History of the emergence and development of e-mail. How did email come about?

Information. It is probably difficult to name something else in our world that is just as intangible and just as dense, permeating all directions and constantly accumulating around us. The preservation of information appeared with the first rock inscriptions, and along with the need to transmit it over long distances, signal fires were lit and drums began to sound. This is how the first post office was born. In this series of articles we will show you how this most important segment of our lives works, how it is evolving, what it was and what it will be: mail.

People learned to speak relatively long ago, but the human voice is imperfect when it comes to sending messages far away. As the need to share information not only accumulated, but increased exponentially as our world evolved, new forms of information were born along with it. postal service. From the first signal drums, which appeared about 8,000 years ago, ancient tribes moved on to fire and smoke: they can be seen from afar, and the very fact of lighting a smoke column was a kind of signal. African tribes still use tom-toms for communication, and bonfires were used even by the Indians of the 20th century.

The first beginnings of postal communication were born in ancient states along with the advent of writing: Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greece, Persia, China, and the Roman Empire. The first messengers walked along the roads; later they mounted horses. Messages and written messages were transmitted according to the relay race principle. In the Ancient East, rulers needed to be supplied with constant information about what was happening in the slave-owning territories under their control. It is not surprising that this led to the development of the prototype of postal service. It is believed that the first postal message was sent about 5,000 years ago in Mesopotamia in the form of a sealed clay letter.

The post of antiquity was built on messengers, who, orally, in writing, by sea, on horseback, by land, on foot - and most often for military purposes - carried news to all corners of the states. This system of transmitting messages received particular development in the Roman Empire, and with its fall (about 520 AD), mail ceased to exist. In feudal medieval Europe of the 11th–15th centuries, post and communications as such were transferred to spiritual and secular institutions. That is, the church began to deal with mail. We will talk about this period later.

N.K. Roerich, "Messenger"

Let's think about it for a second. When was the last time you used postal services? You may remember a package that you picked up from a post office or directly from a courier. They sent letters to some government agency. They opened envelopes in search of money in distant unhappy childhood. Sending “chain letters”, carefully “licking”, as expected, each envelope, without indicating the return address. It seems that mail is moving away from us, transforming mostly into a delivery service and going to the “cloud”. In fact, mail is evolving. The news and article that you are reading now is an example of the evolution of news that has come a long way from the weathered hands or even the lips of a Persian messenger to the image on your display. E-mail, without which we cannot imagine our lives, was impossible without the Internet, and the Internet appeared not so long ago - it is not even 50 years old. Instead of emails people sent only paper ones. And even in the future, when, perhaps, there will no longer be a need to deliver a package - the desired product will be printed on your 3D printer, materialized in a teleporter, or you will use exclusively virtual products - all this will only be an evolution of mail.

Information does not disappear without a trace, does not dissolve in a black hole, it only takes on a different form.

There are not many phenomena in the world, or even institutions, that have emerged as a result of consistent and independent development across the globe. Offhand, we can name only the most grandiose ones - writing and languages, many of them; an institute of science that has absorbed the research of scientists from all over the world over many millennia; a matter of diplomacy and statehood, which even in modern times do not shy away from the norms developed back in the Roman Empire; artistic culture, the heyday of which is considered to be Ancient Greece. Try including mail here and you will be surprised how well this institute fits into this range and includes the best of what people in different parts can come up with globe together and separately.

The medieval church, being the one and only authority, took upon itself the task of centralization, which would have been impossible without own system messages - monastery mail. Couriers from the monasteries maintained contact between individual monasteries and the head of the church in Rome, between monastic orders and their brotherhoods. At the same time, stations for changing horses were born, which later migrated to Russia. Actually, the word “post” comes from the Italian “statio posita in...”, which meant a station for changing horses. The word “mail” (post) was first used in this meaning in the 12th century.

European universities of the mid-second millennium, to which, historically, students flocked from a variety of countries, almost walked, in Lomonosov style, to get an education, used this important point: For a fee, professional university mail messengers maintained contact between students and their families, sometimes delivering letters to individuals.

An interesting phenomenon was the “butchers’ mail”. By nature of activity, the European butcher shop, which traveled extensively for purchasing purposes, took on the responsibility of transporting letters and parcels. In some cities in southern Germany, this became the responsibility of butchers, in return for which they received certain privileges. This post office operated until the end of the 17th century and in some places received national significance.

