High status in society. The meaning of the term "status"

Instructions

Pay attention to the clothes. As a rule, people with high social status oh, they dress in quite expensive stores, but at the same time their image does not scream about their financial situation. Everything is quite laconic, restrained, and tasteful.

Look at your wrists: an important factor that helps determine social status person is the presence of a watch. And not just their presence, but their brand and price. The same rule applies here as in the previous paragraphs: the more expensive and authoritative, the higher the person’s position in.

Pay attention to the gestures of the person you are interested in. The more confident and laconic they are, the more power accumulates in his hands.

Manners are also worth noting. The rules must be strictly followed by people with high social status om and are often neglected by people belonging to lower social strata..

Look at the man's car. However, if the subject you are interested in drives an economy car, you should not immediately draw a conclusion about his social status e. Pay attention to the brand. BMV, Lexus and similar cars are often chosen by wealthy people.

You can also pay attention to your wallet. If it is cheap, then with a high probability we can say that in front of you is a person with a low social status ohm The opposite is evidenced by wallets with no compartment for coins.

Mark various accessories, such as a tie, cufflinks, etc. Pay attention to the pen the person is using. Both and those with high social status, they prefer metal and gold-plated handles to plastic handles.

Video on the topic

The status of a low-income family gives the right to a certain list of benefits and subsidies. Assistance in purchasing housing, preferential waiting lists for kindergartens, free trips to camps and simply one-time cash benefits - the full list depends on the region of residence. There is one condition for receiving all these benefits: the income for each family member must be below the minimum established in a particular region.

You will need

- passports of adult family members;
- marriage certificate;
- birth certificates of children;
- certificate of income drawn up according to the form;
- certificate of family composition;
- savings book.

Instructions

First, calculate your verified income and your spouse's income and divide it by the number of people in your family. If the resulting figure is lower than that established in your region, your family has every right to obtain status. Please note that you must work or be registered with the Employment Center. The exception is women who are caring for a child. If one of the parents is without good reasons, the family cannot qualify for low-income status.

Contact your local Department of Social Protection. Here you can get a list of required documents. Take a certificate form for the last three months to fill it out in the accounting department of your company. Please note that the certificate must be drawn up strictly according to the form; If it does not comply, the documents will not be accepted.

If you are registered with the Employment Center, obtain the appropriate certificate there. It must be accompanied by work book. Request from the Unified Registration Center. Make copies of your marriage and children's birth certificates. Do not forget to register a savings book - it will be credited.

WITH complete package documents go to the Social Security Administration. Complete the application according to the template available on the department’s information boards. Please attach income certificates, originals and copies of passports, marriage and birth certificates, family composition certificates and a passbook to your application.

Find out which office you should contact. After submitting your documents, ask what certificates, when and where you can get them. Please note that different certificates can be issued in different offices. Don’t hesitate to immediately clarify any unclear points so that you don’t have to come back several times for the same question.

Please note

If you decide to apply for low-income family status, do not delay the process. Please note that some documents have a limited validity period.

Sources:

what documents do you need for a low-income family?

Social role is a model of behavior set by the social position of an individual in the prism of social, public and personal relationships. In other words, it is the behavior that is expected of you under certain conditions. Often, several models of social behavior collide in behavior, the requirements of which conflict and contradict each other. Define social role possible after analyzing some details of behavior.

Instructions

Social roles are determined by several factors. The first of them is social. Types of roles can be: passerby, buyer, client. Define this role you can ask the question: “Who am I?” (or “Who is he/she?”).

Video on the topic

Please note

When communicating with a person, you need to take into account not only the prevailing social role (usually profession), but also others. This look helps to achieve optimal mutual understanding and sympathy of the interlocutor.

Society can be divided into levels, each of which is occupied by people with a certain status. This or that position on the social ladder leaves its mark on appearance a person, his manners, the type of activity he is engaged in, the breadth of needs. There are many more “signals” that make it possible to determine one’s social position.

Types of social statuses

Note 1

When considering social status, it is necessary to abstract from the qualitative assessment of the individual and his behavior. Social status is a social formal-structural characteristic of a subject.

Any social status presupposes a corresponding social role.

Basic, or main status. It is the main one among other statuses of the individual. Determines a person’s social position and his role in society (family, professional). Dictates behavior and acts as a decisive factor in the level and lifestyle. Can be personal, innate, achieved, attributed.
Innate and prescribed status. Given to a person at birth automatically, it does not depend on the person’s aspirations and efforts (gender, nationality, race, daughter, brother, son).
Prescribed status. It is acquired not on the personal initiative of the individual, but as a result of a combination of certain circumstances (son-in-law, mother-in-law, daughter-in-law).
Achieved status. It is acquired as a result of the individual’s own efforts and with the help of social groups.
Not the main statuses predetermined by a short-term situation (patient, passerby, spectator, witness).
Personal status. Manifests itself at the level of small social groups (work collective, family, circle of close people). Determined by personal character traits and qualities.
Group status. It manifests itself at the level of large social groups - representatives of a profession, religion, nation.

