Internet publication about high technologies. Abstract: Information technology in production

Computers have become firmly established in production activities, and currently there is no need to prove the feasibility of using computer technology in process control systems, design, scientific research, administrative management, in educational process, banking, healthcare, service industries, etc. The rapid development of information technologies over the past decades is due to the high need of society for them, primarily the needs of production. Many tasks that once required monotonous and long work, it became possible to solve using a computer in a matter of minutes, which greatly simplified life and helped save working hours and successfully helps reduce various types of production costs. The use of modern information technologies becomes possible even where, it would seem, they could never complement or even completely replace the work of a specialist.

The introduction of automation systems in production helps to significantly reduce the number of hired workers, giving preference to several specialists in the field of information technology, who will be able to solve most production problems. In most cases, this approach allows for significant cost savings, despite high level salaries of such specialists. By all indicators, automated production wins, so it is important for a modern specialist not only to know about the existence of automation systems, but also to be able to work with them perfectly.

The purpose of this work is to familiarize yourself with existing information technologies used in production. Consideration of the basic information systems of production automation has been relevant for many years, since approximately the middle of the 20th century, and the relevance of this problem will remain high for a long period, since changes in this area are closely related to constant innovations in information technology and science. In recent years there have been significant changes in the field of creation and development of information systems: initially information systems were used only in large-volume production, for example, in engineering or defense plants. The gradual popularization and accessibility of computers made it possible to use information systems in less on a large scale, while giving an incentive for the development of the logical part of the systems themselves, which will be shown below using the example of the evolution of the MRP information system into the MRPII system, it is also impossible not to notice the emergence of ERP, which made a significant contribution.

During the work, the principles of information systems for production automation, as well as some software for their implementation. Thus, it will be possible to highlight several of the most successful and most frequently used systems today.

Production control automation systems

Successful production always depends on equally successful management. It is on the shoulders of managers that high responsibility lies for organizing production processes that will generate profit for the company as a whole. Nowadays, there are about twenty basic modern theories of production automation, which are based on modern information technologies. Each approach has its pros and cons in certain conditions, so it is useful to consider each of them. It is also impossible not to notice that some automation systems appeared in the process of modernizing previously existing systems, but this did not lead to a complete abandonment of the original developments. For example, an ERP system (enterprise resource planning system) is a logical continuation of material requirements planning systems (MRP systems) and manufacturing resource planning systems (MRPII systems). The choice of a specific information system for production automation depends on many factors, among which are: volume, type, purpose, need for automation. Using the example of the above-mentioned ERP systems, we can say that it is unlikely that it will be useful for small-scale production to spend time on implementing such a large-scale information system, which, with a small level of enterprise development, will only take up the time of specialists, leading to deterioration in performance. The right choice a suitable information system for production is a difficult and very important decision, especially at the time of the formation of a company, when orientation to a certain automation model can determine the formation of the entire production. Complex systems, providing maximum control in numerous areas, not only may not be in demand, but also serve as one of the significant items of expenditure, which is very undesirable in most cases. One of initial systems, combining successful management methods and low implementation costs, is a materials requirements planning system.

MRP (MaterialRequirementsPlanning) system – material requirements planning

In the middle of the 20th century, many manufacturers faced quite serious problems of untimely supply of resources, which led to a decrease in production performance and the accumulation of large amounts of materials in warehouses. The main task of MRP is to ensure that every element of production, every component is in right time in the right quantity. This is ensured by the formation of a sequence of production operations that allows the timely production of products to be correlated with the established production plan. This approach is also designed to ensure a minimum amount of inventory in the warehouse. In a simplified form, the initial information for the MRP system is represented by production schedules, bills of materials, product composition, and inventory status. Based on the input data, the MRP system performs the following basic operations:

· according to the production schedule data, the number of final products is determined for each planning time period;

· spare parts that are not included in the production schedule are added to the composition of the final products;

· for the production schedule and spare parts, the total need for material resources is determined in accordance with the bill of materials and the composition of the product, distributed by planning time periods;

· the total demand for materials is adjusted taking into account the state of inventories for each planning period;

· Orders for replenishment of inventories are generated taking into account the required lead time.

The result of the MRP system is a schedule for the supply of material resources for production (the need for each accounting unit of materials and components for each period of time). To implement the supply schedule, the system creates an order schedule based on time periods. It is used to place orders to suppliers of materials and components or for planning self-made with the possibility of making adjustments during the production process. MRP class systems in terms of price/quality ratio are suitable for small enterprises where management functions are limited to accounting (accounting, warehouse, operational), inventory management in warehouses and personnel management.

The age of this system imposes certain disadvantages that were inappropriate to solve within its framework. The most important disadvantage of MRP systems is the large amount of input data processing compared to the amount of information in general and the results. If you want to switch to frequent but small orders, within the framework of MRP systems it is unlikely that you will be able to find the optimal plan for the costs of order processing and transportation, since the system was originally developed for large enterprises with orders in the thousands (large US engineering plants).

Microsoft Business Solutions-Navision, developed since the early 1980s, was once a popular software for MRP systems. Today, the program complex has grown into Microsoft Dynamics NAV, where the MRP module is a separate plug-in module.