Franz von Taxis

And yet, the first organized mail in every sense of the word is considered to be the mail created by members of the Tasso clan (Tassis, Taxis). The Thurn and Taxis post office existed from the second half of the 15th century until 1867 and made a huge contribution to the development of postal services in Europe. The Taxis post office was maintained at their own expense, at their own risk, but invariably remained a private enterprise, although the emperors laid claim to its establishment. The Thurn and Taxis post office importantly adopted all the effects of the evolution of postal services and promptly introduced the postmark and postage stamp into use. 400 years is not a bad history for private mail.

As for Russian postal service, Russian postal service, which developed on the territory of the then Russian state, historians are of the opinion that our ancestors took over the postal service from the Mongol conquerors. During that troubled period, postal stations (which we talked about above) and “pits” appeared on the main roads, where “yamchas” (messengers) changed horses. As you might guess, the word “coachman” is rooted in this legend. And the word “postman” found its way into pre-revolutionary Russia in 1716 (before that, postal employees were called “postmen”).

The reforms of Peter I led to the fact that postal services in Russia appeared in all the main cities of the country. The state took over the postal service, the first post offices and post offices were opened, and the position of postmaster was introduced. The first mail cars (between St. Petersburg and Moscow) paved their way in 1851. What happened next - you know mailbox The first letter in your life fell. We'll talk about how mail works and which of its elements have undergone evolution and which have remained unchanged.

It is impossible to describe in words how far the influence of evolution and revolution has gone in the postal service, on land and at sea. The post can certainly be called a great achievement of mankind. The peace of 1782, which followed the American War of Independence, was concluded only after negotiations that lasted more than two years. Prussia and Austria fought in 1866. The campaign took seven days; and seven weeks elapsed from the declaration of war to the formal conclusion of peace. Obviously, the time difference in both cases was due only to the fact that in one case the news took longer, and in the other, faster.

We can look at the past with mixed feelings - remembering our frivolous ancestors, who were in no hurry and who had enough time for reflection; we consider those times lethargic, sluggish, calm.

We are proud of our own era as filled with life and activity, haste and nerves, high electrical voltage. But many of us know the price of this whirlpool of life events and often say: “This pace is killing.” Will this pace continue for the next hundred years? Most likely yes. The evolution of mail allows us to fit more actions into a minute of life, as does the evolution of many other things, of course. Letters no longer take weeks to arrive, parcels will soon be delivered instantly, communication has practically lost any restrictions. What will mail be like in the future? You will be the first to know about it.

Testing of the first postal drones has already begun...

The beginnings of mail in Rus' have existed since the times of princely messengers, birch bark letters and carts. Further development The postal service was associated with the pits, the Yamsk chase, the creation of postal departments - the Postal Department, the Ministry of Posts and Telegraphs, the Main Directorate of Posts and Telegraphs. In Soviet times, there were People's Commissariats and the Ministry of Communications, which was replaced by the corresponding state bodies of modern Russia. Mail Until the 9th century. The history of exchange of news begins with the Stone Age. Then information was transmitted by the smoke of fires, blows on a signal drum, and the sounds of trumpets.

Later they began to send messengers with oral messages. Such a messenger memorized the “letter” from the words of the sender, and then retold it to the addressee. The memory of this has been preserved in our language: we more often say “the letter says” than “the letter says.”

The great powers of antiquity Assyria, Egypt, Persia, Rome, the Inca state had a developed, well-organized mail. Messengers traveled along paved roads and caravan trails day and night. They took turns or changed horses at specially built stations. Actually, the word “post office” comes from the Latin expression “mansio pozita...” - “station at a point...”. 2500 years ago, the relay race method of transmitting letters from messenger to messenger was already used.

Sending messages on the territory of Russia has been known since ancient times. Even in the 1st millennium BC, Greek historians mentioned the transmission of messages from the peoples who lived in the Northern Black Sea region and Central Asia - the Scythians, Sarmatians, Saxons and Massagetae.

9th century In the last quarter of the 9th century, almost at the very beginning of the existence of Kievan Rus, the foundations of Russian mail- one of the oldest in Europe. In terms of time of occurrence, only the communications services of Great Britain and Spain can be placed on a par with it.

In 1266, almost 100 years earlier than in Germany - the country with the most developed at that time by mail, the first rules for the passage of messengers across Russian lands appear. Mail then it became an integral part of the state administrative machine and a means of communication between educated people.

