“Journey along the “river of time.” The history of the postal service." Cognitive and research activities of preschool children. History of communication development. Mail
People have always needed to exchange information. That is why the history of mail began long before the advent of writing and letters familiar to modern people. In ancient times, voice was used to convey news. This method was preserved in some regions until the Middle Ages. For example, in the Inca Empire, for many centuries there were herald messengers who spread news from the capital, moving around the country using a network of branched mountain roads. Later they began to use cords and threads as information carriers.
Cuneiform tablets
The first writing system in the classical sense of the word is cuneiform. With its appearance around 3 thousand years BC. e. Postal history has moved to a fundamentally new level. Cuneiform writing spread among the peoples of ancient Mesopotamia: Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians, Hittites.
Messages were written with a wooden stick on clay tablets while the clay retained its softness. Due to the specific instrumentation, characteristic wedge-shaped marks appeared. Envelopes for such letters were also made of clay. To read the message, the recipient had to break the “packaging”.
Ancient Postal History for a long time remained virtually unknown. A great contribution to its study was made by the discovery of the library of the last great king of Assyria, Ashurbanipal, who ruled in the 7th century. BC e. By his order, an archive of 25 thousand clay tablets was created. Among the cuneiform texts were both state documents and ordinary letters. The library was opened in the 19th century. Thanks to a unique find, it was possible to decipher a cuneiform script that was previously incomprehensible to translators.
Shells and drawings
The Huron Indians made do with shell beads. They were strung on threads and entire letters were received this way. Each record had specific color. Black meant death, red meant war, yellow meant tribute, etc. The ability to read such colored belts was considered a privilege and wisdom.
The history of mail has also passed the “illustrated” stage. Before writing letters, people learned to draw. ancient, samples of which are still found today in remote caves, this is also a kind of mail that went to the modern addressee for entire generations. The language of drawings and tattoos is still preserved among isolated Polynesian tribes.
Alphabet and sea mail
The ancient Egyptians had their own unique writing system. In addition, they had developed pigeon mail. The Egyptians used hieroglyphs to convey information. Much less known is the fact that it was this people who created the first prototype of the alphabet. Among the numerous hieroglyphs-drawings, they developed hieroglyphs that conveyed sounds (there were 24 of them in total).
This encryption principle was later developed by other peoples of the Ancient East. The first alphabet proper is considered to be the alphabet that appeared in the city of Ugarit on the territory of modern Syria approximately in the 15th century. BC e. A similar system then spread to other Semitic languages.
The Phoenicians had their own alphabet. This trading people became famous for their skilled shipbuilders. Sailors delivered mail to numerous colonies in different parts Mediterranean. Based on the Phoenician alphabet, the Aramaic and Greek alphabets arose, from which almost all modern systems writing.
Angarion
Angarion - ancient Persian postal service, created in the Achaemenid Empire in the 6th century. BC e. It was founded by King Cyrus II the Great. Before this, the delivery of mail from one end of the state to the other could take months, which categorically did not suit the authorities.
During the time of Cyrus, hangars (the so-called horse-drawn couriers) appeared. The postal business of that era gave rise to the first shoots of what still exists today. The longest road of the angarion stretched from Susa to Sardis, and its length was 2500 kilometers. The huge route was divided into a hundred stations at which horses and couriers were changed. With the help of this efficient system, the Persian kings freely transmitted commissions to their satraps in the most distant provinces of the vast empire.
Under the successor of Cyrus II, Darius I, the Royal Road was built, the quality of which turned out to be so high that Alexander the Great, Roman emperors and even Charles I, who ruled the medieval Frankish Empire in the 9th century, used the example of its organization (and the angarion in general) in their state.
Roman era
As noted above, the Roman history of mail and letters was in many ways similar to the Persian. In the republic, and later in the empire, there was a parallel public and private message transmission system. The latter was based on the activities of numerous messengers who were hired (or used as slaves) by wealthy patricians.