Test

By discipline Information Technology

Topic: Information technologies in production

Introduction 3

Production control automation systems 5

MRP (Material Requirements Planning) system – material requirements planning 6

MRP II (Manufacturing Resource Planning) system – production resource planning 8

APS (Advanced Planning and Scheduling) system - advanced planning 11

JIT (Just In Time) system – just on time 13

ERP systems 17

Conclusion 22

Glossary of basic terms used 26

Introduction

The introduction of automation systems in production helps to significantly reduce the number of hired workers, giving preference to several specialists in the field of information technology, who will be able to solve most production problems. In most cases, this approach allows for significant cost savings, despite the high level of salaries of such specialists. By all indicators, automated production wins, so it is important for a modern specialist not only to know about the existence of automation systems, but also to be able to work with them perfectly.

The purpose of this work is to familiarize yourself with existing information technologies used in production. Consideration of the basic information systems of production automation has been relevant for many years, approximately since the middle of the 20th century, and the relevance of this problem will remain high for a long period, since changes in this area are closely related to constant innovations in information technology and science. In recent years, significant changes have occurred in the field of creation and development of information systems: initially, information systems were used only in large-volume production, for example, in engineering or defense plants. The gradual popularization and accessibility of computers made it possible to use information systems on a smaller scale, while providing an incentive for the development of the logical part of the systems themselves, which will be shown below using the example of the evolution of the MRP information system into the MRPII system; one also cannot fail to notice the emergence of ERP, which has made a significant contribution contribution.

During the work, the principles of information systems for production automation, as well as some software tools for their implementation, will be considered. Thus, it will be possible to highlight several of the most successful and most frequently used systems today.

Production control automation systems

Successful production always depends on equally successful management. It is on the shoulders of managers that high responsibility lies for organizing production processes that will generate profit for the company as a whole. Nowadays, there are about twenty basic modern theories of production automation, which are based on modern information technologies. Each approach has its pros and cons in certain conditions, so it is useful to consider each of them. It is also impossible not to notice that some automation systems appeared in the process of modernizing previously existing systems, but this did not lead to a complete abandonment of the original developments. For example, an ERP system (enterprise resource planning system) is a logical continuation of material requirements planning systems (MRP systems) and manufacturing resource planning systems (MRP II systems). The choice of a specific information system for production automation depends on many factors, among which are: volume, type, purpose, need for automation. Using the example of the above-mentioned ERP systems, we can say that it is unlikely that it will be useful for small-scale production to spend time on implementing such a large-scale information system, which, with a small level of enterprise development, will only take up the time of specialists, leading to deterioration in performance. The correct choice of a suitable information system for production is a difficult and very important decision, especially at the time of the formation of a company, when orientation to a certain automation model can determine the formation of the entire production. Complex systems that provide maximum control in numerous areas may not only turn out to be unclaimed, but also serve as one of the significant cost items, which is highly undesirable in most cases. One of the initial systems that combines successful management methods and low implementation costs is the materials requirements planning system.

MRP (Material Requirements Planning) system – material requirements planning

In the middle of the 20th century, many manufacturers faced quite serious problems of untimely supply of resources, which led to a decrease in production performance and the accumulation of large amounts of materials in warehouses. The main task of MRP is to ensure that every element of production, every component is available at the right time in the right quantity. This is ensured by the formation of a sequence of production operations that allows the timely production of products to be correlated with the established production plan. This approach is also designed to ensure a minimum amount of inventory in the warehouse. In a simplified form, the initial information for the MRP system is represented by production schedules, bills of materials, product composition, and inventory status. Based on the input data, the MRP system performs the following basic operations:

according to the production schedule data, the number of final products is determined for each planning time period;

spare parts that are not included in the production schedule are added to the composition of the final products;

for the production schedule and spare parts, the total need for material resources is determined in accordance with the bill of materials and the composition of the product, distributed by planning time periods;

the total material requirement is adjusted taking into account the stock status for each planning time period;

Orders for replenishment of inventories are generated taking into account the required lead time.

The result of the MRP system is a schedule for the supply of material resources for production (the need for each accounting unit of materials and components for each period of time). To implement the supply schedule, the system creates an order schedule based on time periods. It is used to place orders to suppliers of materials and components or to plan self-production with the ability to make adjustments during the production process. MRP class systems in terms of price/quality ratio are suitable for small enterprises where management functions are limited to accounting (accounting, warehouse, operational), inventory management in warehouses and personnel management.

