Open softwareOpen Source. Difference between free and open source software

Software open source has its admirers, and recently, when it comes to the development of some “national” products, they mostly mean open-source. Paradoxically, interest in this type of software has given rise to a lot of distortions and misconceptions, which in practice prevent its spread.

Our company has been participating in open source projects since 2005 - and thanks to the development of our own open source solutions (OpenVZ, CRIU projects), participating in other open projects (QEMU, OpenStack, libvirt, libcontainer, etc.). Over 10 years, we've collected some of the most common myths about open source software. I will tell you about each of the misconceptions and explain why they are wrong. Surely, you will remember the same number, but, in my opinion, these five are the most “hellish”.

An open source project is an open source project.

Any software project consists of many artifacts: project source code, information about uncorrected defects, test source code, documentation. The source code of a project is only part of it, free access to which does not give the right to call the entire project open. In addition to the source code, other development artifacts should be freely accessible, and the more artifacts that are open, the more open the project is to contributors (people who want to contribute to the project). In addition, transparent processes between all community members, open communications in the project, etc. are necessary. All these measures will only contribute to the development of the project and fruitful cooperation between community members.

The quality of open source software is worse because anyone can write code for it

The main principle of open source software - open collaborative development - in itself is a guarantee that low-quality code, crutches and patches simply cannot be hidden from other participants. A person participating in this kind of project is ready for his work to be subjected to both analysis and criticism, and, therefore, he will not cut corners. His reputation is at stake, and no one wants to lose it.

In addition, in some communities (for example, the community around the development of the Linux kernel) there is also hard principle– only the best, tested and ideal code is accepted into the source kernel. An attempt to add low-quality changes will be rejected; a second attempt is fraught with loss of reputation for the person or company-contributor.

That is, an open project really gives anyone the opportunity to take part in writing code, but in serious projects, due to the high entry threshold, the code will not be accepted from people with an insufficient level of expertise.
Most large IT companies (IBM, Google, Canonical, Parallels, etc.) have entire departments in which specialists are paid to work on open source projects and thus indirectly work on the company's products.

It is also worth mentioning that companies that develop products based on open source projects are interested in improving the code of the open source projects they use during testing. Therefore, all detected problems must be corrected and ensure that this fix is ​​added to the main branch of the project in order to have as few differences as possible in your code and the code of the open project. Our products use code from other open source projects, so we fix problems found in the code of these projects and send them to upstream. This was the case with vulnerabilities in the RHEL kernel: Red Hat noted Vladimir Davydov for discovering serious vulnerabilities CVE-2014-0203 and CVE-2014-4483 in one of the RHEL6 kernel updates (the second problem, by the way, was found using one of our automatic tests using Linux Test Project). Vasily Averin received thanks for discovering the error CVE-2014-5045, Dmitry Monakhov - for CVE-2012-4508. The fact of good testing of the Linux kernel was even noted by Andrew Morton (who is this?): “I'm interested. Over the past few months, people from @openvz.org have found (and fixed) a bunch of incomprehensible, but serious and rather ancient bugs. How did you discover these bugs?”

Bottom line

In fact, all of the myths listed above arise mostly among users who are either just starting to work with OpenSource software or have not tried it at all. The best way to get rid of prejudices is to start working closely with such decisions.
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To understand what it means for our organization to use open/closed source software, we need to understand how they differ from each other. This article points out the main differences, but remember that this is a very simplified explanation. Additional information can be obtained from Wikipedia or by reading concrete examples using both types of software.

First of all, open source software means that we can change and develop our program as long as we have the knowledge and skills to do so. On the contrary, it is not possible to modify a closed source program yourself since the source code of the program/application is not available. While not all of us are programmers, we can still benefit from working with open source software.

Such software is provided to users free of charge, not only programs, but also operating systems. It is created and developed by users themselves, who post their creations on the Internet. The most popular programs are updated regularly because many people use them. Examples include Mozilla Firefox or Thunderbird. If the program is not updated regularly, it may be that there are not enough necessary technical resources for this - the whole question is how many users the program has. The high frequency of updates is a definite guarantee of the safety of using the program. Although, if after installing the update it turns out that the program does not work (for example, the new version of the operating system does not support Skype), there are two ways to solve the problem: try to find help on forums on the Internet or fix the problem yourself, which is relatively difficult.

Closed source software is much more popular than open source software. First of all, due to ease of use, and also because we are simply accustomed to it - as a rule, we use Windows OS at school, at work and at home. In the case of programs and operating systems based on closed source code, we are dealing with a finished product that does not require any intervention on our part. It is much more convenient for the average user to work with them. Users of closed source software often emphasize how easy it is to install and use, how convenient it is to have clear help for the program at hand, and the ability to contact technical support if problems arise. Such systems and products are released by companies, and only after several stages of testing. The user simply purchases an entire software package, ready to be installed on the computer. Such software is paid: we purchase a license, and often program updates.

Some software developers support community organizations and offer them programs for free or at a discount through their respective non-profit organizations, such as TechSoup's extensive affiliate network, whose members are located in different countries. In Russia, the program is implemented by the Greenhouse of Social Technologies (Spiro LLC). By contacting the infoDonor program, you can find out whether your organization can participate in the program. We should also remember that when we choose an operating system, we are also choosing the way we work in our organization. For example, if we choose Linux, we will not be able to use Adobe solutions, and if we choose Windows, we will have to purchase licenses based on the number of computers. Each case has its pros and cons. We need to carefully consider what exactly our organization needs, what are the criteria for the effective use of equipment, and make a decision after a thorough analysis.

Of course, open or closed source software isn't just about Microsoft, Mac, or Linux. The issue of licensing comes up in connection with any type of software used in an organization. The main rule is to carefully read all licenses and service agreements. There are many examples where organizations have encountered serious problems with software that was rendered virtually useless due to licensing conditions, or where even the smallest changes to a site were very expensive.

Many people buy various software or use hacked, pirated versions of them. Users see the program's graphical interface, but the product's code is usually hidden. In this regard, it is almost impossible to change the software, which guarantees the author protection from those who want to copy the program code and appropriate it for themselves. But, despite this, there are more and more so-called “Open Source” programs in modern world. Let's understand what open source programs are and what are their positive and negative aspects.

What can be considered open source?

Almost all software reaches the end user as ready-made software. These are fully functional programs with a nice interface and easy to use. If the code of this product is open, then anyone can change it, offer their own options for correcting the errors found, or introduce some kind of innovation. Thus, the quality of this product improves over time. Examples of open source operating systems are Linux, Unix, Ubuntu.

Everyone is familiar with Microsoft Office , an analogue of which, but with open source, is Open Office. Mozilla Firefox and Google Chrome browsers are also open source software. There are a lot of similar products, many use a large amount of software and do not suspect that some of this could be an Open Source program.

Open Source Features

For software to be called a program, it is not enough that its code is open to everyone. Such a program should be absolutely free. In addition, for further use and attempts to change the code, the user also does not have to pay anything. Anyone has the right to freely distribute this product, and, as stated above, change it. Such programs have no restrictions on the scope and duration of use. They can be used for doing business, scientific research, training, or for your own purposes for an unlimited amount of time.

Open Source Software License

The license for such programs is also free. There are absolutely no restrictions on application, modification, distribution, use with other compatible software. Also, it is technologically neutral to all other existing programs.

Pros and cons of Open Source programs

Unlike classic licensed programs, they are developed by a group of free programmers, and that is why they are free.

The second important advantage is that we can upgrade program data. Good programmer Having understood the code, he can add new options to the program or improve the operation of existing functions. For example, user MacOS cannot change its operating system, unlike Linux, which everyone can not only customize at their own discretion, but also add any individual functions. As a result, he will get a completely new product that is very convenient to use. If the resulting program is really good, then it can be patented and even sold (!)

Another undeniable advantage of the programs is their protection from viruses. Almost all viruses are written for applications Windows, and malware for the same Linux a negligible amount. Thus, the chance of getting a virus using an open source operating system is very low.

Today, many organizations are switching to open source software. This allows you to reduce costs and minimize the likelihood of system hacking.

But, as you know, any medal has two sides, we’ll tell you about the disadvantages of Open Source programs.