Achieved statuses can be determined by:

title (People's Artist, Lieutenant Colonel, Honored Teacher, etc.);
position (manager, manager, director);
professional affiliation (Honored Master of Sports or People's Artist);
scientific degree (professor, candidate of sciences, doctor of sciences).

It is impossible to live in a society completely devoid of statuses. When one status is lost, another one necessarily appears.

Each person is characterized by several statuses of different social groups (by position - director, in the family - wife, for children - mother, for parents - daughter). These statuses are not equivalent. The main social status determines the position in society; it is based on profession and position.

Achieved and prescribed statuses are closely interrelated: as a rule, the acquisition of achieved statuses occurs through competition, while some of them are determined by assigned statuses. For example, family background predetermines the possibility of obtaining a prestigious education. Having a high achieved status compensates for a low ascribed status, since real social achievements and values are valued in any society.

Status hierarchy

Social status can be considered in two dimensions (R. Boudon):

the horizontal dimension formed by the totality of social contacts, real and possible, established between the bearer of status and other individuals who are at the same social level;
a vertical dimension formed by a complex of social contacts and exchanges that appear between status holders and individuals with a higher or lower social level.

Note 2

Status hierarchy is characteristic of any social group, the interaction of whose participants is possible only due to the fact that group members know each other. At the same time, the formal structure of the organization may not coincide with the informal structure. Real social status largely depends on qualifications, personal qualities, charm, etc.

Functional dissonance may arise between functional and hierarchical status. Status confusion is a criterion of social disorganization and is sometimes considered a cause of deviant behavior.

Disorganization between statuses can take two forms (E. Durkheim):

due to the individual’s position in society, his expectations and the counter-expectations of other people become uncertain;
Status instability affects the level of individual life satisfaction and the structure of social rewards.

Social status- social position occupied social individual or a social group in society or a separate social subsystem of society. It is determined by characteristics specific to a particular society, which can be economic, national, age and other characteristics. Social status is characterized by power and/or material capabilities, less often by specific skills or abilities, charisma, and education.

Concept

The concept was first used in a sociological sense by the English historian and lawyer Henry Maine.

Social status is the place or position of an individual, correlated with the position of other people; this is the place of the individual in a hierarchically organized social structure, his objective position in it; it is an inexhaustible human resource that gives a person the opportunity to influence society and through it obtain privileged positions in the system of power and distribution of material wealth. Each person occupies a number of positions in society, each of which involves a number of rights and responsibilities. Social statuses are structural elements of the social organization of society, ensuring social connections between subjects of social relations. Society not only creates social positions - statuses, but also provides social mechanisms for distributing members of society into these positions.

Social status is the place that an individual occupies in the social system (society) and which is characterized by a certain set of rights and responsibilities.

Types of statuses

Each person, as a rule, has not one, but several social statuses. Sociologists distinguish:

natural status- the status received by a person at birth (gender, race, nationality, biological stratum). In some cases, birth status may change: the status of a member of the royal family is from birth and as long as the monarchy exists.
acquired (achieved) status- the status that a person achieves thanks to his mental and physical efforts (work, connections, position, post).
prescribed (attributed) status- a status that a person acquires regardless of his desire (age, status in the family); it can change over the course of his life. The prescribed status is either innate or acquired.

Criteria for determining the social status of a person or group

Most sociologists adhere to a multidimensional approach, taking into account such features as:

own
income level
lifestyle
relations between people in the system of social division of labor
distribution relations
consumption relations
a person's place in the hierarchy of the political system
level of education
ethnic origin, etc.

In addition, in sociology there is a so-called main status, i.e. the most characteristic status for a given individual, with which he identifies himself or with which other people identify him. It determines the style, lifestyle, circle of acquaintances, and behavior. For representatives of modern society, the main status is most often associated with professional activity.

Status incompatibility

Status incompatibility occurs only under two circumstances:

when an individual occupies a high rank in one group and a low rank in the second;
when the rights and obligations of one status of a person contradict or interfere with the fulfillment of the rights and obligations of another status.

Social status

Each person occupies a certain position in society. This position in sociology is designated by the concept of status. This term was first used by an English historian G. Main , and it was introduced into sociology by the American sociologist R. Linton . When characterizing the social status of an individual, they usually indicate his rights and responsibilities, as well as his position in the social hierarchy.