MRP II (Manufacturing Resource Planning) system – production resource planning

The MRP system was replaced by a manufacturing resource planning system called MRP II to emphasize the interconnectedness of the systems. IN new system attention was paid to a much larger number of factors, which made it possible to significantly expand the scope of application and increase performance. The transition from one system to another was caused not only by visible shortcomings in the original MRP system, but also by the constantly increasing computer power. Over time, calculations of more complex and multi-level operations became possible on relatively cheap computers, which created an increasing interest in constant improvements to information systems. Unlike MRP, in the MRP II system planning is carried out not only in material, but also in monetary terms, which allows you to cover a much larger number of various indicators. MRP II is still today a method for effectively planning all resources of a manufacturing company. Some industries have still not abandoned the use of the MRP II scheme, considering it the optimal information system. Ideally, operational planning is performed in natural units of measurement, financial planning is carried out in cost units, and contains modeling capabilities to answer the questions “what will happen if ...?” The model consists of many processes, each of which is related to the others: business planning, production planning (sales and operations planning), master production schedule development, materials requirements planning, capacity requirements planning and support systems for capacity and materials performance control . The output of such systems is integrated with financial reports such as the business plan, purchasing agreement report, shipping budget and inventory forecast in value terms.” As you can see, the difference between the two models is noticeable, since MRP II operates with a much larger number of indicators. The differences between MRP and MRP II can be represented in the form of a visual diagram:

Figure 1 shows a diagram of the MRP II model, in which the elements of the MRP system are highlighted using an oval. As you can see, the transition from the first automation model to the second significantly expands the boundaries of the processed data, which makes it possible to organize production in an optimal way. The MRP II model is sensitive to changes in demand in the short term, which distinguishes it from its predecessor. The MRP II system software standard includes 16 sequential functions:

sales and production planning;

demand management;

drawing up a production plan;

planning needs for raw materials and materials;

product specifications;

warehouse subsystem;

shipment of finished products;

production management at the shop level;

production capacity planning;

entry/exit control;

logistics;

distribution network inventory planning;

planning and management of tools;

financial planning;

modeling;

performance evaluation.

The advantages of the model include a reduction in inventories, improved customer service, leading to increased sales, an increase in worker productivity, a uniform reduction in purchasing costs, a reduction in overtime work, and a reduction in transportation costs at an increased rate.

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Any enterprise, institution, organization in the course of its activities has to constantly deal with large flows of information: international, economic, political, competitive, technological, market, social, etc. At the same time, from the many flows of information it is necessary to select what corresponds to the goals set . High-quality information makes the actions of specialists in various fields of the economy purposeful and effective, and here the most important role belongs to the effective use of modern IT.

The purpose of the functioning of information technology is the production, using modern computer technology, of information intended for human analysis and making management decisions on this basis.

The tasks of information technology include:

* collection of data or primary information;
* data processing and obtaining information results;
* transferring the results of information to the user for making decisions based on it.

IN modern conditions information technologies are of strategic importance for the development of society as a whole. This is due to the following provisions:

1) IT allows you to activate and effectively use information resources societies, which today are the most important strategic factor in its development;
2) IT makes it possible to optimize and, in many cases, automate information processes, which in recent years have occupied everything bigger place in the life of human society;
3) information processes are important elements other more complex production or social processes;
4) IT plays exclusively today important role in providing information interaction between people, as well as in systems for the preparation and dissemination of mass information;
5) IT today occupies a central place in the process of intellectualization of society, the development of its educational system and culture;
6) IT currently plays a key role in the processes of obtaining and accumulating new knowledge;
7) the fundamental importance of IT development for the modern stage of development of society lies in the fact that their use can provide significant assistance in solving global problems humanity and, above all, problems associated with the need to overcome the global crisis of civilization experienced by the world community. Modern information technology cannot exist separately from the technical (computer) environment, i.e. from basic information technology, which is understood as hardware (technical) tools designed to organize the process of processing data (information, knowledge), as well as hardware (technical) means intended for organizing communication and transferring data (information, knowledge).

With the advent of computers, specialists working in a wide variety of subject areas (banking, insurance, accounting, statistics, etc.) have the opportunity to use information technology. In this regard, the need arose to define the concept of the previously existing traditional (inherent in one or another subject area) technologies for converting source information into the required result. Thus, the concept of subject technology appeared. It must be remembered that subject technology and information technology influence each other.

Subject technology is understood as a sequence of technological stages for converting primary information into resultant information in a specific subject area, independent of the use of computer technology and information technology.

Information technologies can differ significantly in different subject areas and computer environments, distinguish such concepts as enabling and functional technologies. Enabling information technologies are information processing technologies that can be used as tools in various subject areas to solve various problems. They can be based on completely different platforms. This is due to the presence of different computing and technological environments. Therefore, when they are combined on the basis of subject technology, the problem of system integration arises, which consists in the need to bring various IT systems to a single standard interface.

Functional information technology is a modification of supporting information technologies in which any of the subject technologies is implemented. Thus, functional information technology forms a finished software product (or part of it) designed to automate tasks in a specific subject area and a given technical environment.

The transformation (modification) of providing information technology into functional technology can be performed not only by a specialist system developer, but also by the user himself. This depends on the skill of the user and the complexity of the modification required. Depending on the type of information being processed, information technologies can be focused on:

* data processing (for example, database management systems, spreadsheets, algorithmic languages, programming systems, etc.);
* processing of text information (for example, word processors, hypertext systems, etc.);
* graphics processing (for example, tools for working with raster graphics, tools for working with vector graphics);
* processing of animation, video, sound (tools for creating multimedia applications);
* knowledge processing (expert systems).