If you encounter any problems with the software, you usually contact technical support. Open source programs do not have this. This problem occurs because the program has been modified by different programmers from all over the country or even the world. So you will have to look for a solution to the problem on the Internet. Internet or figure it out yourself.

The second disadvantage arises again due to the fact that anyone can change the program code. Often people's views may not coincide, and this causes conflicts in modifying the product. This can lead to the collapse of a project that many people have been working on for a long time.

Also, malicious programs are often disguised as open source code, and it can sometimes be very difficult to distinguish them from truly safe software.

Despite the fact that such programs have some disadvantages, more and more users are interested in them. More and more products today are created with open source code. This means that such programs have a future and are worth paying attention to.

Ardor - digital audio workstation. With it you can record, edit and mix multi-track audio. You can create your own discs, mix audio tracks from video recordings, or simply experiment with your own new musical ideas.

Ardor features include multi-channel recording, non-erasing editing with unlimited undo/redo, full automation support, an advanced mixer, time code synchronization and hardware control from panels like Mackie Control Universal. If you're looking for a replacement for tools like ProTools, Nuendo, Pyramix or Sequoia, then Ardor is probably what you need.

Audacity

Audacity - free and easy to use sound editor for Windows, Mac OS X, GNU/Linux and other operating systems. You can use Audacity for the following purposes:

• Record live sound.
• Converting magnetic tape and cassette recordings into digital recordings.
• Edit files in Ogg Vorbis, MP3, WAV or AIFF formats.
• Mixing sounds.
• Change the speed of sound and tone.
• and much more...

Grip

Grip is a CD player and CD ripper for the Gnome desktop. Its functionality is based on cdparanoia, but it is also possible to use external rippers (for example, cdda2wav). It also supports automatic conversion to MP3 (and other audio formats), so you can burn your entire disc to MP3 at once. There is support for online disc databases, so it is possible to automatically fill in the tags in the resulting MP3 files. Grip works with DigitalDJ, making it easy to create a computerized version of your music collection.

Hydrogen

Hydrogen is a drum program for GNU/Linux. Its main goal is professional, but at the same time simple and intuitive drum programming based on templates.

Jokosher

Jokosher is a simple yet powerful multi-channel studio. Jokosher is a complete application for recording, editing, mixing and exporting audio. It was designed with ease of use in mind.

The developers of Jokosher have rethought the process of creating music at every level, and they have managed to make a program that is damn easy to use.

LMMS

LMMS was designed as a free alternative to popular (but paid and closed-source) programs like FruityLoops/FL Studio, Cubase and Logic - all of which allow you to create music on your computer. This includes creating repeating fragments, synthesizing and mixing sounds, arranging samples, working with a MIDI keyboard, and much more.

MusE

MusE is a MIDI/audio sequencer capable of recording and editing audio. Its author is Werner Schweer. In concept, MusE is a full-fledged multi-channel virtual studio for Linux.

• MIDI sequencing
• Record/Playback/Import
• Login filters
• Audio sequencing
• Record/Playback of multiple mono/stereo inputs/outputs
• AudioGroups function
• LASH— provides audio effects like chorus/flanger in real time!
• Jack- jack-audio-connection-kit. Used in midi/audio routing.
• Internal Audio Routing Interface
• ALSA-Advanced Linux Sound Architecture

You can use multiple sound cards to connect multiple external devices and work with them in MusE.

Rosegarden

Rosegarden is a professional audio and MIDI sequencer, sheet music editor, and all-in-one music editing environment.

soundConverter

soundKonverter - a shell for various audio converters.

Main functions:

• Converting Audio Files
• Calculation
• CD ripping

Streamripper

With the rise in popularity of file-sharing networks such as Napster, Gnutella and now Mojonation and Freenet, anyone on the Internet can download almost any MP3 song in a relatively short time, but often people don't know what they want. Streamripper allows you to download an audio stream from an Internet radio station. Many MP3 radio stations only play songs of certain genres, so you can download the entire collection of goa/trance music, a collection of jazz, punk rock or whatever you want. You just need to set Streamripper on this audio stream and wait.

Graphics applications (2D)

Cenon

Cenon is a special kind of graphics program. Built on a modular graphics core, Cenon provides extensive functionality. Many applications are based on this kernel.

The Cenon kernel is free, which means it is available in source code for many computer platforms, including GNU/Linux.

GIMPshop

GIMPshop is a modification of the free GNU Image Manipulation Program (GIMP) aimed at imitating the appearance of Adobe Photoshop. The main goal of the program is to provide convenient work in GIMP for users accustomed to Photoshop.

GIMPshop inherited all the advantages of GIMP, including wide functionality and customization flexibility. GIMPshop modifies the menu structure (so that it is similar to Photoshop), changes the program terminology to that of Adobe, and in the Windows version uses the extension Deweirdifier to group many GIMP windows in one place, using the MDI system common to graphical Windows editors. GIMPshop does not support Photoshop extensions, but GIMP extensions, filters, and brushes, of course, remain.

Due to changes in the interface, many Photoshop lessons can be completed in GIMPshop, and others can be adapted to GIMPshop with minimal changes.

Hugin

An easy-to-use, cross-platform suite of tools for creating panoramic images. Based on Panorama Tools.

With Hugin, you can combine multiple photos into one seamless panorama, stitch together any sequence of overlapping images, and much more.

Inkscape

An open-source vector graphics editor with capabilities similar to Illustrator, CorelDraw, or Xara X. It uses the W3C Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) file format.

Inkscape supports many advanced SVG features (markers, clones, alpha blending, etc.), and special attention has been paid to a sleek interface. You can easily edit nodes, perform complex path operations, and much more. The developers hope to improve the project at the expense of users, because it is used open model development.

CoverArtist

KoverArtist is a program for quickly creating covers for CDs and boxes. The main idea is the ability to create a cool looking cover in a few clicks.

Ktoon

KToon is a 2D animation toolkit developed by animators (Toonka Films) for animators. The program is distributed under the GPL license. The development platform is KDevelop using G++, OpenGL and Qt tools.

Krita

Krita is a raster editor. Krita has been distributed with KOffice since version 1.4. The program is simple, but comes with extra cool features like guide painting (it's never been easier to get a spray gun in a straight line!) and the latest features like 16-bit color, CMYK, L*a*b and even image support OpenEXR HDR format.

MyPaint

MyPaint is a fast drawing program. There is support for graphic tablets with variable pressure, and the program comes with a good set of brushes. With a little persistence, you can even create your own brushes, with the main emphasis on brush dynamics (changing with speed, pressure, or randomness). The size of the canvas is unlimited, the number of cancellations is also unlimited. However, layers are not supported.

OpenOffice Draw

Draw is an easy way to present graphics and diagrams, from quick sketches to complex drawings.

• Move frequently used drawing tools around the screen for quicker access.
• Control appearance drawings and diagrams using the toolbar Style and Formatting.
• Work with objects, rotate them in two or three dimensions; You can also place three-dimensional objects such as spheres, rings, cubes, etc.
• Group objects, ungroup and edit them all at once while they are grouped.
• A clever rendering system allows you to create photorealistic images using only textures, lighting effects, transparency, perspective effects, etc.
• Smart connectors make it much easier to create flowcharts, organization charts, network diagrams, and more. You just need to specify the “sticky points” and the connectors will “stick” to them.
• When drawing, the linear dimensions of your objects are automatically displayed.
• There is a large collection of pictures in the Gallery; You can create your own pictures and place them in the gallery.
• Save graphics in OpenDocument format, a new international standard office documents. This format (XML based) means you won't be tied to the Draw program itself. The graphics you draw can be accessed from any program compatible with the OpenDocument standard.
• Import graphics from all common formats (including BMP, GIF, JPEG, PNG, TIFF and WMF).
• If you wish, you can create Flash versions (.swf) of your images in Draw.

Panorama Tools

Toolkit for viewing, creating and editing panoramic images:

• PTStitcher: High quality, easy to use image stitcher. Supports many formats.
• Panorama Tools: A Photoshop extension for creating and editing panoramic images.
• PTViewer: High quality spherical viewer. There is a standalone and Java version for many platforms.

Pixelize

Pixelize is a program that can create a duplicate from reduced pieces of images that is as close as possible to the original.

The essence of its work is to split the image with a fine rectangular grid. Each rectangle is analyzed and replaced with an image selected from an extensive database. Pixelize tries to find an image that is most similar to the selected rectangle.