Occupies a special place in Russian history mail Veliky Novgorod XI-XV centuries. The discoveries in recent years of dozens of birch bark letters delivered through communication channels allow us to speak not only about the almost universal literacy of Novgorodians, but also about the existence in the boyar republic of a developed system for sending private correspondence.

The Tatar invasion brought innumerable troubles to the Russian land. Development has stopped mail. For many years, the domestic communication system was at the level of the 13th century. The only thing that the Russians borrowed from their enslavers was the new name for the post office - Yamskaya gonba.

From the end of the 15th century, after the Russian state threw off the shackles of the Tatar-Mongol yoke, the heyday of the Yam persecution began. The first ones appear postal institutions, arises new look postal services provided to the population - paid delivery court summonses. Foreigners visiting Muscovy back in the first quarter of the 16th century. They called the Russian communication system "mail", although in Rus' this word became widely used only from the middle of the 17th century.

Great contribution to development Russian Post contributed by the outstanding statesman A.L. Ordin-Nashchokin. Under his leadership, a regular postal service was created for the delivery of private correspondence. It was developed and improved at the end of the 17th - beginning of the 18th centuries. Regular delivery of letters was carried out from Moscow to Arkhangelsk, St. Petersburg, Astrakhan, Azov, Kyiv and even across Siberia to Kyakhta to the Chinese border.

First lines of regular public mail went beyond the borders of the Russian state to “German” countries. This is how Russian people sometimes called lands where they spoke “silent” languages incomprehensible to our ancestors. This is where the name of the first mails in Riga and Vilna (Vilnius) came from - “German”, in contrast to the Yamskaya, which served internal lines.

The Riga and Vilna mails were sometimes called “merchant mail”, because in the early days of their activity the bulk of the correspondence sent abroad consisted of letters from foreign merchants. The “German” post office was distinguished from Western European ones, first of all, by the fact that it was a state institution, while in the West the system of delivering letters by private enterprises became widespread, among which the post house of Thurn and Taxis achieved particular power.

Unlike the “German” one, the scope of activity of the Yamsk post office spread widely throughout Russia. Only its lines ran in Siberia, in the south of the country, in Ukraine and Belarus.

The parallel existence of two postal systems - "German" and Yamskaya - created many inconveniences and sometimes led to completely ridiculous things.

For example, at one time two mails went from Moscow to St. Petersburg: the “German” mail, which delivered only merchant letters and government papers, and the Yamskaya, which, in addition to government mail, carried correspondence from local administrative institutions and letters from nobles.

Moreover, the Yam service charged significantly less money for its services from letter senders than the “German” service. This state of affairs could not be considered normal, therefore, from the middle of the 18th century. The merger of both services begins.

The establishment of communication lines with provincial cities was of great importance for the development of domestic mail. They were first organized in 1712 for relations between the Senate and the governors of individual regions. And later short time provincial post offices become subordinate to the Yamsk office and become publicly accessible. The Yamsk Post Office in Moscow delivered public and private correspondence throughout Russia - from Minsk to Yakutsk.

The “fruit” mail was also subordinate to him, carrying not only letters from Astrakhan to St. Petersburg, but also grapes, watermelons, and melons to the royal table.

From the second half of the 18th century. postal lines reach some county towns, especially those that were industrial centers or mining sites for vital minerals such as table salt or iron ore. On local lines, postmen most often walked from city to city.

Russian postal communication began with the delivery of military news, but military field mail, as such, for a long time didn't exist. The transportation of military messages was carried out by random people, the roads were unreliable, and there were often no means of transportation.

If the organization of postal chases was poor in a combat area, this sometimes affected the course of the war. Only from the end of the 17th century. In Russia, the institute of military postmen began to be created, who were directly included in the staff of regiments and formations of the active army. The existence of a connection of this kind was legitimized by the “Military Regulations” of Peter the Great, which included the article “On the rank of the field, post office.”

Until the end of the 17th century. in Russia they used to seal bags with correspondence various stamps: orders, voivodeship, customs, personal stamps of postmasters.

At the turn of the XVII-XVIII centuries. Special postal stamps are introduced, first on the “German” and then on the Yamskaya post office. The foundations of unification are laid postal items, their design appearance according to a single model. At the end of the 18th century. special stamps appear, imprinted with paint on each individual letter.

During the same period, preparations began for the introduction of a unified postal documentation. At the end of the 17th - beginning of the 18th centuries. all correspondence was recorded in the postmaster's books. Since the 30s of the 18th century. special registers for letters appear.