It should be remembered that modern information technologies can form integrated systems that include the processing of various types of information.

The technology for processing information on a computer may consist of a predetermined sequence of operations and not require user intervention in the processing process. IN in this case There is no dialogue with the user and the information will be processed in batch processing mode. At the same time, economic problems solved in batch mode are characterized by the following properties:

* the algorithm for solving the problem is completely formalized and the process of solving it does not require human intervention;
* there is a large amount of input and output data, a significant part of which is stored on magnetic media;
* calculation is performed for most records of input files;
*required big time to solve a problem, which is due to large volumes of data;
* there are strict regulations for processing information, i.e. tasks are solved at a given frequency.

In the event that direct interaction between the user and the computer is necessary, in which the user receives immediate actions from the computer for each of his actions, an interactive mode of information processing is used. The dialog mode is not an alternative to the batch mode, but its development. If the use of batch mode allows to reduce user intervention in the process of solving a problem, then the dialog mode assumes the absence of a strictly fixed sequence of data processing operations (if it is not determined by the subject technology).

When introducing modern information technologies into an organization, two interrelated goals are pursued:

* reducing costs in the organization;
*increased output, increased productivity.

This is achieved through the use of the natural specificity of IT, which is manifested in the following aspects.

1. Increased labor productivity. It relates to the speed, cost and quality of performing routine tasks. To increase labor productivity in organizations they use computer systems reference and regulatory information, document flow, corporate systems enterprise scale - allowing managers and employees to carry out in a short time those actions that took days and weeks just a few decades ago.
2. Increasing business competitiveness. This is possible, for example, by recording information about weekly deliveries and returns of products from each seller. After this, the program determines the income from each seller, compares the results obtained, grouping them by segments, etc. After this, the optimal product range for each segment is determined, which allows increasing the income of distributors and retailers.
3. Integration of financial information. When a manager tries to evaluate a company's performance, he may encounter different managers' assessments of the same problem. For example, the finance department provides its own version of the income statement, and the sales department provides its own.

Other divisions can also show their options for what their contribution to the business is. Unified system creates one final version of the report, which cannot be disputed by anyone, since everyone uses the same information system.

4. Fast order service. In modern IT for enterprises, an order lives its entire life - from the moment it appears until the minute when the goods are shipped to the client, and the accounting department issues an invoice to him. Having information in one system, and not “spread out” across many various applications, it is easier for a company to track an order and coordinate production, warehousing and shipping across all departments at the same time.
5. Standardization and acceleration of the production process. Large manufacturing companies, especially those targeting acquisitions and mergers, often find that multiple divisions of the company are doing the same thing using different methods and various computer systems. Modern information technologies are based on standard methods automation of certain steps of the production process.
7. Optimization warehouse stocks. Modern IT contributes to the fact that production process proceeds in a regulated manner (without failures), the process of order fulfillment within the company is improved. The company can now stock fewer raw materials needed to produce a product and store fewer finished products in warehouses. In order to radically improve the entire supply chain, a special module can be used, which is included in the standard configuration of most systems today.
8. Standardization of personnel information. In companies with a large number HR departments across different business units often do not have a single unified methodology for tracking staff time and working with them. Enterprise-scale systems with HR modules can correct this situation. Modern information technology in economics is aimed at creating various types of reports: regulated and special.

They may take the form of summative, comparative and extraordinary reports. Formed regularly and/or on request, etc. The purpose of information technology used in economics and business management is to satisfy the information needs of all, without exception, employees of the company dealing with decision-making. This technology is focused on working in a management information system environment. Management information systems are ideal for meeting similar information needs of employees of different functional subsystems (divisions) or levels of company management. The information they provide contains information about the past, present and probable future of the company. This information takes the form of regular or special management reports.

Thus, the need and relevance of automation information processes in economics is as follows:

* timely information services on rapidly developing commodity and financial markets;
* increased need for development automated systems information processing and management;
* the quantity and quality of information products is differentiated and increased;
* views and approaches to assessing the role of information in modern society;
* requirements for the content and forms of data presentation are increasing;
* the time between the execution of business transactions and their information display necessary for decision-making is reduced;
* accelerated pace of development of the informatization industry itself in the global economic space;
* transformation of activities for the development and implementation of software technologies into one of the types of business:
* availability of computer hardware and software as a product of the domestic computer market.

