Which company made the first mobile phone? Mobile phone: history of creation, main functions and characteristics of modern devices

Modern people cannot imagine life without a telephone, although relatively recently it did not exist. The very first sample, similar to its current mobile “brothers”, could transmit sound, had a tiny black and white screen and not a single hint of future greatness and functionality.

The invention of the telephone, which is the direct ancestor of today's smartphones, is shared between Antonio Meucci and Alexander Bell.

It is not known for certain which of them was the first to guess about this, but both applied for patents. And, although Bell's application was created 5 years later than Meucci, the official founding father telephone communication Alexander Graham Bell is considered.

The first telephone and telegraph (history of invention)

The inventor of the first electromagnetic telegraph is Pavel Shilling, a Russian scientist. He publicly demonstrated the discovery that made it possible to transmit information remotely in October 1832.

The idea was supported, and a year later the telegraph, built by Wilhelm Weber and Karl Gauss, appeared in Germany. Cook Wheatstone, a native of England, created an amazing apparatus based on Schilling’s drawings in 1837, and in 1840 a similar invention was patented by US resident Samuel Morse.

Telephone

Italian Antonio Meucci, living in England, went further and created a device that transmits sounds through wires. The 1871 patent application proudly declared “Telephone.”

Invented: “talking telegraph”

Alexander Bell patented the "talking telegraph" in 1876. His device transmitted sounds “live” with almost no delay, allowing human speech to be recognized. The device was presented to the public at the World Electrotechnical Exhibition of 1876, which was held in Philadelphia.

Who called the telephone a telephone?

Charles Bourcel spoke about the principle of operation of the telegraph in his dissertation back in 1854, but limited himself to theory. Nevertheless, Bourcel distinguished himself and took his place in history by using the word “telephone”.

Who invented the first cellular (mobile) telephone?

The first cellular device is the DynaTAC 8000X model, created by Motorola. It entered the market in 1983 and was so popular that, even at the then fabulous price of $3,995, it sold out like pies.

The DinaTAK device held a full battery charge for about 60 minutes, could store 30 numbers, and did not have a display or other functions other than a call. It weighed almost a kilogram, had an inconspicuous design and 12 keys.

You could only talk on it for 30 minutes, after which you had to put it on charge, which took 10 hours.

Satellite phone No. 1

The Mobira Cityman 900, introduced in 1987 by Nokia, was the first satellite phone. It was he who was used by Mikhail Gorbachev to call Moscow while in Helsinki, which was captured by the paparazzi.

The entire elite wanted to purchase a “pipe” with an antenna, which weighed about 800 grams, despite the cost. If recalculated at today's exchange rates, the purchase cost people $6,700 or 202,500 rubles.

First inventor of the video camera phone

The first phone with a video camera was the Japanese Sharp J-SH04, released in 2000. At that time, a resolution of 0.1 megapixels seemed like an impossible miracle that allowed you to create your own videos.

Who invented the touch phone and when?

Creator touch phone IBM is considered to be a computer development company. The new product was presented to the general public in 1998, although its development took 5 years.

The 2007 LG KE850 Prada model was the first where the sensor worked not with a stylus, but with a finger. It also featured a bright design and wide functionality.

Who first invented the Smartphone?

The first smartphone appeared in the mobile industry in 1996 and was called Nokia 9000 Communicator. It weighed almost 400 grams, had a monochrome display, 8 MB of memory and a QWERTY keyboard.

But the term itself was introduced by Ericsson when it introduced it to the world in 2000. Ericsson model R380s. In addition to its versatility, this smartphone was small in size and weighed only 160 grams. Its feature was a hinged cover (flip) covering the touch screen.

Invention of the Android phone

Android was developed by Android Inc., later acquired by Google. The world's first telephone Android based originated in September 2008. It was called T-Mobile G1 or HTC Dream.

In the vastness of Russia, the first such smartphone was the Highscreen PP5420, produced in 2009. After the release of the third version of Android in February 2011, tablets based on this base began to appear.

Who invented the iPhone?

Popular series iPhone smartphones invented Apple corporation. Steve Jobs announced it in January 2007 at a thematic conference, and the first model went on sale 4 months later.

The "name" of the series means the word "phone" with the prefix of the letter i, which is an abbreviation for the word Internet.

• inspire (inspiration),
• instruct (training),
• inform (knowledge),
• individual (personality).