In the early 70s of the 18th century. "model" postal lines are being laid to the Baltic states and Belarus. Their creation is associated with a document of enormous significance - “The Project on the Establishment of Postal Stations and the Position of Keepers”, on the basis of which the rules for organizing the postal race were drawn up for almost 80 years.

At the “model” post offices, for the first time, the position of station keeper was created, later known as the “station keeper.” Since 1773, the Russian communications service began to accept bills and money for transfer everywhere. At the same time, new terms are emerging: relay race, post-package, kuvert (envelope), post bell, troika. And most importantly, the post office has finally become a profitable enterprise.

Decrees of 1770 and 1772 provided for the creation of lines of postal stagecoaches or, as they were then called, “trolley mail”. However practical application these projects were not received, since the income from the introduction of postal vans did not cover the costs of their maintenance.

1782 became a milestone in the development of domestic means of communication. That year the “German” and Yamskaya post offices were liquidated.

All means of delivering correspondence are merged into a single organization managed by the Main Postal Affairs Board. The old postal system, which had become a hindrance to progress, was destroyed. It took almost 900 years from the time of the first mention of sending a messenger in Rus' for mail in its form and organization to approach the one we use now.

With mail from the 18th century. The names of many outstanding statesmen are closely connected. Among them are diplomats P.P. Shafirov and A.A. Bezborodko, historian and mining engineer V.N. Tatishchev, commanders B.P. Sheremetev and Z.G. Chernyshev.

Russian Post in the 19th century: In 1802, in connection with the establishment of ministries in the Russian Empire, the Main Postal Administration was annexed to the Ministry of Internal Affairs.

After the reform of 1830, the postal industry experienced important changes: introduction of city mail, delivering postal items in cities, arrangement of messages for transporting passengers in wheelchairs, new forms of maintaining postal stations, bringing postal operations to uniformity. In 1834, the construction of the first highway between St. Petersburg and Moscow was completed.

Over time, other main roads in the country were converted into highways, which made it possible to combine the transportation of mail with the transportation of passengers.

The peasant reform of 1861 and the creation of Zemstvo self-government made it possible to organize a post office to serve the entire rural population.

Since 1865, zemstvos began to organize their own post offices. Despite many prohibitions and limited funds, zemstvo mail became widespread and at the end of the 19th century existed in 190 counties. Zemstvo post offices reached their greatest development in the Vologda, Kazan, Novgorod, Perm and Samara provinces.

In 1874, by agreement between 22 states, which included Russia, the Universal Postal Union was formed. The union allowed the establishment of direct postal relations between the participating countries.

In 1884, in order to reduce the costs of maintaining postal and telegraph offices, the Postal and Telegraph Departments were merged into a single Main Directorate of Posts and Telegraphs within the Ministry of Internal Affairs. By the end of the 19th century, almost all regions of the Russian Empire were covered by regular postal services.

After the fall of the Russian monarchy in February 1917, Kerensky's Provisional Government renamed the Main Directorate of Posts and Telegraphs to the Ministry of Posts and Telegraphs.

After the Bolsheviks came to power in November 1917, the Ministry of Posts and Telegraphs was renamed the People's Commissariat of Posts and Telegraphs.

In March 1918, the People's Commissariats, together with the country's leadership, moved from Petrograd to Moscow, which became the capital of the state.

During the years of the First World War and then the Civil War of 1918-1922, the country's postal service fell into decay. Postal communications between the capital and some districts were completely or partially disrupted.

The length of postal routes and the network of communications enterprises was reduced by almost half compared to pre-war times. Railway transport fell into disrepair, and horse-drawn transport was mostly idle due to a lack of horses.

With the end of the Civil War in 1920, postal routes were restored and international postal exchange with countries that were members of the Universal Postal Union.

In 1922, air transportation of mail began on international and domestic routes.

In 1924, mobile ring mail was organized in many counties, which made it possible to sharply increase postal exchange in rural areas. Simultaneously with the development of the service network, the mail delivery system was improved. Horse transportation was replaced by automobile transportation, and the fleet of railway mail cars was significantly replenished.

In 1926, a department of postal equipment was organized in the People's Commissariat of Posts and Telegraphs.

The department was entrusted with the task of modernizing equipment and mechanizing postal enterprises. The following year, the grand opening of installations for the mechanization of parcel processing took place at the Moscow Post Office. Following the Moscow one, the Leningrad post office was also mechanized.