information technology system economics

Computers have firmly entered into production activities, and at present there is no need to prove the feasibility of using computer technology in process control systems, design, scientific research, administrative management, in the educational process, banking, healthcare, service industries, etc. The rapid development of information technologies over the past decades is due to the high need of society for them, primarily the needs of production. Many tasks that once required monotonous and lengthy work can now be solved using a computer in a matter of minutes, which has greatly simplified life, helped save working time and successfully helps reduce various types of production costs. The use of modern information technologies becomes possible even where, it would seem, they could never complement or even completely replace the work of a specialist. The introduction of automation systems in production helps to significantly reduce the number of hired workers, giving preference to several specialists in the field of information technology, who will be able to solve most production problems. In most cases, this approach allows for significant cost savings, despite the high level of salaries of such specialists. By all indicators, automated production wins, so it is important for a modern specialist not only to know about the existence of automation systems, but also to be able to work with them perfectly. The purpose of this work is to familiarize yourself with existing information technologies used in production. Consideration of the basic information systems of production automation has been relevant for many years, approximately since the middle of the 20th century, and the relevance of this problem will remain high for a long period, since changes in this area are closely related to constant innovations in information technology and science. In recent years, significant changes have occurred in the field of creation and development of information systems: initially, information systems were used only in large-volume production, for example, in engineering or defense plants. The gradual popularization and accessibility of computers made it possible to use information systems on a smaller scale, while providing an incentive for the development of the logical part of the systems themselves, which will be shown below using the example of the evolution of the MRP information system into the MRPII system; one also cannot fail to notice the emergence of ERP, which has made a significant contribution contribution.

Information technologies in industry.

The introduction of information technologies into the sphere of production, trade, and banking initially developed along the path of creating home-grown information systems. The term automated control system (automated production control system), which appeared in the 60s, has been around for decades. However, the main problem of complex automation has not been solved, but at the same time, experience has been accumulated in the development of such systems and specialists have been trained who are capable of solving the problems of introducing information technologies into the field of business management at the modern level.

When designing automatic control systems, issues of compatibility and standardization were often ignored, which made it difficult to implement modern technologies and led to high costs for modernization. Currently, despite the specifics of the subject areas, corporate information systems (CIS), based on the principles of corporate information technologies and modern standards, have become widespread.

There are three main classes of problems solved using CIS. These are the tasks:

formation of reporting indicators (tax services, statistics, investors, etc.) obtained on the basis of standard accounting and statistical reporting;

developing strategic management decisions for business development based on a base of highly aggregated indicators;

developing tactical decisions aimed at operational management and solved on the basis of a database of private, highly detailed indicators that reflect various aspects of the local characteristics of the functioning of the structure.

The main difficulty in implementing CIS is diagnostics.

There are three stages here:

survey, system analysis and assessment of the existing management structure and technologies;

development of new options for organizational structures and management technologies based on information technology;

development of regulations for management reorganization, implementation plan, regulations for management document flow.

Conventionally, replicated, semi-custom and custom CIS are distinguished.

A replicated CIS does not require modification by the developer, exists on its own, and does not provide the opportunity to make changes. Such systems are designed for small businesses.

Custom systems with the current level of information technology are a thing of the past; they are unreliable, do not meet accepted standards and are difficult to modernize. Their main area of application is very specific production.

Semi-custom systems are the most flexible, meet customer requirements to a greater extent, and require lower capital costs. Their main area of application is large enterprises (hundreds of documents per month and more than five people in the business process chain).

Currently, a large number of foreign developments are represented on the corporate systems market. Taking into account the specifics of the principles of accounting, management, and planning, domestic CIS occupy a stronger position in the Russian economy.

Separately from the problems of building a CIS, the direction of creating automated process control systems (APCS) is considered. The relevance of this problem is explained by the fact that in old systems the selected elements often do not fit together, do not meet the requirements, and there are no means or capabilities to correct the current situation. Currently, in the field of automated process control systems, the dominant concept is open systems based on system integration, based on the following principles:

compatibility of software and hardware from various manufacturers from bottom to top;

comprehensive testing and debugging of the entire system at the integrator’s stand based on the customer’s specifications.

In most cases, automated process control systems represent a two-level control system. The lower level includes controllers that provide primary processing of information coming directly from the control object. Controller software is usually implemented in technological languages such as ladder diagram language.

The upper level of the automated process control system consists of powerful computers that perform the functions of database servers and workstations that provide storage, analysis and processing of all incoming information, as well as interaction with the operator. The basis of the top-level software is SCADA (Supervision Control and DATA Acquisition) packages.

The concept of open systems can be most clearly seen in the open modular architecture of controllers - OMAC (Open Module Architecture Controls), developed by General Motors. Concepts close to them have been proposed by European Open System Architecture for Control within Automation SDystems - OSACA), Japanese (Japan International Robotics and Factory - IFORA, Japan Open System Environment for Controller Architecture - OSEC) and American (Technologies Enabling Agile Manufacting - TEAM Projects) organizations. The content of OMAS requirements is in basic terms:

Open - open architecture that ensures integration of hardware and software;

Modular is a modular architecture that allows components to be used in Plug and Play mode.

Scaleable - scalable architecture that allows you to easily change the configuration for specific tasks;

Economical - economical architecture;

Maintenable - easily maintained architecture.

The hardware platform of the controllers is based on miniature PC-compatible computers that are highly reliable, fast, and compatible due to their “kinship” with top-level computers. The operating environment of PC controllers must also meet the requirements of openness.

The most common operating system here is QNX (QSSL, Canada). The QNX architecture is open, modular, and easily modified. A specific feature of working with controllers is the use of technological programming languages that describe the technological process itself and are aimed at the work of technologists, rather than programmers. The accumulated experience with such languages is summarized in the IEC 1131-3 standard, which defines five main language tools:

SFG - sequential function diagram language;

LD - ladder diagram language;

FDB - functional block diagram language;

ST - structured text language;

IL - instruction language.

