consist of sets of tasks that are characterized by a certain economic content and the achievement of a specific goal. In a set of tasks, various primary documents are used and output documents are compiled based on interconnected calculation algorithms, which are based on methodological materials, regulatory documents, instructions, etc.

Considering AIS as an information automated enterprise management system (ACMS), for example, we can imagine its structure as shown in Fig. 1.8.

Rice. 1.8. Automatic control system structure

There may be other functional subsystems.

An automated control system, like any control system, can be conveniently considered as a certain set of processes and objects (interrelated elements). Each of the subsystems is separate and can be considered as a part (subsystem) of a higher-level system.

The automated control system is built according to the hierarchical principle (multi-level subordination) of interconnection, both in terms of structural location and distribution of management functions. The system can be represented as a composition of subsystems at various levels. To obtain the elementary components of the system, its decomposition is performed, forming a metasystem tree on which subsystems of various levels are distinguished.

Decomposition is carried out according to functions or composition of elements (data, information, documents, technical means, organizational units, etc.).

3.Technological process of information processing.

Automated processing technology economic information is built on the following principles:

Integration of data processing and the ability of users to work in the operating conditions of automated systems for centralized storage and collective use of data (data banks);

Distributed data processing based on developed transmission systems;

A rational combination of centralized and decentralized management and organization of computer systems;

Modeling and formalized description of data, procedures for their transformation, functions and jobs of performers;

Taking into account the specific features of the object in which machine processing of economic information is implemented.

The entire technological process can be divided into processes for collecting and entering initial data into a computer system, processes for placing data and storing it in the system’s memory, processes for processing data in order to obtain results, and processes for issuing data in a form convenient for user perception.

The technological process can be divided into 4 major stages:

1. - initial or primary (collection of initial data, their registration and transfer to the computer);

2. - preparatory (reception, control, registration of input information and transferring it to computer media);

3. - basic (direct information processing);

4. - final (control, release and transmission of resulting information, its reproduction and storage).

Depending on the technical means used and the requirements for information processing technology, the composition of the technological process operations also changes. For example: information on a computer can arrive at MN prepared for input into a computer or be transmitted via communication channels from the place of its origin.

Data collection and recording operations are carried out using various means.

There are:

─mechanized;

List of used literature

1. CIT course “Internet technologies in projects with plastic cards.” V. Zavaleev, “Center”, 1998.

2. “Information Technologies: Theory and practice of advertising in Russia.” I. Krylov, “Center”, 1996.

3. "Network Magazine", No. 10, 1999.

4. “PC WEEK”, No. 6, 1998.

5. Information from the Website “Electronic payment systems”, http://www.emoney.ru

6. Information from the Website “Bank of Abstracts”, http://www.bankreferatov.ru

7. Automated information technologies in economics: Textbook. for universities/Ed. G.A. Titorenko, 2006.

8. Aliev V.S., Information technologies and financial management systems, 2007.

9. Fedorova G.V., Information technologies of accounting, analysis and audit, 2006.

10. G.N. Isaev, Information systems in economics, 2008.

11. Automated information technologies in economics: Textbook. for universities / M.I. Semenov, I.T. Trubilin, V.I. Loiko, T.P. Baranovskaya;Under the general name. Ed. I.T. Trubilina. - M.: Finance and Statistics, 2003.-416 p.

12. Kozyrev A.A. Information technologies in economics and management: Textbook, 2001.

13. Romanets Yu.V. Protection of information in computer systems and networks. / Ed. V.F. Shangina. M.: Radio and communication, 2001.-376 p.