At the height of its power, the Roman Empire covered vast territories in three parts of the world. Thanks to unified network branched roads already in the 1st century AD, it was possible to confidently send a letter from Syria to Spain or from Egypt to Gaul. Small stations where horses were changed were located at a distance of only a few kilometers. Packages were transported by horse-drawn couriers, and carts were used for luggage.
The fastest and most efficient government mail was available only for official correspondence. Later, special permits were issued to traveling officials and Christian priests to use this system. The state postal service was managed by the praetorian prefect close to the emperor, and from the 4th century by the master of offices.
Medieval Europe
After the fall of the Roman Empire, the old postal system collapsed. Messages began to be delivered with great difficulty. The obstacles were borders, the absence and desolation of roads, crime and the disappearance of a single centralized government. Postal services became even worse with the rise of feudalism. Large landowners often charged huge tolls for travel through their territory, which made it extremely difficult for couriers to operate.
The only at least somewhat centralized organization in Europe in the early Middle Ages remained the church. Monasteries, archives, churches and administrative bodies needed a constant exchange of information across much of politically fragmented Europe. Entire religious orders began to undertake the organization of postal communications. Often important correspondence throughout the Old World was transported by wandering monks and priests, whose cassock and spiritual status were often the best means protection from troubles with strangers.
Their own corporations of messengers arose at universities, where students flocked from all over the world. The couriers of educational institutions in Naples, Bologna, Toulouse and Paris became especially famous. They maintained contact between students and their families.
Merchants and artisans needed mail most of all. Without exchanging written messages with their partners, they could not establish trade and sales of products. Separate merchant postal corporations arose around guilds and other associations of merchants. The standard of such a system was created in Venice, whose trade contacts connected the medieval republic not only with the whole of Europe, but also with distant countries on the other side of the Mediterranean Sea.
In Italy and Germany, where the institution of free cities was formed, effective city mail became widespread. Mainz, Cologne, Nordhausen, Breslau, Augsburg, etc. had their own experienced messengers. They delivered both letters from the administration and parcels from ordinary residents who paid for the service at a certain rate.
Coachmen and troikas
Thanks to “The Tale of Tsar Saltan” by Alexander Pushkin, everyone in childhood heard the phrase: “A messenger is riding with a letter.” Domestic mail arose during the period of Kievan Rus. The need for a correspondence exchange system has always been relevant for our country due to its vast territories. The colossal distances for Western Europeans were also reflected in the norms characteristic of Russian messengers and incredible for foreigners.
During the time of Ivan the Terrible, tsarist couriers were required to travel one hundred kilometers a day, which was difficult to explain to foreign observers. In the XIII - XVIII centuries. postal stations in Russia were called yams. They kept horses and operated inns.
There was also a so-called yam duty. It extended to the draft population of the provinces. Peasants serving conscription had to organize the transportation of government officials, cargo and diplomats. This tradition was spread by the Tatar-Mongols during their yoke over the East Slavic principalities. In the 16th century, the Yamsk order appeared in the Russian state. This analogue of the ministry dealt not only with postal matters, but also with tax affairs. The short phrase: “A messenger is traveling with a letter” can hardly convey the complexity of the courier business in medieval Russia.
About two hundred years ago the famous multi-gaited teams of three horses appeared. They were equipped specifically for long-distance travel. Those located on the sides galloped, and the central root moved at a trot. Thanks to this configuration, the maximum speed for its time was reached at 45-50 kilometers per hour.
From stagecoaches to railroads and steamships
Centralized systems of royal posts appeared in England, Sweden, France and other developed countries in the 16th-17th centuries. At the same time, the need for international communications grew.
At the turn of the Middle Ages and the New Age, stagecoaches spread in England. This postal carriage gradually replaced simple horse-drawn couriers. Eventually it conquered the world and appeared in all parts of the world from Australia to America. The arrival of a postal carriage in a city or village was announced using a special horn.