Updated iPhones appear every year. The last one was released in the spring of 2016. It is called iPhone SE, popularly called “iPhone 7”, because the previous one was called iPhone 6 Plus, but in fact this is model number 9.

Wikipedia about telephone inventions

Wikipedia talks a lot about telephone inventions. In it you can find events preceding the appearance of the telegraph, associated with the discoveries of famous physicists. It allows you to get acquainted with the complete history of the origin and development of an apparatus that has become important for modern society.

But the information about the first phones presented on Wikipedia is quite scarce. Camera phones, for example, are mentioned in passing. However modern models, their functionality, design and manufacturers are described in detail.

The phone went through long way from the telegraph, which transmits information via wires over short distances, to the smartphone, which contains almost all the world's knowledge, working thanks to the built-in satellite dish. Development continues. Perhaps soon the phone will become even more powerful and functional, and will also take on a new look.

Where and when did the first one appear? cell phone in Russia? And what model was it?

1. the first cell phone was "BRICK" (from MikraTak or STARTAK), and that says it all!
2. On September 9, 1991, the first operator appeared in Russia cellular communication based on NMT-450 technology of Delta Telecom CJSC. The price of the Mobira phone - MD 59 NB2 (weighing about 3 kg) with connection was about $4000. A minute of conversation cost about $1. In the first four years of operation, Delta Telecom connected 10,000 subscribers.

   Surely Mobira - MD 59 NB2 - is the first phone
   but something tells me that the government had them much earlier)

3. The very first mobile phone in the world was created by the Soviet engineer Kupriyanovich L.I. in 1957. The device was named LK-1.

   The weight of the portable mobile phone LK-1 was 3 kg. The battery charge was enough for 20-30 hours of operation, the range was 20-30 km. The solutions used in the phone were patented on November 1, 1957.

   By 1958, Kupriyanovich had reduced the weight of the device to 500. It was a box with toggle switches and a dial for dialing numbers. An ordinary telephone handset was connected to the box. There were two ways to hold the device during a call. Firstly, you could use two hands to hold the tube and box, which is not convenient. Or you could hang the box on your belt, then use only one hand to hold the tube.

   The question arises why Kupriyanovich used a handset and did not build speakers into the phone itself. The fact is that using the tube was considered more convenient because of its lightness; it is much easier to hold a plastic tube weighing a few grams than the entire apparatus. As Martin Cooper later admitted, using his very first mobile phone helped him build up his muscles quite well. According to Kupriyanovich’s calculations, if the device was put into mass production, its cost could be 300-400 rubles, which was approximately equal to the cost of a TV.

   In 1961, Kupriyanovich demonstrated a telephone weighing 70 grams, which fit in the palm of your hand and had a range of 80 km. It used semiconductors and a nickel-cadmium battery. There was also a smaller version of the dial dial. The disk was small and was not intended to be rotated with fingers; most likely it was intended to be used with a pen or pencil. The plans of the creator of the very first cell phone in the world were to create portable phone the size of a matchbox and a range of 200 km. It is quite possible that such a device was created, but was used only by special services.

4. http://otvet.mail.ru/question/6579802/ - that’s when he appeared...
   Price Nokia phone Mobira - MD 59 NB2 (weighing about 3 kg) with connection was about $4000. A minute of conversation cost about $1. In the first four years of operation, Delta Telecom connected 10,000 subscribers. The first NMT mobile phone - Nokia Mobira CitymanThe first GSM mobile phone - Nokia 1011
5. First mobile system in the USSR it was developed at the Voronezh Research Institute of Communications in the period from 1958-59. In 1963, the Altai system was put into trial operation in Moscow.

   Why Altai? It was understood that the masses did not need such a communication system, perhaps it would remain secret forever, therefore

   The first mobile communications appeared in Leningrad and there are many legends and mysteries surrounding its appearance. Nokia Mobira MD59-NB2 looks damn similar to Motorola Dyna Tac. The creator of the mobile phone, Martin Cooper, made his first call to Bell Laboratories to ask how they were doing and what new ideas they had in the field of communications. The first cellular call in our country was made by Anatoly Aleksandrovich Sobchak, the first mayor of Leningrad (St. Petersburg). Of course, he was interested in talking with the mayor of New York. The first call was from abroad. The developers of the communication system were confident in the result, but just in case, radiotelephone communication, including long-distance communication in the city, was turned off at the time of the call. Apparently the Finns scored their first goal not quite according to the rules. In the photo below, Martin Cooper smiles sarcastically and is ready to tell Mikhail Sergeevich Gorbachev how the Nokia Mobira MD59-NB2 differs from the Motorola Dyna Tac.