By 1927, mail volumes had reached pre-war levels.

In 1932, the People's Commissariat of Posts and Telegraphs was renamed the People's Commissariat of Communications of the USSR. In 1939, work began on the mechanization of postal enterprises and the creation of transport offices in the regions, territories and republics. In the same year, a postal technology laboratory was created at TsNIIS. The main task of the laboratory was to develop fundamentally new and improve old systems technical support postal service.

The war with Germany, which began in June 1941, challenged postal communications. new task: organize uninterrupted delivery of mail between the front and rear.

Postal services for military units and formations of the active army were entrusted to the military field and naval postal authorities. Every month, up to 70 million letters and more than 30 million newspapers were delivered to the active army from the rear.

The main activities for organizing postal communications in the rear were reduced to organizing new postal routes and carrying out evacuation to the eastern regions of the country large quantity industrial enterprises and institutions. The war caused enormous material damage postal services. Post offices in Leningrad, Sevastopol, Odessa, the Smolensk region, and Belarus were partially or completely destroyed.

In total, the Nazi invaders destroyed about 36,000 communications enterprises.

In 1943, when the Red Army launched a wide offensive, work began to restore postal communications. In 1945, the year of the victory of the Soviet Union over Nazi Germany, the activities of communications agencies were resumed throughout almost the entire territory of the country.

In the post-war years, postal services underwent quantitative and qualitative changes.

In 1946, the People's Commissariat of Communications of the USSR was transformed into the Ministry of Communications of the USSR. The management of postal services began to be carried out by the Postal Administration, which was part of the Ministry of Communications along with other departments of the telecommunications industries.

By 1950, the postal service, destroyed by the war, was restored and brought to its pre-war level. In subsequent years, the network of communications enterprises expanded significantly, especially in rural areas.

A network of post offices subordinate to post offices and communications centers developed in cities. Most enterprises began to combine mail, telegraph and telephone. These means of communication were, as a rule, located in the same building and were under the same leadership. A huge network of mailboxes was created, which were installed not only in cities, but also in rural settlements, at railway stations, sidings, and at forks in highways.

Further development of postal services followed the path of mechanization and automation of mail processing processes, improving the organization of its transportation and delivery.

For this purpose, the modernization of old postal equipment was carried out and the production of fundamentally new models was carried out - postal processing and handling machines, equipment for container transportation, small-scale mechanization and postal equipment, and customer service equipment.

For many decades, postal and telecommunications enterprises existed first as part of regional and republican communications departments, and then as part of state communications and information science enterprises.

In the early 1990s, after the collapse of the Soviet Union, the socio-political and economic transformations taking place in Russia entailed changes in governance structures.

Ministry of Communications and postal service Russia has carried out difficult work to improve the organization and management system of mail. At the government level, it was decided to separate postal services into an independent industry. The management of this industry in 1993 began to be carried out by the Federal Postal Administration, created under the Ministry of Communications of the Russian Federation.

In 1995, the Department was reorganized into the Federal Postal Service of the Russian Federation, and in 1996 it was transformed into the Postal Communications Department of the Ministry of Communications of the Russian Federation. Management of postal services in individual territories is provided by regional departments, which operate through post offices, city and regional centers and postal offices.

Russian postal enterprises received economic and commercial independence, but along with it, high competition created by former partners - telecommunication enterprises. At the same time, despite the division of industries, the unique postal network created in previous periods and covering almost all populated areas of the country, was preserved.

In 1996, the Ministry of Communications of the Russian Federation for the first time in its centuries-old history Russian post decided to break the state postal monopoly on some postal services, as a result of which commercial postal companies arose in Russia.

The services of the new companies included courier delivery of postal items, pensions and benefits, forwarding of parcels, and distribution of periodicals.

Considering the role of the Russian post in the historical development of the state, in 1994, Russian President B. N. Yeltsin established a professional holiday for postal workers, “Russian Post Day,” which is celebrated annually on the second Sunday of July.

Another presidential decree in 1997 restored heraldic traditions Russian post– emblem and flag.

From postal history

Prepared

Senior teacher GBOU secondary school No. 1317

Sviridenko O.I.

Canadian Indians lit fires, the smoke of which could be seen from afar. This smoke could communicate a lot to people at a great distance. Canadian Indians lit fires, the smoke of which could be seen from afar. This smoke could communicate a lot to people at a great distance .