Pixelize works better when the database is large. If there are about 1000 images in it, the result of Pixelize can be quite acceptable.

Scribus

Scribus is an open source program designed for professional page layout on Linux/Unix, MacOS X, OS/2 and Windows systems. The program takes a new approach to page layout, and the program output is ready for printing.

Beneath Scribus's modern, user-friendly interface are professional publishing features such as CMYK color support, ICC color management, and universal PDF creation.

Skencil

Skencil is an interactive open source vector graphics editor. The program runs on GNU/Linux and other UNIX-compatible systems, the program is flexible and at the same time allows you to create high-quality illustrations, diagrams, etc. A unique feature (for a graphic editor of this kind) is that Skencil is implemented at almost the highest level interpreted Python language. Python is a powerful object-oriented language that is also easy to use.

Synfig

Synfig is a powerful vector graphics editor for flat animation, developed from the ground up. According to the developers: “although there are already other programs on the market for effectively creating flat animation, we are unfamiliar with programs that can do the same as ours.”

Flat animation has always been expensive to create, as every frame must be drawn by hand. Even today, when we have digital painting programs at our disposal, the process is still based on the labor-intensive drawing of individual intermediate frames between reference frames (twinning).

Synfig animation technology eliminates the need for manual twinning - it creates smooth motion itself, without the animator having to draw each frame manually.

This way you can significantly speed up the drawing process.

Xara Xtreme

Xara Xtreme for Linux is a powerful graphics editor general purpose. Runs on Unix platforms including Linux, FreeBSD and (in development) Mac OS X.

Formerly known as Xara LX, the program is based on Xara Xtreme for Windows, which is currently the fastest graphics editor. Xara Xtreme was open sourced in early 2006, and was ported to Linux. This process is almost complete and Xara Xtreme for Linux is now available for download.

Xara Xtreme for Linux:

• Very fast program
• Functions similar to those of powerful graphics editors
• Easy to learn and use
• Easy interface, not overloaded with controls. Several floating windows, palettes, menus, etc.
• A large amount of educational material, lessons, films, tips. The project community is very large.

Graphics programs (3D)

Art Of Illusion

Art of Illusion is a free 3D modeling and rendering program. It is written entirely in Java, and should run on any Java virtual machine that is compatible with J2SE 1.4 or later.

In many ways, the program can compete with paid competitors. The most important features include surface tiling-based modeling tools, skeletal animation, and a graphics language for texture and material design.

Blender

Blender is a free 3D scene creation package. Versions are available for all major operating systems and are licensed under the GNU General Public License. Model -> shadows -> animation -> rendering -> fusion -> interactive 3D.

Crystal Space

Crystal Space is a free cross-platform engine for implementing 3D graphics in real time. Used in some games.

FreeWRL

• FreeWRL supports the open standards VRML97 and X3D;
• Recognized as compliant by the Web3d Consortium's Interchange Profile;
• Works in OS X and Linux, works both from browsers and as a standalone application;
• Supports ReWire and MIDI - for audio interaction;
• Capable of connecting to other programs via MIDI, or external software interfaces EAI and SAI.

G3DViewer

G3DViewer is a 3D model viewer based on the GTK+ library. Supports following types files:

• 3D Studio (.3ds, .prj)
• LightWave (.lw, .lwb, .lwo)
• Alias ​​Wavefront (.obj)
• Impulse TurboSilver/Imagine (.iob)
• AutoCAD (.dxf)
• Quake II Models (.md2)
• Quake III Models (.md3) (since version 0.2.99.1)
• Neutral File Format (.nff)
• 3D Metafile (.3dmf, .3mf, .b3d)
• Caligari TrueSpace Objects (.cob)
• Quick3D Objects & Scenes (.q3o, q3s)
• VRML 1.0 files (.wrl, .vrml) (starting from 0.1.1, works with errors)
• AC3D objects (.ac, .acc) (since 0.1.99.1)
• LeoCAD Models (.lcd) (since 0.2.99.1)
• Racer car models (.ar, .dof) (since libg3d 0.0.5, incomplete functionality)
• Ultimate Stunts car models (.glb) (since libg3d 0.0.5)
• VDrift car models (.joe, .car) (since libg3d 0.0.5)

K3DSurf

K3DSurf is a program designed for visualization and editing mathematical models in three, four, five and six dimensions. K3DSurf supports parametric equations and isosurfaces.

Brief description of K3DSurf functions:

• Interactive visualization by mouse movements (right button - rotate, middle button - translation, left button - zoom).
• Real-time animation (rotation) and morphing (due to the introduction of the t_time variable). Animation and morphing can be controlled using CPU load controls and the delay interval of the t_time variable.
• Create screenshots by copying the render window, or using the best ray tracer - Povray.
• Creation of animated scenes.
• Creation of mesh files describing the shape of a mathematical model.

Supported Formats

• Povscript: Format of Povray, the best ray tracing program.
• VRML2: used in most modern browsers, requires an appropriate extension.
• OBJ: A well-known format supported by most 3D editors (Blender, MAYA and Moray).

KPovModeler

KPovModeler is a program for creating models for subsequent rendering of scenes in POV-Ray(TM). The program is designed for the KDE desktop.

For most 3D modelers, POV-Ray is nothing more than a rendering engine, and they are often forced to use only a limited portion of the POV-Ray scripting language. However, this is not the case with KPovModeler, where you can use all POV-Ray features by translating the POV-Ray language into a graphics tree.

Almost all functions of the POV-Ray scripting language can be used in KPovModeler. “Almost” - because you cannot use variables, loops, macros and some other operators directly. On the other hand, KPovModeler allows you to use pieces of POV-Ray scripts using the "Raw POV-Ray" tool; such “raw” code will be considered by POV-Ray itself exclusively at the rendering stage.

KPovModeler supports the following functions:

• Scene control via graphic tree.
• Changing objects using control points in graphical viewing mode, or direct manipulation in the object attributes window.
• Non-blocking scene rendering using OpenGL.
• Copy/paste and drag-and-drop POV-Ray code in the object tree.
• Undo and redo actions.
• Rendering a scene and viewing textures using POV-Ray, from within the program.
• Support for almost all POV-Ray objects.
• Supports all textures.
• Prototypes (ads) and descriptions.
• All camera projection modes.

PovRay

Persistence of Vision Raytracer is a free tool for creating highly realistic 3D graphics. Officially available versions are for Windows, Mac OS/Mac OS X and i86 Linux. The source code is available for those who want to port the program to other platforms.

White Dune

White_dune is a low-level VRML97 tool for Unix/Linux/MacOSX and Windows platforms. It is capable of viewing VRML97 format files. Unlike high-level tools, it uses a lightweight model based on the VRML97 standard.

Application video

AvidMUX

Avidemux is a free video editor, the distinctive features of which are ease of editing, filtering and encoding videos. There is support for many file types, including AVI, DVD-compatible MPEG files, MP4 and ASF, and you can use any codec. Tasks can be automated through the use of projects, a job queue, and a powerful scripting engine.

Cinelerra

Cinelerra is mainly designed for three things: capturing, composing and editing audio and video.

If you want to create films on the same scale as the professionals, then Cinelerra is definitely your choice.

CinePaint

CinePaint is designed for retouching films and photographs. CinePaint can work with a variety of formats such as DPX, 16-bit TIFF and OpenEXR, as well as common formats such as JPEG or PNG. There is support for 8-bit, 16-bit and 32-bit color channels, HDR and CMS.

CinePaint is used for frame-by-frame retouching, denoising, restoration and texture painting of 3D models. The program was used in the production of many feature films, including “The Last Samurai,” in which flying arrows were drawn with its help.

For photographic purposes, CinePaint can import HDR exposures. There is support for 16-bit color printing with the GutenPrint driver. CinePaint's wide dynamic range is important when processing black and white photographs, because they only have one channel.

Jahshaka

• Edit videos quickly and flexibly.
• Create effects in real time.
• Unlimited possibilities in animation.
• Draw on video frames.
• Create music with professional tools.
• Work with any formats in any resolutions.

Kino

Kino is a non-linear digital video editing program for GNU/Linux. The program perfectly integrates with IEEE-1394 when recording, works with VCRs and allows you to record video back to the camera. Video is captured in Raw DV or AVI formats, in type-1 DV and type-2 DV encodings (separate audio stream).