   Time is ticking. Nokia has become the leading manufacturer of original devices. Once, in a conversation with an American, I said: Motorola is a good phone, but we love Nokia. Yes, yes, said the American: The Japanese also make good electronics. Finns,” I corrected him, and we both laughed.

Mobile communications in the USSR

We are all accustomed to the fact that mobile technologies and devices come from abroad. Both communication standards (for example, GSM), and the phones themselves, and all equipment of operators bear the mark “Made in not-with-us”. The USA, Europe, Japan and even China provide us with communications. And somehow we forgot that we ourselves used to be leaders in this area. At one time, it was in our country that the world’s first automatic network was launched. mobile communications. And if not for the attitude of the Soviet leadership, (sabotage?) Perhaps even now we would speak not by “Nokias”, but by “volemots”...

Was there mobile communication in the USSR?

This question may seem strange to many, especially from a generation for which mobile communications are strongly associated with a plastic box with a large color screen, a bunch of buttons and buzzwords such as GPRS, WAP, 3G. Where could mobile communications come from in the Damned Sovk (c)?

Well, first of all, what is mobile communications anyway? What is the definition of this term?

Mobile communications are radio communications between subscribers, the location of one or more of which changes.

Mobile communications can be cellular, trunking, satellite, plus personal radio call systems and zone SMRS (fixed channel through a repeater).

In other words, cellular communications (although this term is probably also not familiar to all users of this very type of communication) is just a variation of a broader concept - mobile communications. Moreover, it appeared much later than the first mobile radio communication systems in general.

In the world, the first mobile communication systems appeared after the First World War. So in 1921, the first radio-equipped police cars began to be used in the United States. But mobile communications of that time were almost entirely used in highly specific forms, primarily by the military, police and all kinds of specialized services. They did not have connections to public telephone networks and were not automatic, so this period can be skipped.

The first mobile communication systems for the average consumer began to appear after World War II. However, these were also rather limited systems. The communication was one-way (simplex), that is, in the image of military radio stations - press the PTT button - you speak, release it - you listen. Yes, and selecting a free radio channel and then connecting to a terrestrial telephone network was completely manual. The presence of a control room with telephone ladies and a manual switchboard was an indispensable attribute of such systems.

Those who remember the French film of the 60s "Razinya" can remember the episode when the hero of Louis de Funes spoke on such a "mobile phone" from his car. "Hello, young lady, give me Smolny!"

This leads to a simple conclusion. The process of calling from a mobile phone should be indistinguishable from calling from a regular phone. This will be the criterion mobile network widely used communications.

So, the world's first fully automatic mobile communication system was created and put into operation in the Soviet Union. And for several years, the USSR was the world leader in the field of mobile communications.

"Altai". The first in the world.

See the first US patent in 1972!
U.S. Patent 3,663,762 -- Cellular Mobile Communication System -- Amos Edward Joel (Bell Labs), filed Dec 21, 1970, issued May 16, 1972 http://www.google.com/patents?vid=3663762 at this link and other patents , later

Work on an automatic mobile communication system, called Altai, began in 1958. In the city of Voronezh, at the Voronezh Research Institute of Communications (VNIIS), subscriber stations (in other words, telephones themselves) and base stations for communication with them were created. Antenna systems were developed at the Moscow State Specialized Design Institute (GSPI), the same place where Soviet television was born. Leningraders worked on other components of Altai, and later enterprises from Belarus and Moldova joined. Specialists from different parts The Soviet Union joined forces to create an absolutely unique product at that time - automatic mobile communications.

"Altai" was supposed to become full-fledged phone installed in a car. You could simply talk on it, like on a regular telephone (i.e., the sound passed in both directions at the same time, the so-called duplex mode). To call to another "Altai" or to regular phone, it was enough to simply dial the number - like on a desk telephone, without any channel switching or conversations with the dispatcher.

It was not easy to realize this opportunity given the technical level of that time. Digital communications, of course, did not yet exist; the voice was transmitted over the air in the usual way. But, in addition to voice, it was necessary to transmit special signals, with the help of which the system could itself find a free radio channel, establish communication, and transmit the dialed telephone number etc.