Social status- this is a certain position in the social structure of society, connected with other positions through a system of rights and obligations. Social statuses are interconnected, but do not interact with each other. Only status holders, that is, people, interact and enter into relationships with each other. Each person has multiple statuses as he participates in multiple groups and organizations. The totality of all statuses occupied by one person is status set. Among the many social statuses, as a rule, one stands out, which determines a person’s position in society. This is called the main or integrated status. The main status is the most characteristic status for a given person, with which he is identified by other people or himself. Main status relative, but it is he who determines the style and lifestyle, social circle and behavior; for example, for men, the main status is usually determined by the place of work, profession or position. There are also social and personal statuses. If social is the position of a person in society, which he occupies as a representative of a large social group (profession, class, nationality, gender, age), then personal status is the position of an individual in a small group from the point of view of members of this group.

Social group- this is the position of an individual in society, which he occupies as a representative of a large social group (race, nation, gender, class, stratum, religion, profession, etc.). Personal status is the position of an individual in a small group (family, school class, student group, community of peers, etc.). Social group status depends on the position of a particular social group in the social stratification of society. Personal status is determined by the individual qualities of a person and depends on how she is assessed and perceived by members of a small group.

Sociologists distinguish prescribed (ascriptive) and acquired (achieved) statuses. The prescribed status is imposed by society, regardless of the efforts and merits of the individual, it is determined by ethnic origin, place of birth, family, and so on. The acquired status, that is, the achieved one, is determined by the efforts of the person himself; it is acquired by the individual as a result of free choice and targeted efforts.

Also highlighted natural and professional official status .

Natural status personality presupposes existing and relatively stable characteristics of a person. Professional and official status is the basic status of an individual. For an adult, it most often forms the basis of an integrated status; it records the socio-economic and production-technical position (banker, lawyer, engineer).

Social status denotes the specific place that a person occupies in a given social system. The totality of the requirements presented to an individual by society in accordance with his certain status forms the concept social role.

Social role- this is a set of actions that a person occupying a position must perform this status in the social system. Thus, a social role is a model of behavior focused on a given status and characterized by prescribed rules of behavior (social norms).

Social roles and social norms relate to a system of interaction and describe the dynamics of society. And social statuses are associated with social relations and characterize the statics of society. Similar to the status set, there is also a role set - this is a set of roles that is associated with a certain status. A role set describes all types and diversity of roles (patterns of behavior) assigned to one status.

People identify themselves to varying degrees with their statuses and their corresponding roles. Sometimes they literally merge with their role and automatically transfer the stereotype of their behavior from one status to another. Thus, a woman who holds the position of boss at work, when she comes home, continues to communicate in a bossy tone with her husband and other loved ones. The maximum fusion of an individual with a role is called role identification.

But a person does not identify himself equally with all roles. Research shows that with personally significant roles (most often associated with the main status), identification is also carried out more often. Other roles are of no importance to a person. Often there is also distancing from the role, when a person deliberately behaves contrary to the requirements of norms and people's expectations.

Example: if a boss comes to work in a formal suit, he associates himself with the role; if he wears a tracksuit and allows his subordinates to call him by name, then this is distancing himself from the role. If a person does not play a role in accordance with expectations, then he enters into some kind of conflict with the group or society. For example, parents should take care of their children, a close friend should be concerned about our problems. If a parent does not show such care, then society condemns him; if we turn to a close friend for help or sympathy and do not receive it from him, then we are offended and may even break off relations with him.

The term “reduction of inter-status distance” characterizes the relationship between carriers of different, but functionally related statuses, for example, a boss - a subordinate. Each person has his own set of roles, but he does not identify with all roles in the same way. With some (socially significant) it is more intense, with others there is distancing from the role. Identification with a role or distancing from it was studied by great directors who created their own schools of acting: K. Stanislavsky, B. Brecht.

E. Bern In the acclaimed bestseller Games People Play, People Who Play Games takes a detailed look at how people perceive roles, identify with them, and shape their destinies based on their chosen roles. Some adapt the role to themselves, build their destiny themselves according to the principle “I am a hero, I am a prophet”, others adapt to the role - “amoeboid personality”.

Examples of a person's social status

Living in society, one cannot be free from it. Throughout life, a person comes into contact with a large number other individuals and groups to which they belong. Moreover, in each of them he occupies his specific place. To analyze a person’s position in each group and society as a whole, concepts such as social status and social role are used. Let's take a closer look at what it is.

Meaning of the term and general characteristics

The word “status” itself dates back to Ancient Rome. Then it had more of a legal connotation, rather than a sociological one, and denoted the legal status of an organization.

Nowadays, social status is a person’s position in a particular group and society as a whole, endowing him with certain rights, privileges, as well as responsibilities in relation to other members.

It helps people interact better with each other. If a person of a certain social status does not fulfill his duties, then he will be held responsible for it. Thus, an entrepreneur who sews clothes to order will pay a penalty if the deadlines are missed. In addition, his reputation will be ruined.