You can upload multiple video fragments, cut and paste pieces of audio/video, and save these steps in a file - a list of steps (SMIL XML format). Most of the editing and navigation commands are borrowed from the vi program.

Kino can export complex film to a variety of formats: DV over IEEE 1394, Raw DV, DV AVI, single frames, WAV, MP3, Ogg Vorbis, MPEG-1, MPEG-2 and MPEG-4. Single frame import/export is based on the gdk-pixbuf library, which supports BMG, GIF, JPEG, PNG, PPM, SVG, Targa, TIFF and XPM formats. Working with MP3 requires the lame codec. Ogg Vorbis requires oggenc. MPEG-1 and MPEG-2 require mjpegtools or ffmpeg, and MPEG-4 requires ffmpeg.

LiVES

LiVES is a hybrid program for real-time video processing and a tool for non-linear video editing. You can edit videos right away without worrying about formats, frame sizes, and frame rates. It's a very flexible tool that can be used by both VJs and video editors - mix and switch video sequences from the keyboard, edit them and stitch them together on a multi-channel timeline. You can even record a video in real time, then edit it and save it as a new clip!

recordMyDesktop

recordMyDesktop is a GNU/Linux desktop recording program. Its main aspects are simplicity and efficiency in performing its main task.

The program is divided into two parts; a simple command line tool that performs simple video capture and encoding tasks; and a graphical interface that provides the program's functionality in a more convenient form.

Slideshow Creator

With Slideshow Creator and dvd-slideshow you can convert pictures into a beautiful DVD-quality slideshow, decorated with special effects. All that remains is to add musical accompaniment, and it will be absolutely cool!

System applications

APTonCD

APTonCD is a graphical utility that allows you to create one or more CDs or DVDs with packages downloaded using APT-GET or APTITUDE. In this way, you can create a portable repository that can be used on other computers that, for example, do not have access to the network. You can also create a disk containing all deb packages from a single repository.

Beagle

Beagle is a tool that allows you to quickly find your information on your local computer.

Speaking more technical language,Beagle is a Linux program that runs independent of the ,desktop environment. Beagle indexes your data transparently and unobtrusively in real time. For example:

• Files are immediately indexed when they are created, re-indexed when they are modified, and removed from the index when they are deleted.
• Email is indexed when they are downloaded
• The history of instant messages is indexed in real time, line by line.
• Web pages are indexed as you view them (if the appropriate browser extension is installed).

ClamAV

Clam AntiVirus is an open source (GPL) antivirus suite for UNIX aimed at scanning email on mail servers. The set includes several utilities, including a flexible and scalable multi-threaded daemon; a scanner operating from the console and a tool for automatically updating virus databases.

Conky

Conky - lightweight system monitor, highly customizable, runs in X, based on torsmo. The program is actively being developed.

Ekiga

Ekiga (formerly known as GnomeMeeting) is an open source audio and video conferencing program for the GNOME desktop. The application works with VoIP protocols H.323 and SIP. There is support for many audio and video codecs, and interacts well with other SIP-compatible programs, including Microsoft NetMeeting.

Endeavor Mark II

Endeavor Mark II is a complete set of programs for working with files. It contains a file browser, an image browser, an archiver, a recycle bin and other utilities for working with files and disks.

FileZilla

FileZilla is a fast FTP and SFTP client.

GParted

GParted is a powerful package for creating, deleting, resizing, moving, checking and copying partitions and file systems to them. The program is useful for preparing disks before installing operating systems, reorganizing free disk space, copying data on disks, and mirroring one partition to another.

gZIP

gzip (GNU zip) is a compression utility developed as a replacement for the compress program. Its main advantages are the best compression ratio and freedom from proprietary algorithms.

Katapult

Katapult is a KDE application that allows you to quickly and easily launch applications, open bookmarks, and do many other things. The functionality of the program can be increased through extensions. The program developer was inspired to create Katapult by a similar Quicksilver application for Mac systems OS X. Katapult is written in C++.

K3b

K3b was designed to be a fully functional and simple CD burning program.

MondoRescue

Mondo Rescue is a GPL disaster recovery tool. Linux (i386, x86_64, ia64) and FreeBSD (i386) platforms are supported. There are packages for many popular distributions (RedHat, RHEL, SuSE, SLES, Mandriva, Debian, Gentoo). There is support for tape drives, disks, network and CD/DVD as backup storage; support for many popular file systems; LVM (logical partition management); software and hardware RAID.

OpenBerg

A free program for reading, writing and publishing electronic books in open standards.

openSSH

OpenSSH is a free implementation of SSH communication tools used by administrators on the Internet. Users of services such as telnet, rlogin, ftp should consider the fact that their passwords are transmitted unencrypted over the network, and perhaps switch to SSH. OpenSSH encrypts all traffic (including passwords) to effectively combat attackers. In addition, OpenSSH provides secure tunneling features and various authentication methods. There is support for all versions of the SSH protocol.

Pidgin

Pidgin is a multi-protocol instant messaging client that allows you to use different systems simultaneously. Here is the list of supported protocols:

• Bonjour
• Gadu-Gadu
• Google Talk
• Groupwise
• MySpaceIM
• SIMPLE
• Sametime
• Yahoo!
• Zephyr

PuTTY

PuTTY is a free implementation of a Telnet and SSH client on Win32 and Unix systems, as well as an xterm terminal emulator.

Reconstructor

Reconstructor is a disc burning program for the Ubuntu GNU/Linux distribution. The Desktop (Live), Alternate (Install) or Server disk is used as a basis, after which the user can customize the distribution to suit his needs.

If you choose Ubuntu Desktop as your base, you can customize your entire desktop environment. For example, you can change the composition of the software, change the appearance (splash screen, themes, fonts, wallpaper, etc.), add shortcuts to the desktop, etc.

If you take basic disk Alternate or Server - similarly, it will be possible to change the composition of programs.

Rox-Filer

ROX is a desktop environment along with GNOME, KDE and XFCE. ROX is an attempt to bring the positive aspects of the RISC OS operating system into the world of Unix and Linux. Traditionally, the user experience in Unix has been related to files. Almost everything in Unix is ​​a file: regular files, device files, and even processes (for example, on Linux they are located in the /proc directory).

However, recent trends in environments (such as KDE or GNOME) are increasingly leaning towards the Windows approach. This leads to the file system being hidden from the user, and the user is now forced to do everything through numerous menus and dialog boxes. Users of modern environments (both Windows and Unix) often have no idea where their programs are installed or even where their data is stored. This results in the user losing full control of their system and not understanding how it works.

The ROX desktop, on the other hand, is based on a file system. Its main component is ROX-Filer - a powerful graphical file manager, which, in addition to being a popular file manager in itself, provides a bunch of functions designed to solve the above problem.

TrueCrypt

Free disk encryption program. Works on Windows Vista/XP, Mac OS X and Linux operating systems.

• Create a virtual encrypted disk inside a file and mount it like a regular disk.
• Encrypt an entire partition or even a storage device (such as a USB Flash card or hard drive).
• Encrypt the Windows partition (pre-boot authentication).
• Encryption is performed automatically, in real time (on the fly), transparent to the user.

Provides two levels of protection:

1) Hidden section (steganography).

2) It is impossible to identify any TrueCrypt partition (partitions cannot be distinguished based on almost random data).

VNC

VNC is an acronym for Virtual Network Computing. Essentially, this is a remote diagnostic system that allows you to see the computing environment not only on the machine on which it is running, but also from anywhere on the Internet. A variety of hardware architectures are supported.

WINE

Wine is an open source implementation of the interface Windows API on X, OpenGL and Unix systems.

We can say that Wine is a compatibility layer designed to run Windows programs. Wine does not require Microsoft Windows, as it is a completely free alternative implementation of the Windows API. The source code consists of 100% non-Microsoft code. Although, if desired, Wine can use native Windows DLLs. Wine also provides development tools for porting the original Windows code on Unix systems. Thus, it is possible to compile and run without changes Windows programs on Unix systems of x86 architecture: Linux, FreeBSD, Mac OS X and Solaris.