Now it seems natural to us to simply dial a number on the buttons of a mobile phone. And in 1963, when the experimental zone of the Altai system was launched in Moscow, real phone in the car made an indelible impression. The developers tried to make it as similar as possible to conventional devices: the Altai had a handset, and in some models even a dial for dialing numbers. However, the disk was soon abandoned and replaced with buttons, since turning the disk in a car turned out to be inconvenient.

Party and economic leaders were delighted with new system. Car phones soon appeared in the ZILs and Chaikas of the upper echelons of the Soviet leadership. They were followed by "Volga" directors of the most important enterprises.

"Altai" of course was not a full-fledged cellular system. Initially, one city and its suburbs were served by just one base station with sixteen radio channels. But for the small number of senior managers who had access to mobile communications, this was enough at first.

The system used a frequency range of 150 MHz - these are frequencies of the same order as the meter band of television. Therefore, an antenna installed on a high tower made it possible to provide communication at a distance of up to tens of kilometers.

A similar system in the USA, IMTS (Improved Mobile Telephone Service), was launched in the pilot area a year later. And its commercial launch took place only in 1969. Meanwhile, in the USSR, by 1970, "Altai" was installed and was successfully operating in about 30 cities!

By the way, about the IMTS system. There is one very interesting paragraph in the description of this system.

In the 70s and the early 80s, before the introduction of cellular phones, there were "waiting lists" of up to 3 years for those wishing to have mobile telephone service. These potential subscribers were literally waiting for other subscribers to disconnect their subscription in order to obtain a mobile telephone number and mobile phone service.

In the 70's and early 80's, before the advent of cellular communications, there were "waiting lists" of up to 3 years for those wishing to have a mobile connection. Potential subscribers were forced to wait until existing subscribers disconnected from the network in order to receive a telephone number and mobile network services.

Queues! Lists! Numbers! Here it is, the Damned Scoop (c)!!!

Of course, such strict restrictions were caused by the limited number of radio channels. But I specifically draw attention to this so that readers understand that such systems could not be widespread purely for technical reasons, and not because of someone’s malicious intent.

For this reason, the phones of this system were very expensive (from 2 to 4 thousand dollars) and a minute of conversation cost from 70 cents to 1.2 dollars. Often the phones were leased from the company rather than purchased.

And by the way, this system is still in use in Canada and the USA.

Now in Moscow, Leningrad, Tashkent, Rostov, Kyiv, Voronezh and many other cities (and regions) of the USSR, party and economic leaders could calmly talk on the phone from a car. Our country, as strange as it may be to hear now, was a confident leader in the field of mobile communications.

In the 1970s, the Altai system was actively developing. New radio channels were allocated (22 “trunks” of 8 channels each) in the 330 MHz range - i.e. at slightly longer wavelengths than UHF television, which made it possible to provide considerable range and simultaneously serve more subscribers. Thanks to the use of the first microcircuits, subscriber stations became more and more compact - although they still remained car-based (it was possible to carry the phone along with the batteries in a heavy suitcase).

By the mid-70s, the geography of the Altai system gradually expanded to 114 cities of the Soviet Union.

Special work to modernize the equipment had to be carried out for the 1980 Moscow Olympics. Moreover, precisely for the Olympics base station"Altaya" moved to the Ostankino TV tower. Before that, it occupied the top two floors of a high-rise building on Kotelnicheskaya Embankment.
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The famous building on Kotelnicheskaya embankment. In the 60s, the three upper floors were occupied by equipment of the Altai system, which provided the Central Committee and the Supreme Council with excellent mobile communications.

At the Olympics-80, the communications of the modernized Altai-3M system were used very widely and showed their best side. Thus, almost all journalistic reports from the competitions took place through Altai. Soviet signalmen became winners of the Olympics along with Soviet athletes; True, they did not receive Olympic medals, but many leading developers received the USSR State Prize.

However, during the Olympics the limitations of “Altai” began to appear. Sometimes journalists complained about bad connection; the engineers recommended that they move the car a little, and everything immediately got better.

In total, by the beginning of the 80s, the number of subscribers of the Altai system was about 25 thousand.

For wireless telephones to become widespread, it was necessary further development systems - in particular, the transition to the now common use of multiple base stations covering neighboring areas of the territory. And Soviet engineers were quite ready for this development. Unfortunately, not everything depended only on this readiness.

VOLEMOT, which came too late.