Another turning point in the development of communication systems occurred at the beginning of the 19th century with the advent of shipping and railways. The new type of water transport has proven itself well in the organization of British-Indian mail. Especially to facilitate travel to the east, the British sponsored construction in Egypt, thanks to which ships could avoid going around Africa.
Mailboxes
There are several versions about where the first mailbox appeared. According to one of them, the vestibules installed in Florence at the beginning of the 16th century can be considered as such. They were placed next to churches - the main public places of the city. A wooden box with a slot at the top was intended for the transmission of anonymous denunciations that reported state crimes.
In the same 16th century, similar new items appeared among sailors. Each British and Dutch colony had its own mailbox. Using similar technology, sailors transmitted correspondence to other ships.
Renoir de Vilayer is considered the French inventor of the mailbox. It was he who resolved the problem of correspondence between Parisians. In the middle of the 17th century, there were four post offices in the French capital, but even they could not cope with the gigantic flow of correspondence from ordinary citizens. Renoir de Vilayer was a member of the government and the National Academy of Sciences. Using his own ingenuity and administrative resources (permission from King Louis XIV), he initiated the installation in 1653 mailboxes throughout Paris, which significantly facilitated the work of the postal service. The novelty quickly took root in the capital and spread to other cities of the country.
The history of Russian postal services developed in such a way that domestic mailboxes appeared only in 1848. The first such wonders were installed in Moscow and St. Petersburg. At first the structures were wooden, then they were replaced with metal ones. For urgent items, mailboxes painted bright orange were used.
Stamps
The international postal system that emerged in modern times had many shortcomings. The key one was that postage fees remained difficult despite any logistical and technical innovations. For the first time this problem was decided in Great Britain. In 1840, the earliest known stamp, the “penny black,” appeared there. Its release was associated with the introduction of tariffs for sending letters.
The initiator of the creation of the brand was the politician Rowland Hill. The stamp design was engraved with the profile of the young Queen Victoria. The innovation caught on and since then, each mailing envelope of a letter has been equipped with a special label. Stickers appeared in other countries as well. The reform led to a significant increase in the number of postal deliveries in the UK, more than doubling in just the first year after the landmark change.
Stamps appeared in Russia in 1857. The first postage mark was valued at 10 kopecks. The stamp featured a double-headed eagle. This heraldic symbol was chosen for the circulation, since it was the emblem of the Postal Department of the empire. This department tried to keep up with Western trends. The USSR Post also paid a lot of attention; postage payment signs appeared in 1923.
Postcards
The familiar postcards arose relatively recently. The first card of this kind appeared in 1869 in Austria-Hungary. Soon this format gained pan-European popularity. This happened during the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-1871, when French soldiers began sending illustrated postcards to their families en masse.
Front-line fashion was instantly intercepted by businessmen. Within a few months, postcards began to be produced en masse in England, Denmark, Belgium and the Netherlands. The first Russian postcard was published in 1872. Six years later, at a special congress in Paris, an international standard for card sizes was adopted (9 centimeters long, 14 centimeters wide). Later it was changed several times. Over time, subtypes of postcards appeared: greeting, species, reproductions, artistic, advertising, political, etc.
New trends
In 1820, the envelope was invented in Great Britain. After another 30 years, stamped parcels appeared. In the mid-19th century, a letter could travel around the world in 80-85 days. Departures accelerated when the Trans-Siberian Railway opened in Russia.
The 19th century was marked by the successive appearance of the telegraph, telephone and radio. The emergence of new technologies did not diminish the importance that mail represented for the people of that time. The telegraph provided invaluable assistance to its development (in all countries the departments responsible for these two types of communications were gradually united).
In 1874, the Universal Postal Union was created and the Universal Postal Congress was convened. The purpose of the event was to sign an international agreement that could unify disparate correspondence transmission systems different countries peace. Representatives of 22 states attended the congress. They signed the Universal United postal contract, soon renamed the Universal Postal Convention. The document summarized the international rules for the exchange of items. Since then, the history of Russian post has continued in line with global evolution postal service.