Automation systems for production management Successful production always depends on equally successful management. It is on the shoulders of managers that high responsibility lies for organizing production processes that will generate profit for the company as a whole. Nowadays, there are about twenty basic modern theories of production automation, which are based on modern information technologies. Each approach has its pros and cons in certain conditions, so it is useful to consider each of them. It is also impossible not to notice that some automation systems appeared in the process of modernizing previously existing systems, but this did not lead to a complete abandonment of the original developments. For example, an ERP system (enterprise resource planning system) is a logical continuation of material requirements planning systems (MRP systems) and manufacturing resource planning systems (MRP II systems). The choice of a specific information system for production automation depends on many factors, among which are: volume, type, purpose, need for automation. Using the example of the above-mentioned ERP systems, we can say that it is unlikely that it will be useful for small-scale production to spend time on implementing such a large-scale information system, which, with a small level of enterprise development, will only take up the time of specialists, leading to deterioration in performance. The correct choice of a suitable information system for production is a difficult and very important decision, especially at the time of the formation of a company, when orientation to a certain automation model can determine the formation of the entire production. Complex systems that provide maximum control in numerous areas may not only turn out to be unclaimed, but also serve as one of the significant cost items, which is highly undesirable in most cases. One of the initial systems that combines successful management methods and low implementation costs is the materials requirements planning system.

System MRP (Material Requirements Planning) – planning of material requirements

This system was developed in the USA in the 1950s, but only 25 years later, when there was a rapid leap in the development of computing technology, it gained fame and subsequent widespread distribution. By the end of the 1980s, MRP was used by the majority of firms in the US and UK. Today, the use of a materials requirements planning system is not relevant due to the age of the system, but it is the basis for a large number of existing automation systems. In the middle of the 20th century, many manufacturers faced quite serious problems of untimely supply of resources, which led to a decrease in production performance and the accumulation of large amounts of materials in warehouses. The main task of MRP is to ensure that every production element, every component is available at the right time in the right quantity. This is ensured by the formation of a sequence of production operations that allows the timely production of products to be correlated with the established production plan. This approach is also designed to ensure a minimum amount of inventory in the warehouse. In a simplified form, the initial information for the MRP system is represented by production schedules, bills of materials, product composition, and inventory status. Based on the input data, the MRP system performs the following basic operations: · based on the production schedule data, the number of final products is determined for each planning time period; · spare parts that are not included in the production schedule are added to the composition of the final products; · for the production schedule and spare parts, the total need for material resources is determined in accordance with the bill of materials and the composition of the product, distributed by planning time periods; · the total demand for materials is adjusted taking into account the state of inventories for each planning period; · Orders for replenishment of inventories are generated taking into account the required lead time. The result of the MRP system is a schedule for the supply of material resources for production (the need for each accounting unit of materials and components for each period of time). To implement the supply schedule, the system creates an order schedule based on time periods. It is used to place orders to suppliers of materials and components or to plan self-production with the ability to make adjustments during the production process. MRP class systems in terms of price/quality ratio are suitable for small enterprises where management functions are limited to accounting (accounting, warehouse, operational), inventory management in warehouses and personnel management.

MRP II (Manufacturing Resource Planning) system – production resource planning

The MRP system was replaced by a manufacturing resource planning system called MRP II to emphasize the interconnectedness of the systems. The new system paid attention to a much larger number of factors, which made it possible to significantly expand the scope of application and increase performance. The transition from one system to another was caused not only by visible shortcomings in the original MRP system, but also by the constantly increasing computer power. Over time, calculations of more complex and multi-level operations became possible on relatively cheap computers, which created an increasing interest in constant improvements to information systems. Unlike MRP, in the MRP II system planning is carried out not only in material, but also in monetary terms, which allows you to cover a much larger number of various indicators. MRP II is still today a method for effectively planning all resources of a manufacturing company. Some industries have still not abandoned the use of the MRP II scheme, considering it the optimal information system. Ideally, operational planning is performed in natural units of measurement, financial planning is carried out in cost units, and contains modeling capabilities to answer the questions “what will happen if ...?” The model consists of many processes, each of which is related to the others: business planning, production planning (sales and operations planning), master production schedule development, materials requirements planning, capacity requirements planning and support systems for capacity and materials performance control . The output of such systems is integrated with financial reports such as the business plan, purchasing agreement report, shipping budget and inventory forecast in value terms.” As you can see, the difference between the two models is noticeable, since MRP II operates with a much larger number of indicators. The differences between MRP and MRP II can be presented in the form of a visual diagram: Figure 1 shows a diagram of the MRP II model, in which the elements of the MRP system are highlighted using an oval. As you can see, the transition from the first automation model to the second significantly expands the boundaries of the processed data, which makes it possible to organize production in an optimal way. The MRP II model is sensitive to changes in demand in the short term, which distinguishes it from its predecessor. The MRP II system software standard includes 16 sequential functions: · sales and production planning; · demand management; · drawing up a production plan; · planning of requirements for raw materials and supplies; · product specifications; · warehouse subsystem; · shipment of finished products; · production management at the shop level; · production capacity planning; · entry/exit control; · logistics; · sales network inventory planning; · planning and management of tools; · financial planning; · modeling; · evaluation of performance results. The advantages of the model include a reduction in inventories, improved customer service, leading to increased sales, an increase in worker productivity, a uniform reduction in purchasing costs, a reduction in overtime work, and a reduction in transportation costs at an increased rate.