In the early 1980s, specialists from VNIIS and other enterprises were ready to work on a new generation communication system. It was called "Volemot" (short for the names of the cities where the developers were located: Voronezh, Leningrad, Molodechno, Ternopil). A special feature of Volemot was the ability to fully use many base stations; during a conversation, you could switch from one of them to another without losing connection.

This function, now known as “handover” and allowing conversations on the move without any problems, made Volemot a full-fledged cellular connection. In addition, automatic roaming was supported: the Volemot device, registered in the network of one city, could be used in another. In this case, the same 330 MHz range was used, and each base station could, if necessary, “cover” tens of square kilometers with communications.

Volemot" could become mass communications for rural areas, a “true friend” of collective farmers, summer residents and tourists. For this purpose it would be better suited than Western cellular systems, developed in the same period (AMPS, NMT), since it was easy to ensure its operation over a very wide area. But for servicing many subscribers in a small area (in a city), Volemot was inferior to AMPS and NMT, but further development, however, could solve this problem.

Mobile communications could easily fit into both the Soviet way of life and communist ideology. Initially, telephones could, for example, be installed in villages and holiday villages for collective use and rented out in tourist clubs (for the duration of the trip). The call service from Volemot could appear on long-distance trains or buses. And, of course, there was no threat to “state security” - mobile communications without encryption devices are very easy to eavesdrop on. Therefore, in the future it could well become available to all citizens of the country.

However, for several years it was not possible to obtain the necessary funding for the Volemot project and the development of the system proceeded very slowly. Meanwhile, cellular systems in the West were actively developing and gaining popularity. During the early to mid-1980s, the previous leadership was lost.
“Volemot” was nevertheless completed by the end of the 1980s and was ready to begin deployment, but at that time “the process had already begun” and the possibility of catching up with Europe and the United States was no longer discussed.

Nevertheless, the system was launched in a number of cities in the early 90s and is still in operation, just like Altai. Today their main positioning is professional communications for various services, from taxis to ambulances.

But despite this, full-fledged cellular communications managed to appear in the USSR. The first operator, Leningrad-based Delta Telecom, began operating on September 9, 1991, three and a half months before the collapse of the USSR. This means that work on its installation began six months to a year before this event, when the events that followed in Belovezhskaya Pushcha in December were not predicted even by CIA analysts.

Something interesting. The first cell phones.

Mobile (or rather, car!) phone from the early 80s from Nokia - Mobira Senator. The weight of the device is 15 kilograms.

Mobira Talkman is a phone from the second half of the 80s - early 90s. His weight is already only 3 kg.

Motorola's first cell phone was the DynaTAC 8000X, released on March 6, 1983. Its development cost about 100 million dollars (at that time!).

The phone weighed 794 grams and had dimensions of 33x4.4x8.9 cm. The battery charge was enough for 1 hour of talk time or 8 hours of standby time. He had a memory for 30 numbers and ONE melody.

This phone cost $3995. Lasted 10 years in the cellular communications market.

In the network of the first commercial cellular communication company in the United States, Ameritech Mobile, the monthly fee was $50, plus one minute of conversation cost users from 24 to 40 cents (depending on the time of the call). A year after its launch, its network had 12 thousand subscribers.

The history of telephony is interesting both in terms of invention various devices, and in terms of the stages of deployment of communication networks various types around the world. In some aspects, the dynamics of the spread of relevant technologies seems revolutionary, while in others it is characterized by progressive, uniform development. What are the most noteworthy facts regarding the global telephone industry?

Who invented the telephone?

Traditionally, the history of the telephone is associated with the name of Alexander Bell, an American inventor of Scottish origin. Indeed, the famous researcher took a direct part in the development of a revolutionary apparatus for transmitting sounds over a distance. However, facts are known that in the creation of a telephone vital role Other designers also played. For example, Johann Philipp Reis, a famous German inventor, at a meeting of scientists of the Physical Society held in 1861, reported on the prototype of an electrical device he had created for transmitting sound over a distance. The name of the invention was also mentioned - “telephone”, which is familiar to us today. Reis's contemporaries, however, received the device without due enthusiasm. But this is the most important fact in the history of the creation of the telephone.