XFE

X File Explorer (Xfe) is a file manager for X, similar to MS-Explorer or Total Commander. Although all of these file managers are feature-rich and well-designed, we have to admit that they are huge! If you are a console fan, a lightweight desktop user, or just have an old computer, then the cost of such a file manager can be significant, which is not very good. Many file managers, on top of that, are dependent on the desktop environment and are forced to load a bunch of libraries when loading. The Xfe file manager, on the contrary, does not depend on the desktop and is low on resources.

Software Development Tools

Bugzilla

(Yes, Bugzilla is a web app, but it's so cool). Bugzilla is a free, web-based bug tracking system originally developed and used by the Mozilla project. Since being open sourced by Netscape Communications in 1998, Bugzilla has been adopted by many organizations as their primary bug tracking tool. The application is popular among developers of both free and proprietary programs.

Eclipse

Eclipse is an open community whose projects are focused on building an open development platform consisting of extensible frameworks, tools and libraries for building, deploying and managing software products throughout their entire lifecycle. A large and vibrant ecosystem of major technology providers, innovative startups, universities, research institutes, and individuals all support the Eclipse platform.

Gambas

Gambas is a free development environment based on an interpreter Basic language with object extensions. The system is similar to Visual Basic (but it is not a clone!).

With the help of Gambas you can quickly develop graphical interfaces for programs in Qt or GTK+, work with databases MySQL data, PostgreSQL, Firebird, ODBC and SQLite, manage KDE applications through the DCOP engine, translate your program into many languages, create with ease network applications, OpenGL 3D graphics applications, CGI web applications and much more.

Geany

Geany is a text editor based on the GTK2 library. The editor contains the basic functions of an integrated development environment (IDE). The program is small and fast, and has little dependence on other packages. There is support for many file types, markup languages ​​and many nice features.

Gobby

Gobby is a free collaborative editor that supports multiple documents in one session and online chat. The application runs on Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X, Linux and other Unix-compatible platforms. GTK+ 2.6 is used as the windowing tool, so the application does not fall out of the general GNOME design.

jEdit

jEdit is an advanced programmer text editor, hundreds of man-years (including extension development time) have been invested into its development.

Netbeans

NetBeans IDE is a free integrated application development environment. With NetBeans, you have the tools to create professional desktop, enterprise, web, and desktop applications at your fingertips. mobile devices. Supported programming languages ​​are Java, C/C++ and even Ruby. The IDE runs on a variety of platforms, including Windows, Linux, Mac OS X and Solaris; easy to install and use.

SciTE

SciTE is a text editor based on SCIntilla. Originally designed to demonstrate Scintilla(), it has now evolved into a useful general purpose editor with the ability to compile and run programs.

Web Development Tools

Amaya

Amaya is a web editor, i.e. a tool for creating and updating documents directly on the web. Page viewers are seamlessly integrated with editing and remote access functions in a single work environment. This approach follows the original vision of the web as a space for collaboration rather than one-way publishing.

Aptana Studio

Aptana Studio is a free environment for Ajax development, downloaded more than a million times. Web developers around the world are already convinced that Aptana Studio is the best program of its kind. Studio provides free extensions for development in PHP, Ruby on Rails, Adobe AIR and even Apple iPhone.

Of course Studio contains features for developing Ajax applications based on Jaxer. Indeed, starting from Studio version 1.1, Jaxer is fully supported, so developing Ajax applications does not require any server installation. You just create new HTML document and you can immediately implement a client/server application with support for accessing databases, network access and many others.

BlueFish

Bluefish is a powerful editor designed for programmers and web designers, containing many features that make writing websites, scripts and code easier. Bluefish supports a variety of programming and markup languages, especially for editing dynamic and interactive websites.

FontForge

FontForge is a font creation tool. With its help you can create and edit fonts in postscript, truetype, opentype, cid-keyed, multi-master, cff, svg and bitmap (bdf, FON, NFNT) formats. You can convert fonts from one format to another. There is support for many font formats from the Macintosh system.

gFTP

gFTP is a free multi-threaded FTP client for *NIX architectures. One nice feature is support for FXP transfers (file transfers between two remote FTP servers).

Compozer

KompoZer is very easy to use, making it the best choice for average users who want to create an attractive and professional-looking website without knowledge of HTML markup language or web programming.

Kruler

Kruler is an on-screen ruler (unit of measurement is pixels) and screen color detector. Program for the KDE environment.

QuantaPlus

Quanta Plus is a stable and feature-rich web development environment. Quanta's principles have always been thoughtful architectural foundations; development aimed at effective and natural use; maximum flexibility and expandability for the user. Quanta's developers were dedicated to making the program the best among community-supported programs. Much of Quanta is designed so that these features can be easily extended. Even the way to work with XML DTD is described using XML files that the user can edit. Other features include the ability to import DTDs, write scripts to control editor content, visually create dialog boxes for scripts, and assign scripts to almost any file operation.

SeaMonkey

The SeaMonkey project is a community effort to create an application for any Internet need. Popular applications of this kind in the past were Netscape and Mozilla, but now the SeaMonkey project is developing in this direction, combining all latest concepts. The program's functionality includes a web browser, an email client and a news group client, an HTML editor, IRC chat and tools for web development. SeaMonkey is sure to be useful for advanced users, web developers and enterprise users.

Wink

Wink is an application for creating lessons and presentations, primarily for creating visual aids for working with programs (for example, visual lessons in MS Word/Excel, etc.) Using Wink you can create screenshots, add explanations, buttons, headings, etc. .p. This way you can get very effective presentations and lessons.

Xampp

Many people know from experience that it is not easy to install Apache web server, and it's even more difficult to link it with MySQL, PHP and Perl. XAMPP is an easy-to-install Apache distribution that also contains MySQL, PHP and Perl. XAMPP is actually easy to install on a server - just download the package, extract the contents and get started.

Programs for office work

Basket Note Pads

This is a general purpose note-taking application. Among the functions:

• Easily create notes of any type
• Collect data in one place and share it with others
• Centralize information about your projects
• Quickly organize your thoughts in “idea boxes”
• Make To Do Lists
• And much more.

Firefox

Many people know that Firefox is a web browser. Its distinctive feature is a huge number of extensions that improve the functionality of Firefox, so you can easily modify Firefox to solve your problems.

Gnome Do

Powerful, fast and good-looking software for remotely controlling your GNOME desktop, but GNOME Do isn't just for GNOME. Although the program was written by a GNOME enthusiast, it also works great in KDE and other environments.

GNOME Do is not a search tool. If you know what you are looking for and what you want, Do will help you get it done in no time. GNOME Do is not just a program for running other programs. You can send email and instant messages, play music and search for information on the Internet. All this is possible thanks to extensions.

GnuCash

GnuCash is a personal finance and small business finance software. The application is freely distributed under the GNU GPL license and is available for GNU/Linux, BSD, Solaris, Mac OS X and Microsoft Windows platforms.

The program is easy to use, but at the same time powerful and flexible. GnuCash allows you to keep track of bank accounts, shares, income and expenses. The program is based on professional financial principles, which guarantees balance sheets and accurate reports.

HomeBank

HomeBank is a free program for managing your personal finances. A simple program in concept. Easily analyze your financial situation with powerful filtering tools and graphs.

inCollector

inCollector is an application for storing various work data (such as notes, message history, quotes, serial numbers, source codes, web addresses, words, etc.). All entries can be equipped with tags, which will help you find the one you need in the future. There are also search folders that allow you to search for records based on specified criteria. You can also export (and, of course, import) records to an external file.

Meld

Meld is a visual tool for finding differences. You can compare the contents of two or three files and edit them if necessary (differences are updated automatically). You can compare the contents of two or three directories, and if there are differences, search for differences within the files. You can view the differences between the current file and a copy of the file on a version control system server such as CVS, Subversion, Bazaar-ng and Mercurial.

OpenOffice

OpenOffice.org is a multi-platform office suite. It consists of important desktop applications such as a word processor, spreadsheet, presentation program, and vector graphics editor. The interface and functionality of the package resembles other office packages. Flexible OpenOffice.org handles a variety of formats, including proprietary ones Microsoft formats Office and the neutral OpenDocument format from the OASIS consortium.

The package is available in more than 65 languages, and more are being added thanks to the community. OpenOffice.org runs reliably on Solaris, Linux (including PPC Linux), Windows, Mac OS X (X11) and many other platforms.