In Africa, news was transmitted from one settlement to another by the beat of a large drum - tom-tom.

Foot messenger

Pigeon mail

Messengers carrying mail used horn to give signals.

Mail carriages carried both goods and passengers.

Russian postal carriage. Second half of the 19th century.

bottle mail

Such mail has existed since ancient times. Sailors threw bottles with letters into the water. Bottle mail still serves science today. Glass bottles with postcards inside are dropped from ships exploring the oceans. The finder is asked to report where he was caught, thus studying sea currents, their speed, and variability.

Letter The postal envelope familiar to us was invented in 1820 UK paper merchant Brewer .

Heinrich von Stefan

The world's first postage stamp

"Black Penny" -

In Russia, the first mailbox appeared in St. Petersburg on December 1 1848 year. Blue, made of one-inch boards and covered with iron, it was inconvenient to use and easy to break into, so it became a real find for postal thieves. To prevent mail theft, the authorities replaced wooden boxes with cast iron ones - weighing more than forty kilograms. And only in 1910 designer P.N. Shabarov developed an iron mailbox with a mechanically opening bottom door, which we still use today.

Russia A coachman is a driver, a coachman on post horses. The name of the profession “coachman” comes from the word “pit”. So in Russia XIII - XVIII centuries called post stations.

It was in Russia, where huge distances had to be covered from one village to another, that underbells or coachman's bells appeared. They were suspended under the arch of the root horse (the central horse in the trio). Basically, bells were placed on postal troikas as signaling device. Firstly, the signal was needed to require pedestrians and other crews to immediately clear the road. Secondly, such a signal notified the staff of the postal station about the need to prepare a shift for tired horses.

Russia became one of the first countries to put mail on rails. IN 1837 In 1999, mail was delivered by rail from St. Petersburg to Tsarskoe Selo for the first time.
IN 1851 In 2009, a mail car with correspondence from St. Petersburg to Moscow was sent for the first time, and from that moment regular mail transfers by rail began. Trains that included a mail car traveled faster than passenger trains.

In the first decades of the 20th century, Russia began to use aviation to speed up mail delivery. The first air flight with postal cargo took place on March 31, 1918 from Petrograd to Moscow.
Further, the development of airmail proceeded at a rapid pace, domestic airlines were established, and the delivery of airmail abroad began.

postal code- conventional digital designation postal address

Parcel

Package

Profession - postman…

A paper bag that keeps the message secret. (K-----t)
The destination of the letter, the location of the person to whom it is intended. (A---s)
Digital symbol settlement. (I----s)
A man delivering letters, newspapers, telegrams. (P-------n)

Marina Krylova
“Journey along the “river of time.” The history of the postal service." Cognitive and research activities of preschoolers

Program content:

Introduce the history of postal service. Talk about the evolution of this communication.

Educational task:

Cultivate interest in this problem. Develop cognitive interest of children. Implementation of the principles of gender education.

Corrective task:

Vocabulary enrichment: messenger, coachman, "Yamsky order", postal service, drawing - pictogram.

Activating words: envelope, index, stamp, telegram, mobile phone, internet, fax.

Verbs: deliver, deliver, rush, convey.

Equipment:

Layout "river time»

Attributes for this topic: sheets of paper, markers, bell, envelopes, stamps, pens, knotted string.

Slides on antiquity, antiquity, ours time.

Preliminary work:

Decorating a book corner on the topic « mail»

Reading S. I Marshak « Mail»

D. Kipling "How the first letter was written"

Music series:

T. Zaretskaya "Sunny Bunny"

A. Ermolov "The sun is shining"

M. Legrand "Toccata"

Progress of the lesson

The guys enter the hall to the music.

Educator:

Today we will go to a very unusual place. journey. Where will our journey, you can determine from an excerpt from a poem by S. I Marshak « Mail» (Children's answers)

Educator:

Yes guys, you are right. Today we will talk about mail history, about how people in ancient times, in ancient times and in our time could transmit messages and news.

Sit down on the chairs and keep your attention on the screen. First, we will go to antiquity. (Children watch slides)

Imagine that we were with you in those time when ancient people lived. They hunted mammoths and lived in caves. They couldn't write, they didn't have a telephone. How do you think they exchanged messages and news? (Children's answers)

Children answer: they sent a messenger with oral messages, there was a nodular mail, pictogram drawings.

The teacher invites the children to stand up and come to him.