Fifteen years later, two American researchers, Elisha Gray and Alexander Bell, working independently, discovered the effect of telephoning. Both scientists, interestingly, on the same day, namely February 14, 1876, filed an application to patent their discovery. At the same time, they had not yet developed a functioning device that would use telephony. Presumably, Bell was about 2 hours ahead of Gray in filing the application, and many historians attribute the fact that the history of the creation of the telephone today is associated with the name of the American inventor to this circumstance.

The appearance of the first telephone

Alexander Bell lived in Boston and worked with people with hearing and speech problems. In 1873 he became professor of physiology at Boston University. Due to his occupation, he was probably an expert in the field of acoustics and had excellent hearing.

The history of the first telephone created by Alexander Bell is thus connected with his work. Among the remarkable facts related to the invention of the device is the very effect of telephoning, discovered by the researcher with the direct assistance of his assistant. So, a specialist working with Bell once pulled out a plate from the transmitting device, which, as it seemed to Bell, was making some rattling noise. As the researcher later found out, this was due to the fact that the element periodically closed electrical contacts.

Based on the identified effect, Alexander Bell created a telephone set. It was designed very simply: like a membrane made of leather, equipped with a signal element for magnification. The device could only transmit the sound of a voice, but this, apparently, was enough to patent the device - Bell received the corresponding document recording the authorship of the invention on March 10, 1876 .

The history of telephones is also interesting in terms of their commercial use. A few days later, the inventor modified the telephone so that it could transmit clearly audible individual words. Alexander Bell later showed his device to the business community. The device made an incredible impression on business people. The American inventor soon registered his company, which subsequently became prosperous.

First telephone lines

The history of the telephone is now known to us. But how was Bell’s invention introduced into everyday life? In 1877, also in Boston, the first telephone line was launched, and in 1878, a telephone exchange was launched in New Haven. In the same year, another famous American inventor, Thomas Edison, created new model device for voice transmission at a distance. Its design included an induction coil, which significantly improved the quality of communication, as well as increased the distance of sound transmission.

Contribution of inventors from Russia

The history of the development of the telephone is also connected with the names of Russian designers. In 1885, Pavel Mikhailovich Golubitsky, an inventor from Russia, developed a fundamentally new scheme operation of a telephone exchange, in which power was supplied to the devices externally - from a central source. Before this, each phone worked from its own electrical outlet. This concept made it possible to create stations that simultaneously serve a huge number of subscribers - tens of thousands. In 1895, the Russian inventor Mikhail Filippovich Freidenberg proposed to the world the concept of an automatic telephone exchange, which involved automatic connection one subscriber to another. The first operating telephone exchange was introduced in the USA, in the city of Augusta.

Development of communication lines in Russia

The history of the appearance of the telephone in Russia is connected with the construction of a line for the transmission of communications between St. Petersburg and Malaya Vishera. The first conversation between Russian subscribers through this channel took place in 1879, that is, only 3 years after the invention of the telephone. Later, one of the first civilian communication lines connected the Georgievskaya pier, located in Nizhny Novgorod, and apartments that belonged to the management of the Druzhina shipping company. The length of the line was about 1547 m.

City telephone exchanges began operating on a regular basis in St. Petersburg, Moscow, and Odessa in 1882. In 1898, an intercity line appeared, connecting Moscow and St. Petersburg. The history of telephones in Russia is interesting because the station that served the communication channel between Moscow and St. Petersburg still exists and operates to this day. It is located on Myasnitskaya Street in the capital of the Russian Federation.

The pace of development of telephony in the Russian Empire was quite decent - for example, by 1916, there were an average of 3.7 telephones per 100 residents of Moscow. In 1935, already under the USSR, all Belokamennaya metro stations were equipped with telephones. Starting from 1953, all houses put into operation in the capital of the USSR were required to have a telephone cable.

The history of telephones is fascinating. It's always interesting to study its details. Having learned how wired telephones appeared, let's consider the most remarkable facts regarding the development mobile devices, which today are no less in demand than traditional ones.

How did mobile phones come about?

The first recorded telephone conversation via a radio channel, which in a number of key characteristics corresponds to the principles of organizing modern cellular communications, was conducted in 1950 in Sweden. Inventor Sture Laugen, who was driving the Televerket company, successfully telephoned the time service using the appropriate type of device. By that time, Sture Lauren had worked for several years at Televerket, developing this device. The history of the phone is also connected with the name of Ragnar Berglund, Lauren's colleague.

Target - mass market

By the time Lauren made the call we mentioned above, telephone radio communication as such was already in use, but it was available only to intelligence services and military structures. The Televerket company has set the task of creating a device accessible to every citizen.