PDFedit

Free (and open source) PDF document editor. There are both graphical and console versions.

qOrganizer

qOrganizer is a general purpose organizer consisting of a calendar with a schedule, reminders, daily journal/notes and a To Do list. Students may find useful features such as a lesson schedule and a diary for grades and absences. The program is easy to use and takes a new approach to organizers.

RSSowl

Applications that collect data from sites equipped with RSS feeds are called “aggregators.” RSSOwl is an application of this kind. RSSOwl allows you to collect, organize, update and save information from such news feeds. This process is simple and pleasant. Selected information can be saved in various formats for further offline reading or sharing with other people. The application is easy to set up, there are versions for different languages and most importantly, it works on many platforms.

Specto

Specto is a desktop application that monitors changing events (such as website updates, mail receipts, file and folder changes, system processes, etc.) and displays pop-up notifications when these events occur.

For example, Specto can monitor updates to a website (or news feed, or picture, or whatever) and notify the user of activity. This way, you avoid having to constantly check this site to see if there have been updates.

Sunbird

Mozilla Sunbird is a cross-platform calendar built on the Mozilla Toolkit. It is a simple and fully featured calendar app that can be used on many platforms.

Task Coach

Task Coach is a simple, open-source app for managing personal tasks and To-Do lists. This program was born out of Frank's frustration with the fact that well-known analogues, such as those built into Outlook or Lotus Notes, do not allow the creation of compound tasks. But often tasks consist of several actions. Task Coach was designed specifically to support compound tasks.

Thunderbird

Thunderbird lets you work with email the way you want, meeting all your specific needs - such as advanced message searches or listening to audio files directly from emails.

Thunderbird 2 offers the user many ways to work with mail folders, such as favorite messages, recently viewed messages, or a folder containing unread messages. As always, you can create an RSS feed or newsgroup folder to keep up to date with the latest events in your interests. Thunderbird 2 also allows you to expand the message viewing panel to full screen.

In Thunderbird 2, you can tag messages with specific tags, such as "To Do" or "Done," and even create custom tags to suit your needs.

tkdiff

tkdiff is a graphical front-end for the diff diff search program. The program consists of two blocks in which you can see the difference between the two files. To quickly navigate through a document, there is support for functions such as difference bookmarks and graphics card differences.

Zim

Zim is a WYSIWYG text editor written in Gtk2-Perl. The editor is meant to bring the idea of ​​a wiki to the desktop. Each page is saved as a text file with wiki markup. Pages may contain links to other pages; pages are saved automatically. The pages are organized in a hierarchical structure that resembles hierarchical editors (so-called outliners). Zim can be used to maintain To Do lists or as a personal diary.

In the 1990s, free software was considered exotic in the corporate environment, and the only noticeable competitor of the proprietary giants led by Microsoft for a long time was Red Hat, but since the second half of the 2000s the situation began to change rapidly. Open source software has become mainstream for many large companies, and dozens of trusted open source software vendors have emerged who have achieved the appropriate high level of expertise and experience to serve large and demanding enterprise clients.

As of 2014, there are many players who are successfully competing with commercial software providers in a number of areas. Besides Red Hat, these are such oriented open software organizations such as Google, Apache Software, Novell, SUSE, Acquia, etc. More and more OpenSource analogues of existing proprietary solutions are appearing on the market. Open source communities are becoming stronger and improving the quality and functionality of products.

As a rule, the development itself is offered free of charge, and it is commercialized through support and customization. This creates additional competition and, as a result, promotes the development of open software products.

In almost all industries and areas of activity, it is possible to use software based on open source code. Almost every proprietary software has a working open source counterpart:

• Cisco VPN – OpenVPN,
• Oracle Database – PostgreSQL,
• Microsoft Hyper-V – OpenVZ,
• MS Active Directory - Samba,
• Avaya IP Office – Asterisk, etc.)

Based on specific business objectives, you can compare the cost and time frame for implementing a solution based on proprietary software and OpenSource.

Open source software in countries around the world

USA

In March 2016, the US Presidential Administration presented a preliminary version of the bill on use by government departments. Market participants supported the initiative.

According to a document released by the White House, American government agencies can share the source code for certain projects with each other in order to increase their efficiency and eliminate the need to develop the product from scratch. Read more about this.

India

In October 2011, it was reported that the Punjab government had decided to purchase software from Microsoft, reversing a 2008 decision to install free software on 46,000 computers in 4,956 schools. "We have decided to reconsider the previous decision," said Baldeo Purushartha, the state's school education minister.

The Punjab government launched an IT program for students of classes 6 to 12 in 2004-2005. The Punjab ICT Education Department is implementing a project under which computer labs with the necessary equipment, software and broadband Internet connection are being set up in all primary schools. At the same time, the Bharat Operating System Solutions (BOSS), tested and certified by the Linux Foundation for use in schools, received wide support at the government level due to its affordability.

According to the Punjab State President, as of 2008, the minimum cost for upgrading Microsoft-licensed software - covering 16,578 computers at Rs 1,375 per computer - was Rs 23 million over five years. For this reason, in September 2008, the Government of Punjab decided to purchase and install BOSS in all government primary schools and stated that from 2011, all primary school students will be trained in the use of BOSS. Work was completed in April 2011, including the training of 6,600 teachers.

But on August 8, 2011, after a comprehensive review of the results of the project, the head of the Punjab state school education department announced that `the school education department will return to using Microsoft software... for teaching children in the primary classes of government schools.' The cost of updating the licenses will be around Rs 7 million, of which Rs 3.77 million has already been allocated by the government.

Moreover, around 90,000 computers will be installed in government schools connected to the EDUASAT network through which students will be able to watch live broadcasts of various lectures. According to preliminary calculations, the initial price of the Microsoft software and license will be 30 million rupees. This amount does not include the price of equipment, etc.

Earlier, in February 2011, it was decided to use BOSS to work in the EDUASAT network. But now, in the words of Purushart: `In order to full use installed computers on which students will learn Microsoft software, we want to use Microsoft also in EDUASAT`.

Note that Punjab was the first state to actively implement Linux in schools. Currently, BOSS is still used in the Indian states of Haryana, Gujarat, Kerala and Uttar Pradesh.

Germany

According to a recent study by the Georgia Institute of Technology (USA), Germany ranks fourth in the world in terms of open source software penetration in the public sector. In 2001, the German Ministry of Foreign Affairs (and with it all embassies and consulates) switched to Linux. The consulting company McKinsey has confirmed several times that the foreign policy department saves significantly by using Linux, OpenOffice and Thunderbird instead of the Microsoft suite of Windows, Office and Outlook. It was even said that diplomats spend less on IT than employees of any other government agency.

But the trick is that shareware software is sometimes more expensive to operate than unconditionally paid software. Dinosaurs like Microsoft can provide better and cheaper support than small Linux support companies. And sometimes it is more profitable to buy a license. Therefore, for example, the same German foreign policy department is returning to Microsoft software this year. Officials valued the permanent problems with technical support in terms of money, as well as the difficulty in mastering open software (many employees complained about this) and spoke in the spirit that the stingy pays twice.

Russia

Decisions of the government and the President of the Russian Federation Dmitry Medvedev, domestic open source software was introduced in all schools of the Russian Federation in 2008 and will be installed in all government and budget organizations to ensure national security in the IT field.

Project "Penguin" - implementation of Open Source Software

Project "Penguin" is a project for the introduction of Linux Technologies and Open Source Software into schools and universities in Russia in 2009-2010. funded by FAO - Federal Education Agency of the Russian Federation. According to the contract for Project Penguin, three stages must be completed:

1. Finalization of textbooks and methodological support
2. Development of technical support and Internet portals
3. Training 60 thousand teachers in Linux technologies and Open Source

1. The development of basic Textbooks in computer science for universities and schools based on Open Software in accordance with state standards and the requirements of the Unified State Exam in computer science and ICT was completed in 2008-09. 2. Development of Internet support with basic computer science textbooks and basic Open Source packages for Windows and Linux was carried out in 2005-2009. 3. Trial courses for computer science teachers and school teachers on Linux Technologies and Open Source Software were conducted and tested in 2005-2007. together with the Moscow pedagogical universities Moscow State Pedagogical University and Moscow State Pedagogical University with the support of UNESCO, IBM Corporation and Linux Center.