Educator:

And now you and I will turn into cavemen. We will have two tribe: a tribe of boys and a tribe of girls. (The teacher invites each tribe to go to their tables)

Educator:

I have two sheets of paper and markers. Let's imagine that this is tanned mammoth skin and charcoal for writing. Please draw "letter" to each other that spring has come. (Children draw letters)

Now choose the fastest messenger from your tribe, and he will deliver the message. (To the music, two children run around the hall and exchange messages)

Guys, let's take a look and read what we got? (Each tribe deciphers the message)

Well done. But you probably noticed that there may be inaccuracies in the decoding of the message. And on the way the messenger encountered many dangers.

Educator:

Sit down on the chairs. And we will go with you to distant times. Our "river time» moves on. All attention is on the screen. (Children watch slides)

Passed time, when people hunted mammoths and painted messages on the walls of caves and animal skins. Writing appeared.

People began to exchange messages and write letters more often. And in Russia a special one appeared postal service.

Who knows what it was called? Right. "Yamsky order"

What were the names of the workers at this mail?

And how did they deliver? mail?

What do you think a coachman should be like?

Yes, guys, brave and strong people went to work there. They had to overcome a lot long distances. Bells were attached to the teams of horses.

Who can say why?

Educator:

Well, no matter how fast the horses were, letters and messages took a long time to travel. Moreover, robbers were waiting for the coachmen along the road. Therefore, letters did not always reach the addressee.

And now we will play a game with you. It's called “One, two, three - take the bell” And I will find out which of you in the old days could work as a coachman.

The game is played 2-3 times.

Educator:

Well done!

The teacher invites the children to sit on chairs.

Educator:

And we continue travel around« river of time» . And we find ourselves in another era, in ours modern world . Attention to the screen.

Guys, look how things have changed time? There are many different equipment. Which? (children's answers)

And sending a message has become much easier and faster. Lastly time Completely new means of communication have appeared. Which ones do you think? (children's answers)

In a matter of seconds we can send a message even to another continent. Do you agree with me?

Educator:

But we still write letters, send telegrams and postcards for holidays and birthdays. But it’s not the coachmen who carry them anymore, but... (children's answers)

But for the letter to reach the addressee, what should be on the envelope? (children's answers)

That's right, guys! What do you think the brand is for? (children's answers)

And it seems to me, guys, that a stamp is a ticket for writing.

Look at the screen to see what brands there are. (the kids look at the stamps, the teacher comments)

Educator:

Today I invite you to write a letter to your mother about how much you love her. To do this, you have envelopes on your tables on which we have already written your home address. There are also stamps, pens, and pieces of paper. Take a seat at the tables.

(children write letters, stick stamps, seal an envelope. The teacher monitors the work)

Educator:

Well done!

Come to me, please.

I think it's ours the trip was interesting. Well done!

Tell me, where have we been? What interesting things did you learn? What did you like most?

Let's come to our « river of time» and place labels on it that correspond to each era. (personal address to some children)

What do you think we will stick in the ancient era?

And in the era of antiquity? What kind of label should I attach?

And here is ours time. Which label will we choose and stick on "river time» ?

Well done!

Educator:

Now our lesson is over. Thanks to our guests. You also probably learned a lot from mail history.

The children leave the hall to the music.

Presenter 1st.

Slide 1

Presenter 2nd.

I wonder how many years they have been writing, sending and receiving letters?

Slide 2

Presenter 1st.

In R. Kipling's fairy tale “How the First Letter Was Written,” the letter was not written, but drawn! And let's start from afar...

Presenter 2nd.

The clay letter you see was drawn three thousand years BC. They were called tablets. Such letters were sent in clay envelopes. The person to whom the letter was intended carefully broke the envelope and then read the letter.

In Rus', the first letters and documents were birch bark letters.

Slides 3,4

Presenter 1st.

Ancient messages were handed to the messenger. Nobody envied the messengers!

When a messenger left for a foreign country, he bequeathed his property to his children for fear that he would not return home. A lonely running person was often attacked by predatory animals.

Presenter 2nd.

The Indian messenger announced his approach with the sounds of rattles.

Animals were used to deliver mail: camels, elephants, horses, deer...

Slides 5,6,7

Presenter 1st.

In bad weather, the narrow streets of ancient cities were filled with impassable mud—the postman sometimes walked on stilts.

Slide 8

Presenter 2nd.

Artists of the past often depicted postmen.