The Swedish development was introduced to the mass market in 1956. At first she worked only in two cities - Stockholm and Gothenburg. During 1956, only 26 subscribers connected to it, which was not surprising due to the high cost of a “mobile phone”, the cost of which was comparable to the price of a car.

Development of mobile communications

The history of the development of mobile phones is, in a number of ways, inferior to the dynamics of the spread of telephone communications. If, for example, already 3 years later, devices created according to the principles of Alexander Bell were actively used in Russia, then for quite a long time mobile phones were not in mass demand.

Only in 1969 did the world leaders of the telecommunications market begin to think that it would be nice to somehow unify the corresponding communication systems. For example, it was assumed that each subscriber - like landline phone owners - would have his own number, and it would be relevant not only in the country where it was issued, but also abroad. Thus, we can note that the history of the mobile phone, in fact, from the very beginning, reflects the interest of the engineering community in implementing roaming concepts.

Among the first inventors to propose the practical implementation of a technology for which corresponding requests were generated was Stockholm Technical School graduate Esten Mäkitolo. The history of the creation of a mobile phone in the form we are familiar with is directly related to its name. However, for the practical implementation of the Myakitolo concept, very powerful technologies were required. They appeared only in the early 80s.

First cellular network

The history of cell phones includes the remarkable fact that the first country to deploy cellular network, became Saudi Arabia. It was there that Ericsson, which actively participated in the practical implementation of the concepts proposed by Myakitolo, entered into a contract in 1981 for the supply of relevant services. The network launched in Saudi Arabia was characterized by the main criterion - mass participation. Gradually, cellular communication standards improved, and networks began to function in other countries of the world.

Development of uniform standards

As the mobile communications market grew, there was a growing need to develop uniform standards for the provision of relevant services. In Saudi Arabia, in the Scandinavian countries, in the Benelux, the NMT concept became popular, in Germany the C-Netz system was used, in the UK, France, and Italy their own concepts were implemented.

The emergence of GSM

To integrate the European mobile space, it was created GSM standard. It can be said to have absorbed all the best from other “national” concepts, and therefore, although not without difficulties, it was adopted by the European technological community in 1986. But the first GSM network was introduced only in 1990 in Finland. Subsequently this standard has become the main one for Russian cellular communication providers.

The history of telephones - both regular and cell phones - is incredibly fascinating. But no less interesting is how the relevant technologies are developing. Let's study how cellular communication lines have been improved.

Development of the cellular communications market

In the first years after the introduction of GSM standards into consumer practice, using the corresponding services was very expensive. But gradually the devices needed to work with them became cheaper and became truly widespread. Phones improved and became smaller in size. In 1996, Nokia introduced, in fact, one of the first smartphones - a device with which you could send mail, faxes, and use the Internet. In the same year, the now legendary StarTac book from Motorola appeared.

Smartphones and mobile Internet

In 1997, Philips released the Spark phone with a very large stock battery life- about 350 hours. In 1998, the Sharp PMC-1 Smartphone mobile device with a touch screen appeared. It was expected that it would be a direct competitor to the above-mentioned gadget from Nokia. In 1999 mobile operators started to implement WAP technology, which made it possible to facilitate subscribers’ access to mobile internet. In 2000, the GPRS standard appeared, as well as UMTS, one of the main ones used in the architecture of 3G networks.

In 2009 Swedish company TeliaSonera launched the world's first 4G network. Now it is considered the most modern and is being actively implemented by operators around the world.

Prospects for phones

What will be the next step in the development of the cellular industry? The history of the mobile phone shows that effective, revolutionary solutions can appear at any time. It may seem that the 4G standard is the limit of possibilities modern technologies. It would seem that data transmission at speeds of tens of megabits, excellent communication quality - what could be a level higher?

However, the world's leading research laboratories continue to actively work in the field of improvement mobile technologies. Perhaps, soon in the hands of any willing subscriber there will appear a device as sensational for the modern average person as Bell's telephone was in the 70s of the 19th century, or the device used to call from a car on Sture Lauren. And after a while, people will stop being surprised by him. This incredibly technological industry is so dynamic.

The very first mobile phone in the world was created by the Soviet engineer Kupriyanovich L.I. in 1957. The device was named LK-1.