At the end of the 19th century, the development of aeronautics began. Man's conquest of the air has led to the disappearance of any physical barriers to travel around the world. As mentioned above, even ancient civilizations knew their own airmail - pigeon mail. Birds were used by people for communication even at the very zenith of progress. Pigeons became especially indispensable during bloody conflicts. Feathered mail was regularly used on the fronts of the First and Second World Wars.
The modern era has many definitions. It is also called informational. And this is largely true. Today, information is the main resource driving progress. The revolution associated with it occurred thanks to the advent of the Internet and modern means communications.
Nowadays, paper mail, familiar to many generations of people, is gradually giving way to electronic mail. The iron box for envelopes was replaced by e-mail, and social media and completely erased the idea of distance. If twenty years ago the Internet was perceived as an eccentric fun, now it is difficult to imagine the life of a modern person without it. Available to every person electronic e-mail embodied the centuries-long evolution of mail with all its various leaps and bounds.
POSTAL SERVICE is a type of communication that ensures the forwarding and delivery of written and printed materials to addressees, as well as money transfers, parcels, parcels and more.
Ob-rabot-ka and trans-port-tirov-ka mail. In an organizational sense, postal communication is a system consisting of a network of communication enterprises (post office, communication nodes and de-le-tions) and transport means that provide reception, ob- work and delivery as soon as possible. To receive mail from communications at communications enterprises, you have special locations - operations -these halls, where the work-places of the opera-to-ditch are located. Operations accept all types of almost-from-rights, except for simple cor-res-pon-den-tions (not -official letters, postcards and the like), the last one steps through the established postal mailboxes (invented in 1653 in France by J.J. Re-noir de Villelaye).
In cities, resort villages and the like, more and more races are getting auto-ma-ti-zed points -you are communications that provide postal services in the form of self-service, where with the help of postal -a car with a built-in ter-mi-na-lom, along with simple operations (according to purchase -ver-tov, post-cards, newspapers), you can, for example, send a registered letter.
Postal processing at the local post office includes a number of production operations that provide -get-ready-to-have-to-have-to-be-from-the-rights to the re-sending according to-the-sign. To the main operations from-no-syat-sya: dis-bor-ka (dis-de-le-nie) almost by type, ka-te-go-ri-yam, ha -large size, weight and hardness (from the right of non-standard size from grade) -ro-you-va-yut-sya for a separate processing); faces-ka and stamp-pe-le-va-nie - us-ta-nov-ka address-res-noy of the written correspondence-res-pon-den-tion in the op-re-de- flax-line and on-not-printed-from-ka-len-dar-no-go stamp-pe-la to designate-the-place , yes, you, the time of his st-p-le-niya, as well as the ga-she-niya of the sign of almost-howl op-la-you; for-mi-ro-va-nie post-pa-ke-tov (packs of pi-sem and postal cards, group-pi-ro-van-nye by address given and other signs), their sorting with subsequent packaging in postal bags for further trans- port-ti-rov-ki and more. From the local post offices, the post office goes to the inter-district post office, and from there - to the main city -local or regional post office for the next sorting. The final stage of the work of postal enterprises is the delivery and delivery of postal documents from the postal authorities. te-lyu (ad-re-sa-tu).
Re-carriage of the post office in the vi-si-mo-sti from cli-ma-tic and road conditions various views of trans-port. The railway transport port is used primarily for the re-carriage of heavy mail - po-sy-lok, ban-de-ro-ley, zhur-na -fishing The air transport port serves mainly for the transportation of newspapers and correspondence between large cities, air -to-trans-port - on inter-district, internal-district and city postal routes, as well as for you-e-ki-pi- these from the postal boxes, delivering the mail to the dos-ta-vost-schools. Rural villages in places where there are no stationary communications establishments are serviced by re-movable -de-le-niya communications, under which equipment the car-mo-bi-whether on-high pro-ho-di-mo-sti , cur-si-ru-schi-schi-shu-du on-se-len-ny-mi points-ta-mi.