Slide 9

Presenter 1st.

Stagecoaches appeared in England in the 16th century. These large covered carriages carried passengers, mail, and luggage.

Slide 10

Presenter 2nd.

The outstanding statesman A.L. made a great contribution to the development of Russian postal service. Ordin-Nashchekin. He created a regular postal chase (fast driving).

Presenter 1st.

Where did the word “mail” come from?

Boyar Ordin-Nashchekin was an educated, talented person. It was he who was the creator of postal communications with foreign countries. When signing a peace treaty with Poland, he included a clause on “correct mail” between the two states.

This is how the word “mail” appeared in the Russian language. In Polish and some other languages, it sounded close to the word “road”.

Slide 11

Presenter 2nd

There were more than 3 thousand postal stations on Russian roads in the last century.

Slide 12

Presenter 1st.

Letters are little travelers. From city to city they travel by train, sail by boat, fly by plane, but when there was no postal transport yet, there was another type of letter delivery.

It was pigeon mail. It has served man for centuries. It was also used by Egyptian pharaohs, Persian kings, Greek and Roman commanders, and sailors.

Slide 13

Presenter 2nd

The pigeon quickly gets used to the person, to his house, to his roof. The pigeon is taken away in a closed box hundreds of kilometers away. He doesn't see the road. The bird released into the wild at first feels confused, then, as if an invisible compass shows it in which direction to look for a home.

But before the dove rises into the air, careful hands attach a tiny message to the back, to the paw or to the tail feather.

Slide 14

Presenter 1st.

Pigeons became especially famous during the siege of Paris by German troops in 1870–1871.

The pigeon post worked great and to the Great Patriotic War in 1941 - 1945. 15 thousand “pigeongrams” were sent from the front line.

There are cases when pigeon mail is still in effect today. In some countries, amateur pigeon breeders train homing pigeons, or, as they now often say, racing pigeons. Competitions are organized, including international ones. Victory is awarded for the speed and accuracy of the birds' flight.

Slide 15

Presenter 2nd

Except pigeon mail There is also bottle mail. Of course, this is not very reliable way send news from a long voyage. Finding a bottle in the ocean waves is probably no easier than finding a needle in a haystack. But still there is hope. Columbus preferred an oak barrel to a glass one. It's more noticeable than the bottle. And what kind of sailor will ignore a tarred barrel, inside of which, probably, good old wine is splashing.

They say that Columbus's message was carried by the ocean waves for 360 years.

Slide 16

Presenter 1st.

Bottle mail today serves science. Glass vessels with postcards inside are thrown into the sea from ships exploring the world's oceans. The finder of such a vessel is asked to report as accurately as possible where it was caught and send a postcard to the scientific institute at the address printed on it.

The institute knows the place and time when the vessel was given over to the will of the winds and currents. Now it will be known where they brought him. There are hundreds of thousands of such bottles. The lines of their paths plotted on the map show the directions of the main sea currents, their speed, and variability.

Slide 16

Presenter 2nd

In Siberia, the nomads of the tundra of cold Taimyr had their own way of delivering letters.

A man rides on reindeer and asks the person he meets where he is going. If in the right direction, gives him the letter.

So the message passes from hand to hand until it reaches the addressee. Delivering a letter was a matter of honor.

Slide 17

Presenter 1st.

The progress of technology was reflected in the progress of mail. After all, mail is an important part of human civilization. Postal routes were replaced by railways. Fast ships were built to transport mail by sea. Airplanes deliver letters over long distances.

Slide 18

Presenter 2nd

By the middle of the last century, postal services operated in almost all countries of the globe. They were very different countries. Rich and poor, developed and backward. In 1874, 22 European countries united in Bern, the capital of Switzerland. Then others joined them, forming the Universal Postal Union. Now there are about 170 states, including Russia.

Slide 19

Presenter 1st.

Letters have great value in people's lives. With the help of letters, people communicate at a distance, report news from their lives, support each other in difficult times and share joy.

Slide 20

Presenter 2nd

We would like to offer you several riddles on the topic

our event.

Presenter 1st.

Everything rides on it: both joy and sorrow. (Mail.)

Presenter 2nd

Without wings, but flies; without a tongue, but speaks. (Letter.)

Presenter 1st.

The house is made of tin, and the residents in it are to lead. (Mailbox.)

Presenter 2nd

They are cutting down here, and the chips are flying all over the world. (Letters.)