Kupriyanovich L.I. and his LK-1 - the very first mobile phone in the world

1957

The weight of the portable mobile phone LK-1 was 3 kg. The battery charge was enough for 20-30 hours of operation, the range was 20-30 km. The solutions used in the phone were patented on November 1, 1957.

1958

By 1958, Kupriyanovich had reduced the weight of the device to 500. It was a box with toggle switches and a dial for dialing numbers. An ordinary telephone handset was connected to the box. There were two ways to hold the device during a call. Firstly, you could use two hands to hold the tube and box, which is not convenient. Or you could hang the box on your belt, then use only one hand to hold the tube.

The question arises why Kupriyanovich used a handset and did not build speakers into the phone itself. The fact is that using the tube was considered more convenient because of its lightness; it is much easier to hold a plastic tube weighing a few grams than the entire apparatus. As Martin Cooper later admitted, using his very first mobile phone helped him build up his muscles quite well. According to Kupriyanovich’s calculations, if the device was put into mass production, its cost could be 300-400 rubles, which was approximately equal to the cost of a TV.

1961

In 1961, Kupriyanovich demonstrated a telephone weighing 70 grams, which fit in the palm of your hand and had a range of 80 km. It used semiconductors and a nickel-cadmium battery. There was also a smaller version of the dial dial. The disk was small and was not intended to be rotated with fingers; most likely it was intended to be used with a pen or pencil. The plans of the creator of the very first cell phone in the world were to create a portable phone the size of a matchbox and a range of 200 km. It is quite possible that such a device was created, but was used only by special services.

1963

In 1963, the Altai mobile phone was released in the USSR. The development of the device began in 1958 at the Voronezh Research Institute of Communications. The designers created subscriber stations (phones themselves) and base stations that ensured stable communication between subscribers. It was originally intended for installation in ambulances, taxis, and trucks. However, later, for the most part, officials at various levels began to use them.

By 1970, the Altai telephone was used in 30 Soviet cities. The device made it possible to create conferences, for example, a manager could simultaneously communicate with several subordinates. Each owner of the Altai phone had his own possibilities for using it. Some had the opportunity to call other countries, some to phones in a specific city, and some only to specific numbers.

Early 60s

In the early 60s, the Bulgarian engineer Hristo Bachvarov created a model of a portable telephone, for which he received the Dimitrov Prize. The sample was demonstrated to Soviet cosmonauts, including Alexei Leonov. Unfortunately, the device was not put into mass production, since this required transistors of Japanese and American production. A total of two samples were created.

1965

In 1965, based on the developments of L.I. Kupriyanovich, the creator of the very first mobile phone in the world, the Bulgarian company Radioelectronics created a mobile communication kit consisting of a handset-sized mobile phone and a base station with 15 numbers. The device was presented at the Moscow exhibition "Inforga-65".

1966

In 1966, at the Interorgtekhnika-66 exhibition held in Moscow, Bulgarian engineers demonstrated the ATRT-05 and PAT-05 telephone models, which were later put into production. They were used on construction sites and energy facilities. Initially, one RATC-10 base station served only 6 numbers. Later this number increased to 69, and then to 699 numbers.

1967

In 1967, the Carry Phone Co. (USA, California) introduced the Carry Phone mobile phone. Externally, the mobile phone was a standard diplomat, to which a telephone handset was connected. His weight was 4.5 kg. At incoming call there were sounds inside the diplomat short calls, after which it was necessary to open the case and answer the call.

As for outgoing calls, the Carry Phone was very inconvenient. In order to make an outgoing call, it was necessary to select one of 11 channels, after which the operator connected to the telephone company, and that, in turn, connected the owner of the device to a specific number. This was not convenient for the owner of the phone, but nevertheless made it possible to use the already existing infrastructure of the car radiotelephone. The cost of the Carry Phone was 3 thousand dollars.

1972

On April 11, 1972, Pye Telecommunications (Britain) introduced its portable phone, thanks to which its owner could call any city number. The 12-channel device consisted of a Pocketphone 70 walkie-talkie and a small box with buttons for dialing numbers.

1973

On April 3, 1973, the head of Motorola's mobile communications division, Martin Cooper, introduced a prototype of the DynaTAC cell phone. Many believe that this particular device is the very first cell phone in the world, but this is not so. His weight was 1.15 kg. The battery charge was enough for 35 minutes of operation; recharging required 10 hours. There was an LED display that showed only the numbers being dialed.