Su-sche-st-vu-yut and other systems of trans-port-ti-rov-ki mail. So, for example, in Lon-do-not there is a work-melting without ma-shi-ni-sta underground railway road, which paradise re-packs postal correspondence into bags at a speed of up to 55 km/h along the pro-line length 10.5 km, serviced several times. there is a post office and two large railway stations. Another way is pneumatic mail: drops with letters are sent with compressed air through the underground trumpet-bang. The most multi-branched system of the same type (with a span of several hundred kilometers) operates in Pa-ri -where, through underground pipes, letters and delicate transfers are delivered to all city post offices.
It is believed that the Russian post office is one of the oldest in Europe. Its foundations were laid back in the 9th century. It was then that the population began to be subject to a special duty, which consisted of giving the princely messenger a horse and food for it.
Development of postal business in the Middle Ages
Such famous Russian coachmen appeared in the 13th century, during the Golden Horde yoke. For quick communication with the outskirts of the vast empire, postal stations called pits were created.
After getting rid of the Mongol-Tatar dependence, the country's Yam service began to actively develop. By the 15th century, communication was established everywhere. Royal messengers usually delivered one letter or charter. Coachmen could transport not only papers, but also people, as well as various things.
During the 16th century, there was a rapid increase in roads, and, accordingly, pits with coachmen. The Yamskaya Prikaz was established, supervising the stations. It was possible to connect the northern cities with Moscow. The letters took about 3 weeks from the capital to the border with Sweden. But if the spring thaw began, much more time was spent.
The first postal service appeared in 1667. The initiator of its creation was boyar A.L. Ordyna-Nashchekin. The coachmen were renamed postmen and given a special uniform. Mail began to be delivered more slowly, but more regularly. More letters were prepared for sending, and they were sent at specific times, and not occasionally.
Mail from the 18th to the 20th centuries
In the 18th century, a decree appeared on the organization of post offices in all “noble” cities. This structure has acquired a clear hierarchy. The main ones were post offices, followed by provincial postmasters, then county postmasters, and the lowest level was occupied by stations.
By the middle of the century, the total length of postal routes was approximately 17,000 versts. They were put on maps for the first time. A permanent postal service was organized between Moscow and St. Petersburg. In the second half of the 18th century, in addition to letters and parcels, money began to be delivered, and postmen began to deliver correspondence.
In 1820, postal stagecoaches were created. At the same time, the country's first intracity post office was organized in St. Petersburg. After 30 years, Russian cities are getting mailboxes. Delivery of shipments by rail is also beginning to develop. In 1874, Russia joined the Universal Postal Union.
Throughout the 20th century, several laws were passed aimed at improving postal communications. Currently used for postal needs various types transport. Thanks to this, letters are delivered faster throughout Russia and parcels of various sizes and weights are sent. You can also make money transfers at the branches.
14.10.2010 - 10:54
We don’t think about the fact that many things that are familiar to us, firmly established in our everyday life, have their own history, often stretching back several centuries. For example, mail, which has long been firmly established in our everyday life, has existed for many years - more precisely, millennia, and is constantly being improved, trying to keep up with the times...
Letter from Egypt
Since ancient times, people have sought to convey information to their fellow tribesmen. Even in the Stone Age, there were “letters” - the latest news was transmitted by the smoke of fires or by beating a signal drum. Later, the first “postmen” appeared - messengers who conveyed oral messages. These messengers had to memorize the “letter” from the words of the sender, and then retell it by heart to the addressee. It is interesting that the memory of this is still preserved in our language. We say “the letter says” much more often than “the letter says.”