• • Higher Attestation Commission, prof., doctor of computer sciences 16:32, October 15, 2009 (UTC)

Open source software - opinion of the President of the Russian Federation

At this meeting D.A.Medvedev said:

"...If we sit down now completely on the needle of foreign software and “mortgage” for many years, then we will not get off it. And we will develop contrary to global trends. At the same time, it is also impossible to announce that tomorrow we will transfer all computers in schools (and potentially a much more serious network of computers) to open source programs with a free license, because there are connection problems, there are technological problems. That is, there is no complete readiness here either. What to do?

We offer take a compromise path, and this path has now begun to be realized. For three years, purchase a license package from basic programs(we mean, first of all, operating systems, archivers, offices, editors, “photoshops” - in general, everything that is usually used by users, including in schools), but at the same time, do not stop, but work on a domestic package open access programs (and now we’ll talk about this in more detail), so that later, ultimately in three years (if it happens earlier, even better),

Create such an optimal model, in which schools and potentially all government agencies will be able to choose what they want: or continue to use commercial products at their own expense, and not at the expense of federal funds, or switch to a system that is already absolutely adapted, acceptable to them, based on open access, on open code...".

December 2010: Putin ordered the transfer of power to Linux

The history of the document on the transition of government authorities to free software has been going on since 2007, when the Ministry of Information and Communications began to develop the “Concept for the development of the development and use of free software in the Russian Federation,” which was published in the spring of 2008. However, the resignation of Minister Leonid Reiman and the appointment of Igor Shchegolev's appointment to his position entailed a revision of the concept.

Despite this, in the spring of 2008, a few days before the transfer of power to Dmitry Medvedev, Vladimir Putin, while still President of Russia, mentioned the plan for migration to open source software for federal institutions in the list of his instructions to the government, thus setting this task to himself.

Open Source Packages for Schools

Open Source Packages for schools are designed for installation of programs in schools and home computers with operating systems Windows and Linux. The Linux Live-CD is designed to work with Open Source software on home computers with Windows without installing Linux on the computer.

Decisions of the Government of the Russian Federation domestic open source software in 2008 and 2009 was sent to all schools in the Russian Federation and will be installed in all government and budget organizations to ensure national security in the IT field.

Open Linux operating system

Open office software package

Open office suite can be freely installed and used not only on personal computers with Linux OS, but also on computers with Windows OS. At the same time, documents and files prepared in the MS Office office suite can be read and processed in the Open Office suite.

Composition of the Open Office suite:

1. OpenOffice.org Writer- Text editor Writer with rich capabilities for creating letters, books, reports, newsletters, brochures and other documents, compatible with MS Office.
2. OpenOffice.org Calc- Calc spreadsheets have the advanced analysis, charting and decision-making capabilities expected of a high-quality spreadsheet, compatible with MS Office.
3. OpenOffice.org Impress- Impress presentation editor provides all common media presentation tools such as special effects, animation and drawing tools. Compatible with the Microsoft PowerPoint file format, and can also save your work in numerous graphics formats, including Macromedia Flash (SWF).
4. OpenOffice.org Base- Base database provides tools for working with databases within a simple interface. It can create and edit forms, reports, queries, tables, views and relationships so that managing the associated database is almost the same as in others popular applications databases. Base includes HSQLDB as its default relational database engine. It can also use dBASE, Microsoft Access, MySQL or Oracle, or any ODBC or JDBC compatible database.
5. Open Office Draw Draw is a vector graphics editor that can be used to create everything from simple diagrams or flowcharts to 3D artwork. Draw can import graphics from many common formats and save them in more than 20 formats, including PNG, HTML, PDF and Flash.
6. Gimp- raster graphics editor Gimp, a program for creating and processing raster graphics. Vector graphics are partially supported.

Open text editor Writer

OpenOffice.org Writer is a word processor and visual editor hypertexts, is part of OpenOffice.org and is free software (released under the LGPL license).

Writer is similar to Microsoft Word and the functionality of these editors is approximately equal. Provides the user with modern tools for typing, editing and formatting documents.

Along with the familiar interface and functionality:

* creating and designing paragraphs of text and pages, * adding sections and footers, * inserting images and multimedia objects, * previewing and printing documents, * recording changes and reviewing texts, * automatically creating tables of contents, indexes and footnotes, * adding macros and controls, * working with tables, * spell checking and much more,

The concept of applying styles is a great solution that makes it easier to create and format documents. Working with styles is supported in all components of the office suite, but it is in OpenOffice.org Writer that it is most fully implemented.

Five groups of styles: paragraphs, characters, pages, frames and lists provide the user with many options for easily formatting documents. A special “Styles and Formatting” panel allows you to manage styles, changing existing ones and creating new ones. And the more complex the document, the more often it has to be changed, the more obvious the advantage of styling becomes.

Another tool, Navigator, provides the ability to quickly navigate through a document by selecting headings, footnotes, sidebars, or other objects as reference points.

As with other components, Writer has a large number of add-ons (extensions) that improve the basic functionality of the component or provide additional functions, such as grammar checking or publishing to MediaWiki.

Writer supports a large number of formats for importing and exporting files, including saving to PDF and importing docx. And sending a file by email is done with one click of a button.

Open Calc Spreadsheets

start: OpenOffice.org Calc is an application for working with spreadsheets. With its help, you can analyze the input data, do calculations, make forecasts, summarize data from different sheets and tables, build charts and graphs.

Calc is a current and popular OpenOffice.org component for working with spreadsheets in the business environment. A favorite tool for accountants and managers for creating reports.

Step-by-step input of formulas into spreadsheet cells using the Wizard facilitates the formation of complex and nested formulas, demonstrates descriptions of each parameter and the final result at any input stage.

Conditional formatting and cell styles help you organize your data, while pivot tables and graphs show you the results of your work.

More than two dozen file import and export formats, including text import functions, allow you to operate with almost any data. You can also use a special tool to import data from other sources, such as databases, and you can create an updated range so that the imported data is always up to date.

Links between different spreadsheets and joint editing of data are supported (starting from OpenOffice.org version 3.0).

Various settings are available for printing finished sheets on the printer: scale, margins, footers. And the built-in spell check, like in a text editor, will improve the quality of the finished report.

Open vector graphics editor Draw

OpenOffice.org Draw- a vector graphics editor, comparable in functionality to CorelDRAW, part of OpenOffice.org.

Vector graphic editor Draw is a drawing tool that uses vector graphics. It contains a number of services that allow you to quickly create all types of drawings. Vector graphics allow you to save and display images as vectors (two dots and a line) rather than as a series of pixels (dots on the screen). Vector graphics make it easy to save and resize images.

graphic editor Draw ideally integrated into the OpenOffice.org system, which makes it very easy to exchange drawings between any modules of the system. For example, if you create a drawing in Draw, you can easily use it in a Writer document by copying and pasting. You can also work with graphics directly in the Writer and Impress modules, using a subset of the functions and tools from Draw.

The package includes fully functional "connectors" between shapes that can use a variety of line styles and allow you to draw drawings such as flowcharts.

The need for a vector editor as part of an office suite is beyond doubt. The scope of application of such an editor is quite wide: from the simplest drawings and advertisements to diagrams, diagrams and drawings.

In addition to your own objects, you can insert diagrams, formulas, and other elements created in other OpenOffice.org components into your drawings. Draw also supports exporting raster images in most formats, both common and specialized.

Draw has all the necessary tools inherent in vector editors:

* Connecting lines, dimension lines, tables. * Working with text and text effects; * Change color fill, shadow, transparency; * Placing, linking and managing objects using slides, layers and guides; * Various operations on objects are supported: addition, subtraction, grouping and transformation of shapes; * Drawing three-dimensional objects; * Drawing using graphic primitives, Bezier curves; * Effects: lighting, morphing and duplication;

In addition to your own objects, you can insert diagrams, formulas, and other elements created in other OpenOffice.org components into your drawings. Draw also supports exporting raster images in most formats, both common and specialized.

Using the Gallery (object storage) allows you to organize existing images, and support for text styles saves time when creating objects of the same type.

The finished drawing or drawing can be printed on a printer or exported to a raster image or, for example, to PDF.

The maximum size of a drawing in Draw is 300x300 cm.