System APS (Advanced Planning and Scheduling - advanced planning

The main feature of the APS system is the ability to quickly draw up plans taking into account available resources and production limitations (equipment changeovers, availability of equipment, connections between machines, etc.) and quickly reschedule according to pre-compiled optimization scenarios. The APS system can be divided into two parts, which are closely related to other automation information systems. The first part of the APS method is similar to the MRP II algorithm. The significant difference is that in the APS system, the coordination of materials and capacities does not occur iteratively, but synchronously, which sharply reduces the time of re-planning. Systems like APS allow you to solve problems such as “pushing” an urgent order into production schedules, distributing tasks taking into account priorities and restrictions, and rescheduling using a full-fledged graphical interface. This is especially true for custom production, as well as in cases of fierce competition in terms of order fulfillment and the need to strictly adhere to these deadlines. The second part of the APS method is production dispatch, with the ability to take into account various kinds of restrictions, with optimization elements. The APS functionality found in manufacturing ERP systems is still relatively new. However, it is believed that over time, APS algorithms will become commonplace in many manufacturing plants. APS systems are a kind of add-on to existing ERP systems, replacing similar mechanisms in them. The need for high accuracy of input data can be viewed in two ways, since, on the one hand, this is undoubtedly a positive side for production planning, on the other hand, it is negative, because errors in calculations can lead to losses. The use of APS systems requires great precision and professionalism, which significantly complicates their implementation.

System JIT (Just In Time) - just on time.

One of the most widespread information models in the world is the just-in-time (JIT) model. Its main idea is as follows: if the production schedule is given, then it is possible to organize the movement of material flows in such a way that all materials, components and semi-finished products will arrive in the required quantity, to the right place (on the assembly line - conveyor) and exactly on time for production or assembly of finished products. This ensures that components from a previous operation (processing or delivery from a supplier) enter production when and only when they are needed. Unlike MRP, which is designed for enterprises with large-scale production, JIT is more applicable to medium-scale production, where there is a constant and continuous process of production of small batches, which requires constant supply of materials in small quantities. The advantage of this approach is the absence of the need for safety stocks and immobilizing funds, but it is worth making a reservation that this is true for medium and small enterprises. This system is a successful alternative to MRP with certain conditions. The simplicity of supply planning procedures is not compatible with large-scale production, where planning and control of production processes is at a higher level, since ultimately this will negatively affect performance. This model is characterized by the following main features: · minimal (zero) inventories of material resources, work in progress, finished products; short production cycles; small volumes of production of finished products and replenishment of stocks (supplies); · relationships for the purchase of material resources with a small number of reliable suppliers and carriers; effective information support; high quality of finished products and service for the supply of materials. The main goal of the JIT II information system is the maximum integration of all logistics functions of the company to minimize the level of inventory in the integrated information system, ensuring high reliability and level of quality of products and services to maximize customer satisfaction. Systems based on the JIT II ideology use flexible production technologies for the production of small volumes of finished products in a group assortment based on early prediction of consumer demand.

Abbreviation ERP used to refer to complex enterprise management systems (Enterprise-Resource Planning - enterprise resource planning). The key term of ERP is Enterprise, and only then – resource planning. The true purpose of ERP is to integrate all departments and functions of a company into a single computer system that can serve all the specific needs of individual departments. An ERP system automates the procedures that make up business processes. For example, fulfilling a customer order: accepting the order, placing it, shipping from the warehouse, delivery, issuing an invoice, receiving payment. The ERP system “picks up” the customer’s order and serves as a kind of road map by which various steps along the order fulfillment path are automated. When the dealership representative enters a customer order into the ERP system, he has access to all the information needed to trigger the fulfillment order. For example, he immediately gets access to the client’s credit rating and the history of his orders from the financial module, learns about the availability of goods from the warehouse module and about the schedule of shipment of goods from the logistics module. The benefits of using MRP, described at the beginning of the work, are high, but despite this, the system had one significant drawback, namely, the production capacity of the enterprise was not taken into account in its work. This led to the expansion of the functionality of MRP systems with a capacity requirements planning module (CRP - Capacity Requirements Planning). The connection between the CRP and the schedule made it possible to take into account the presence required capacities for the production of a certain number of finished products. In the 80s, a new class of systems appeared - enterprise resource planning systems (Manufacturing Resource Planning). Due to the similarity of abbreviations, such systems began to be called MRPII. The differences between MRPII and MRP were also considered by us at the beginning of our work. But it is MRPII that is the penultimate stage of the emergence of ERP. As a result of the improvement of MRPII systems and their further functional expansion, a class of ERP systems appeared. The term ERP was introduced by the independent research company Gartner Group in the early 90s. ERP systems are intended not only for manufacturing enterprises, they also effectively allow you to automate the activities of service companies.