Many ancient states had a highly developed postal structure. In Assyria, ancient Egypt, Persia, and Rome, many messengers moved along the roads - with oral messages or with papyrus and parchment messages. The envoys took turns or changed horses at stations specially built for this purpose. Interestingly, it is from the Latin expression “mansio pozita”... (station at a point) that the word “mail” comes from, which sounds approximately the same in many languages.
The tribes that lived and roamed the territory of our future country also did not want to be left without information support. As early as the 1st millennium BC, Greek historians mentioned that the Scythians and Sarmatians transmitted oral messages with messengers.
Old Russian letter
Time passed and the world changed. In the 9th century, a new state appeared - Kievan Rus, and almost immediately the foundations of the Russian postal service were laid in this state. At first, letters are sent with random people, most often with well-traveled merchants. The first mention of messengers specially sent with news is found in the Tale of Bygone Years. This mention dates back to 885, which is generally considered to be the beginning of the history of Russian mail: “Oleg sent to the Rodimichs, asking”...
Due to its importance for the young state, the post office quickly became streamlined - already in 984 the so-called “cart” appeared - the duty for the population to provide horses with carts for princely messengers carrying important news. In 1266, almost 100 years earlier than in Germany, the country with the most developed postal service at that time, the first rules for the passage of messengers across Russian lands emerged.
The Tatar-Mongol yoke brought innumerable troubles to the Russian land, including the development of postal services. The only thing that the Russians borrowed from the invaders was the new name for the post office - Yamskaya gonba. It appeared in the 13th century and existed until the second half of the 19th century. On important roads, pit yards were built where the messenger could change his horse. In the 16th century To manage the Yamskaya chase, a state institution was created - the Yamskaya Prikaz. Then, by a special government decree, a new position was established in the state - the head of the Yamsky order. Prince Dmitry Pozharsky was appointed to this post twice.
During his reign, Peter I significantly transformed Russian mail. It was open large number new postal routes, postal stamps were introduced, the foundations of unification were laid postal items, their design appearance according to a single model. At the end of the 18th century. special stamps appear, imprinted with paint on each individual letter.
In 1714, a special post office was created to serve the army and military personnel, and water transport began to be used to transport mail. By the end of the reign of Peter I in 1725, the length of postal routes in Russia reached 10,667 versts, and the number of postal institutions - 458.
In 1772, the Yamsk order was liquidated, and in its place the Postal Department was created at the College of Foreign Affairs, which received administrative and financial independence. By decree of the government senate in 1784, provincial and district towns were allowed to build stone houses for post offices from the amount of 20,000 rubles.
In the early 70s of the 18th century. The “Project on the establishment of postal camps and the positions of keepers” appears, on the basis of which the rules for organizing postal chasing were drawn up for almost 80 years. At the post office, for the first time, the position of station keeper arose, later known as the “station keeper” - a figure that became quite legendary (in the village of Vyra, Leningrad region, there is even a station keeper museum). At the same time, new terms were born: relay race, envelope, postal bell, troika. The postal troika also becomes an image deeply embedded in song and literary creativity.
In 1802, in connection with the establishment of ministries in the Russian Empire, the post office came under the care of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. Important changes are taking place in the postal industry: city mail is being introduced, new rules for maintaining postal stations are emerging, and postal operations will be brought to uniformity. In 1834, the first highway was built between St. Petersburg and Moscow. Gradually, other main roads in the country were converted into highways, which makes it possible to combine the transportation of mail with the transportation of passengers. By the end of the 19th century, almost all areas of the Russian Empire were covered by regular postal services.
It is interesting that the position of a postman in those days was very promising and responsible. When applying for this job, it was necessary to withstand a fairly strict competitive selection and work for some time, as they say now, on a probationary period, before completing which the applicant signed an agreement about the confidentiality of telegraphic correspondence and that the candidate has no complaints about the long wait for his enrollment in postman staff.