Starting with version 3.0 of OpenOffice.org, Draw supports not only export, but also PDF import (installation of a special OpenOffice.org extension is required).

Open relational database Base

Base is an open relational database that allows you to create, edit and process tabular data.

Users are provided with a fairly large set of tools for processing data and tables: editors of forms, queries, reports, database tables. With their help, you can analyze input data, do calculations, make forecasts, summarize data from different sheets and tables, build charts and graphs.

The query editor allows you to create almost the entire range of SQL queries to databases for selecting, changing, and adding data. Nested queries and queries with parameters are supported. The visual part of the editor will simplify the process of constructing queries for a novice user.

The form editor allows you to use almost any standard database content management tool. It provides controls for text, numeric, binary fields, lists, drop-down lists, tables, buttons, calendar and other elements.

a tool for working with external data sources plus a built-in HSQLDB DBMS. Using Base, you can add, delete, edit database records: MySQL, HSQLDB (usually bundled with OpenOffice.org), PostgreSQL, DB2, Oracle.

It is also possible to work with DBF, MS Access tables, address books, text files, as well as spreadsheets created in OpenOffice.org Calc or MS Excel.

External data sources are accessed using ODBC, JDBC, SDBC and other technologies. The full list of supported technologies and data sources depends on the operating system used.

More complex management and data processing is performed using macros and the OOBasic programming language.

The table editor will help you create and manage tables in the embedded HSQLDB database, as well as with some possible limitations for other databases.

Base has a built-in report wizard with basic functions for creating reports or tables or queries. But there is more best tool creating reports - Sun Report Builder. This tool allows you to create reports of almost any complexity. It supports grouping, built-in custom functions, conditional formatting. The result of SRB's work is a Writer or Calc document, which can later be printed or edited.

With Base you can create data sources. For example, by organizing a connection to an external database in Base and filtering the necessary data using an SQL query, you can work with this data in OOo Calc.

Open programming systems

1. FreePascal 2.0.4 - Free Pascal and Object Pascal Compiler - Lazarus or KDevelop is recommended as an IDE.
2. Eclipse- An open set of open programming systems for the development of modular cross-platform applications.
3. Gambas- free programming system 2)VISUAL BASIC IDE for creating programs based on Qt, GTK, OpenGL, SDL and CGI WEB

Minimum Open Source Package for Schools

Includes Open Source programs

1. graphical environment XFCE;
2. fast text editor Abiword;
3. Gnumeric spreadsheet editor.

Minimum Open Source software package:

1. Office package: OpenOffice.org 2.3;
2. Web browser: Firefox 2.0;
3. Image Editor: Gimp 2.4;

Additional disk Contains programs for schools and other educational institutions:

1. Web page editor Bluefish;
2. Programming languages pascal (Free Pascal and Lazarus), basic (gambas), logo (KTurtle);
3. Mathematical calculation systems (Maxima and Scilab);
4. Antivirus ClamAV and Squid caching server, PostgreSQL DBMS

Optimized for installation and operation on computers from 128 to 256 MB of memory and a processor from PI 233 MHz.

Linux LiveCD

Linux CD Live-CD is designed to work with Open Source software on home computers with Windows without Linux installations on a computer.

CD L Inux Live CD optimized to work with a CD for installing Linux on a computer with 128 to 256 MB of memory and a PI 233 MHz processor. Sessions are supported, allowing you to save settings and documents in your home folder between reboots.

The option with the lowest hardware requirements provides acceptable performance even on systems with 128 MB of memory.

Includes the XFCE graphical environment; This distribution includes the lightweight and fast text editor Abiword and the spreadsheet editing program Gnumeric.

In addition, the first disc contains:

1. Office package: OpenOffice.org 2.3;
2. Web browser: Firefox 2.0;
3. Email: Claws Mail;
4. Working with images: Gimp 2.4;
5. and more than 1000 programs that allow you to solve a wide range of problems.

School server

School Server- a server operating system with wide functionality, fully customizable via a web interface through which components are managed.

Compound:

1. web applications to help organize the educational process:
2. Moodle - a system of distance and interactive learning, contains examples of courses;
3. Mediawiki - a system for organizing a “knowledge base” using Wiki technology;

for organizing a local network:

1. DHCP and DNS servers;
2. Squid proxy server (with support for displaying access statistics);
3. firewall;
4. network interface management;
5. exact time server;
6. file servers:
7. Samba server (for organizing access to directories accessible via the Samba protocol);
8. FTP server;
9. interface for creating local mirrors of repositories;
10. CUPS print server;
11. MySQL (for Moodle and Mediawiki);
12. Apache2 web server;
13. interface for updating the system (including setting up updates);
14. backup;
15. account management (the ability to import accounts from the 1C:Chronograph system);
16. mail server with support for anti-virus and anti-spam tools.

• • Higher Attestation Commission, prof., doctor of computer sciences 04:29, July 19, 2009 (UTC)

Open source software in Russia

Currently, open source software is beginning to become widespread in the Russian education system, one of the reasons for which is the widespread illegal distribution of commercial closed import software.

By government decisions, domestic open source software was introduced in all schools of the Russian Federation in 2008 and will be installed in all government and budget organizations to ensure national security in the IT field.

Open source software can be freely installed and used in all schools, offices, universities and all personal computers and in all government, budgetary and commercial organizations and institutions in Russia and the CIS countries in accordance with the General Public License (GPL).

• • Higher Attestation Commission, prof., doctor of computer sciences 09:50, July 16, 2009 (UTC)

Open source software in schools and universities

Using Open Source Software and Linux Technologies in Moscow schools and universities began in 2005-2006. after holding school-seminars “Linux Technologies and Open Source Software” together with IBM Corporation and UNESCO on the basis of Moscow State Pedagogical University.

In 2007 By decisions of the Government of the Russian Federation, basic open source software packages were recommended for implementation in all schools in Russia and use for teaching computer science and information technology in all computer science classrooms in all schools in the Russian Federation.

Background basic packages computer science programs, their development, implementation and distribution to schools in Russia and the CIS countries began in the late 90s, when basic software packages were developed for domestic personal computers BK, Corvette and UKNC and distributed as Open and Free Software for schools.

All secondary schools in Russia in 2008-2009 received basic packages of licensed commercial and free open source software for training computer literacy, basics of computer science and new information technologies with Windows and Linux operating systems.

In four regions of Russia in 2008-2009 Work has been launched to introduce and use basic software packages for computer science and computer science classrooms in secondary schools, and training has begun for teachers and computer science teachers in the technology of working with open source software in Windows and Linux environments.

According to Doctrine of Information Security of the Russian Federation, training in computer literacy and computer science should be accompanied by legal awareness training in the protection of information in computers, protection from computer viruses, porn sites and ensuring information security in local and global computer networks based on free open source software.

In 2007, the first computer science textbooks were released for universities and schools to teach computer science in accordance with state education standards with free open commercial proprietary software in Windows and Linux.

• • Higher Attestation Commission, prof., doctor of computer sciences 09:51, July 16, 2009 (UTC)

Definition of Open Source

Definition of Open Source) is used by the Open Source Initiative to determine the extent to which a software license complies with Open Software (Open Source) standards. Based on the Debian Free Software Directives, mostly written by Bruce Perens.

The definition consists of ten license requirements to Open Software:

1. Free distribution. This means that the license should not impose restrictions on the sale and distribution of the software.
2. Available source texts. Even if the software does not come with source code, the source code should be easily accessible.
3. Possibility of modification. The mere ability to read the source code does not allow experimenting with them and releasing modifications
4. Even if the author's source code is inviolable, derivative programs and their source codes should be freely distributed.
5. No discrimination against people or groups of people. Some countries, such as the USA, have some restrictions on software exports.
6. No discrimination based on purpose of use. A free license should allow all types of activities, including genetic and nuclear research, commercial applications, etc.
7. License distribution. The rights associated with Open Source Software should apply to all users of the program without entering into additional agreements, such as non-disclosure agreements.
8. The license must not restrict other software products. With the exception of banal incompatibility, the user has the right to choose what to use.
9. The license must be technology neutral. That is, the license must not require anything from the interface or technologies used in the derivative program.
10. The license should not be tied to a specific product. Rights to software code should not depend on whether the program is part of a product. A person who distributes a program separately from the collection or transfers part of the code to another product has the same rights as the collection gave.