No one will deny the enormous importance that information technology has in the life of an ordinary person. IT is a vital stimulus for the development of various areas of human activity; it is unlikely that anyone can name an area where it is not used at least indirectly. From highly specialized areas of heavy industry to such things as avatars for Twitter or Facebook, information technology is used directly or indirectly everywhere. Any accounting operations at any enterprise today are carried out using a computer. How effectively city government operates is largely determined by the technical means and software it has. Naturally, the use of the latest technologies and technical means does not completely solve all problems, but innovations can significantly simplify and speed up the work of employees. This is especially noticeable in complex areas of analytical activity, in the processes of generating reports and certificates.

To summarize, we can say that information technologies have penetrated very deeply into the life of modern people, and even more than that, it is hardly an exaggeration that without information technologies modern society will not be able to exist in the form in which it is now.

IT in manufacturing: global trends

The demand for production control and automation systems largely depends on the level of technological development of the industry of a particular country. In developed countries, IT is focused on introducing innovation, while in regions with a low technological level of industry, high-tech is designed to solve applied issues.

Current trends in IT development are also reflected in the field of production technologies. Industrially developed countries are clearly focused on innovation and the constant introduction of new technologies (of course, taking into account market conditions), including those acquired in developing countries. For this purpose, internal resources are attracted (target programs are organized, public and private research grants are provided, etc.), as well as foreign specialists high class(the well-known process of “brain drain”). Or, under the terms of full transfer of licensing rights, technologies developed in other countries are acquired.

In developing countries, the innovation process is more focused on solving tactical production problems than on developing fundamentally new technologies. In addition, a significant part of the new technologies that are nevertheless being developed “goes” to industrialized countries. This is explained as O greater financial capabilities of Western buyers compared to local ones, and, often, the lack practical possibility implementation of the developed technology at the industrial level of a developing country.

Production management

In organizational and managerial terms, in Western countries today the concept of “lean manufacturing”, first proposed and implemented by the Toyota concern, dominates. Companies are no longer focused on economies of scale and are now focusing on reducing operating costs, transportation and procurement costs, and eliminating non-production costs. The emergence of automated enterprise resource management systems in the 90s of the 20th century and their development now make it possible to increase the flexibility and efficiency of even “lean production”.

For example, the implementation of the just-in-time approach, combined with the use of supply chain planning (SCM), allows an industrial enterprise to do without warehouse facilities altogether. At one time, this approach was introduced at Apple factories, ensuring a reduction in transport and warehouse costs, as well as continuity of the production process: from the moment raw materials are imported into the territory until the finished product is delivered.

In developing countries, where the technological level of industry is low and the manufacturing sector is developing extensively, the main goal of companies is to increase the volume of finished products and their sales, and optimizing management and reducing production costs are of a secondary nature. In such conditions, conveyor production of standardized products prevails here. In most cases, manual labor in developing countries is one of the cheapest factors of production, which, given the high cost of information technology, allows industrial enterprises to organize production with minimal or no automation.

Automation of industrial production

The current economic situation in industrialized countries is stimulating, in particular, the demand for supply chain management (SCM) systems, management life cycle products (CALS/PLM), solutions for their integration with existing systems enterprise resource planning (ERP), as well as the demand for ERP systems themselves. The active implementation of IT in industry is dictated here both by intense competition in domestic markets, which requires increased production flexibility, maximum reduction of production costs, inventory and production preparation times, and by international specialization aimed at exporting technologically complex industrial products.

Developing countries still have a long way to go in terms of production automation corporate resources and product life cycle. Nevertheless, information technologies are being introduced here too, although this primarily concerns automation systems for design, preparation and production management, as well as automation systems for warehouse, financial and accounting.

If we talk about developing countries such as China, India, Brazil, Mexico, etc., then the level of their industrial development, as well as active penetration into world markets, including technologically complex products, ensures their reorientation towards intensifying production and improving quality products, cost reduction, strict control of production and delivery times of finished products, as well as ensuring their compliance international standards. As a result of this process, the demand for information technology in these countries differs little from that in industrialized countries. In particular, the volume of the Chinese ERP market, according to experts, is almost equal to the volume of the Western European market. The Indian market is considered very promising today.

Sergey Turchin: Investments in IT from Russian industrial enterprises began to increase

Sergey Turchin, head of the department, answers CNews questions corporate projects"AMT-Group"

CNews: What changes have occurred in the informatization market of Russian industry over last year, according to your observations?

Over the past year, interest in complex technologies designed to provide potential customers with fundamentally new services has increased significantly. First of all, these are multimedia solutions such as video conferencing, corporate IP telephony, digital video surveillance and call centers. The part of the market related to the construction of storage systems and networks continues to grow. It is very important that these areas are developing in such vertical market segments as the metallurgical industry, transport, mechanical engineering, including enterprises of the military-industrial complex.

In industrial production, there remains a great interest in automating business processes, which is primarily due to the intensive development of industries related to the so-called “high value added” production, in particular, mechanical engineering, which we can observe recently.