The history of the appearance of the first mailbox in Russia is very interesting. It was made of one-inch boards, sheathed on the outside with sheet iron and installed in St. Petersburg in 1848. These boxes were extremely inconvenient and too easy to break into. Many attackers simply took them with them along with the letters. Therefore, the authorities soon replaced the wooden boxes with cast iron ones, weighing over 40 kilograms. And only in 1910, designer P.N. Shabarov developed a mailbox with a mechanically opening door. His invention is still used today.
20th century mail
The First World War, revolution, and Civil War caused significant damage to Russian mail. The connection between the capital and some of the districts was completely or partially disrupted. But gradually postal routes were restored, international postal exchange with countries that were members of the Universal Postal Union. And in 1922, air transportation of mail began on international and domestic routes. Horse teams were replaced by cars, and the fleet of railway mail cars was significantly expanded. But the war begins, and the post office becomes one of the most important strategic objects, while being subject to significant destruction by the enemy.
It was important, in very difficult conditions, to organize uninterrupted delivery of mail between the front and the rear. Despite the fact that the invaders destroyed about 36,000 communications enterprises, up to 70 million letters were delivered to the active army from the rear every month. In 1943, when the Red Army launched a wide offensive, work began to restore postal communications. In 1945, the activities of communications authorities were resumed throughout almost the entire territory of the country.
The war ended and the country began to heal the wounds inflicted by the enemy. By 1950, the postal service, destroyed by the war, was restored and brought to its pre-war level. Then a new round begins in the development of postal services in the USSR. The network of communication enterprises is growing, in the most remote and inaccessible places post offices. A huge network of mailboxes was created, which were installed not only in cities, but also in rural settlements, at stations railway, junctions, at highway forks. Then mail becomes more and more modern and mechanized, and the waiting time for recipients to receive a letter becomes shorter and shorter. This happened thanks to the emergence of many modern postal processing and handling machines.
Letters from the future
The 21st century has arrived. Just a few years ago it was impossible to imagine that soon the complex structure of postal departments, established over centuries, would not be required to send mail. The invention of the Internet and email saved a huge amount of time for those wishing to receive urgent correspondence.
Nowadays, the gap between sending a letter and receiving it from anywhere in the world literally takes a split second. Enough to acquire email address(it’s interesting that many e-mail users call this process “getting a mailbox” - that is, the e-mail vocabulary smoothly transitions to denote new technologies).
You are writing to your friend email in the USA, and in a couple of minutes you can read his answer with the latest news or look at photographs he took just yesterday or today. Of course, not everyone has their own computer with Internet access, but judging by the speed of computerization of the population of our country, postmen will soon have much less work. It is possible that in 50 years they will only have the obligation to carry notifications about the package you have received - because it is unlikely that teleportation of material objects will be mastered in such a short time. Although - who knows...
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Marina Krylova
“Journey along the “river of time.” The history of the postal service." Cognitive and research activities of preschoolers
Program content:
Introduce the history of postal service. Talk about the evolution of this communication.
Educational task:
Cultivate interest in this problem. Develop cognitive interest of children. Implementation of the principles of gender education.
Corrective task:
Vocabulary enrichment: messenger, coachman, "Yamsky order", postal service, drawing - pictogram.
Activating words: envelope, index, stamp, telegram, mobile phone, internet, fax.
Verbs: deliver, deliver, rush, convey.
Equipment:
Layout "river time»
Attributes for this topic: sheets of paper, markers, bell, envelopes, stamps, pens, knotted string.
Slides on antiquity, antiquity, ours time.
Preliminary work:
Decorating a book corner on the topic « mail»
Reading S. I Marshak « Mail»
D. Kipling "How the first letter was written"
Music series:
T. Zaretskaya "Sunny Bunny"
A. Ermolov "The sun is shining"
M. Legrand "Toccata"
Progress of the lesson
The guys enter the hall to the music.
Educator:
Today we will go to a very unusual place. journey. Where will our journey, you can determine from an excerpt from a poem by S. I Marshak « Mail» (Children's answers)
Educator:
Yes guys, you are right. Today we will talk about mail history, about how people in ancient times, in ancient times and in our time could transmit messages and news.
Sit down on the chairs and keep your attention on the screen. First, we will go to antiquity. (Children watch slides)
Imagine that we were with you in those time when ancient people lived. They hunted mammoths and lived in caves. They couldn't write, they didn't have a telephone. How do you think they exchanged messages and news? (Children's answers)
Children answer: they sent a messenger with oral messages, there was a nodular mail, pictogram drawings.
The teacher invites the children to stand up and come to him.
Educator:
And now you and I will turn into cavemen. We will have two tribe: a tribe of boys and a tribe of girls. (The teacher invites each tribe to go to their tables)
Educator:
I have two sheets of paper and markers. Let's imagine that this is tanned mammoth skin and charcoal for writing. Please draw "letter" to each other that spring has come. (Children draw letters)
Now choose the fastest messenger from your tribe, and he will deliver the message. (To the music, two children run around the hall and exchange messages)
Guys, let's take a look and read what we got? (Each tribe deciphers the message)
Well done. But you probably noticed that there may be inaccuracies in the decoding of the message. And on the way the messenger encountered many dangers.
Educator:
Sit down on the chairs. And we will go with you to distant times. Our "river time» moves on. All attention is on the screen. (Children watch slides)
Passed time, when people hunted mammoths and painted messages on cave walls and animal skins. Writing appeared.
People began to exchange messages and write letters more often. And in Russia a special one appeared postal service.
Who knows what it was called? Right. "Yamsky order"
What were the names of the workers at this mail?
And how did they deliver? mail?
What do you think a coachman should be like?
Yes, guys, brave and strong people went to work there. They had to overcome a lot long distances. Bells were attached to the teams of horses.
Who can say why?
Educator:
Well, no matter how fast the horses were, letters and messages took a long time to travel. Moreover, robbers were waiting for the coachmen along the road. Therefore, letters did not always reach the addressee.
And now we will play a game with you. It's called “One, two, three – take the bell” And I will find out which of you in the old days could work as a coachman.
The game is played 2-3 times.
Educator:
Well done!
The teacher invites the children to sit on chairs.
Educator:
And we continue travel around« river of time» . And we find ourselves in another era, in ours modern world . Attention to the screen.
Guys, look how things have changed time? There are many different equipment. Which? (children's answers)
And sending a message has become much easier and faster. Lastly time Completely new means of communication have appeared. Which ones do you think? (children's answers)
In a matter of seconds we can send a message even to another continent. Do you agree with me?
Educator:
But we still write letters, send telegrams and postcards for holidays and birthdays. But it’s not the coachmen who carry them anymore, but... (children's answers)
But for the letter to reach the addressee, what should be on the envelope? (children's answers)
That's right, guys! What do you think the brand is for? (children's answers)
And it seems to me, guys, that a stamp is a ticket for writing.
Look at the screen to see what brands there are. (the kids look at the stamps, the teacher comments)
Educator:
Today I invite you to write a letter to your mother about how much you love her. To do this, you have envelopes on your tables on which we have already written your home address. There are also stamps, pens, pieces of paper. Take a seat at the tables.
(children write letters, stick stamps, seal an envelope. The teacher monitors the work)
Educator:
Well done!
Come to me, please.
I think it's ours the trip was interesting. Well done!
Tell me, where have we been? What interesting things did you learn? What did you like most?
Let's come to our « river of time» and place labels on it that correspond to each era. (personal address to some children)
What do you think we will stick in the ancient era?
And in the era of antiquity? What kind of label should I attach?
And here is ours time. Which label will we choose and stick on "river time» ?
Well done!
Educator:
Now our lesson is over. Thanks to our guests. You also probably learned a lot from mail history.
The children leave the hall to the music.