Examples of the social status of one person are a schoolboy, son, grandson, brother, member of a sports club, citizen, and so on.

This is a certain characteristic of a person according to his professional qualities, financial and marital status, age, education and other criteria.

A person can simultaneously belong to several groups at once and, accordingly, play not one, but many different roles. That's why they talk about status sets. It is unique and individual for each person.

Types of social statuses, examples

Their range is quite wide. There are statuses received at birth, and others acquired during life. Those that society ascribes to a person, or those that he achieves through his own efforts.

The basic and passing social status of a person is distinguished. Examples: the main and universal one, in fact, is the person himself, then comes the second - this is the citizen. The list of main statuses also includes consanguinity, economic, political, and religious. The list goes on.

Episodic - a passerby, a patient, a strike participant, a buyer, an exhibition visitor. That is, such statuses for the same person can change quite quickly and repeat periodically.

Prescribed social status: examples

This is what a person receives from birth, biologically and geographically given characteristics. Until recently, it was impossible to influence them in any way and change the situation. Examples of social status: gender, nationality, race. These set parameters remain with a person for life. Although in our progressive society they have already taken aim at changing gender. So one of the listed statuses to some extent ceases to be prescribed.

Much of what is related would also be considered a prescribed species. This is father, mother, sister, brother. And husband and wife are already acquired statuses.

Achieved status

This is what a person achieves himself. By making efforts, making choices, working, studying, each individual ultimately comes to certain results. His successes or failures are reflected in the way society assigns him the status he deserves. Doctor, director, company president, professor, thief, homeless person, tramp.

Almost every achieved social status of an individual has its own insignia. Examples:

for the military, security forces, internal troops - uniform and shoulder straps;
doctors wear white coats;
people who have broken the law have tattoos on their bodies.

Roles in society

A person’s social status will help to understand how this or that object will behave. We constantly find examples and confirmation of this. Expectations in the behavior and appearance of an individual depending on his membership in a certain class are called social role.

Thus, the status of a parent obliges him to be strict but fair to his child, to bear responsibility for him, to teach, to give advice, to prompt, to help in difficult situations. The status of a son or daughter is, on the contrary, a certain subordination to parents, legal and material dependence on them.

But, despite some patterns of behavior, every person has a choice of what to do. Examples of social status and its use by an individual do not fit one hundred percent into the proposed framework. There is only a scheme, a certain template, which each individual implements according to his abilities and ideas.

It often happens that it is difficult for one person to combine several social roles. For example, a woman’s first role is a mother, wife, and her second role is a successful businesswoman. Both roles require an investment of effort, time, and full dedication. A conflict arises.

An analysis of the social status of an individual and an example of his actions in life allow us to conclude that it reflects not only the internal position of a person, but also affects his appearance, manner of dressing and speaking.

Let's look at examples of social status and the standards associated with it in appearance. Thus, the director of a bank or the founder of a reputable company cannot appear at work in sweatpants or rubber boots. And the priest should come to church in jeans.

The status that a person has achieved forces him to pay attention not only to appearance and behavior, but also to choose his social circle, place of residence, and study.

Prestige

Not the least role in the destinies of people is played by such a concept as prestige (and positive, from the point of view of the majority, social status). We can easily find examples in the questionnaire that students of all high schools write before entering higher education institutions. They often make their choice based on the prestige of a particular profession. Nowadays, few boys dream of becoming an astronaut or pilot. And once upon a time it was a very popular profession. They choose between lawyers and financiers. This is how time dictates.

Conclusion: a person develops as an individual in the process of mastering different social statuses and roles. The brighter the dynamics, the more adapted to life the individual will become.

/ sociology

Non-state educational institution

Higher professional education

"University of the Russian Academy of Education"

Chelyabinsk branch

Faculty of Humanities

Department of Foreign Languages

Abstract on the topic:

"Social status and social role"

Completed: student gr. LP-131

Goncharenko Valentina

Checked by: Ermakov V.I.

Chelyabinsk

Introduction

1. Concept and definition of social status

2. Concept and definition of social role

Conclusion

References

Introduction

The topic “The concept of social status and social role” in this work was considered on the basis teaching aid under the general editorship of Professor A.G. Efendiyev “General Sociology”, which provides the opportunity for an accessible (understandable) presentation fundamental analysis the basic branch of social science – modern sociological science.

Every day we communicate and interact with various people and social groups (family, work team, etc.). It is difficult to imagine the same interaction in different social groups and with different people, of course, we behave differently, since in different interactions our position depends on relationships with others, we select behavioral options, mastering, to one degree or another, the required qualities.

The world consists of many positions that are in constant self-renewing interactions. And entering this world, each person strives to establish himself in a certain social position. Let us consider how and to what extent the system of social interactions influences human behavior.

Each person, being included in the system of social interactions, must perform certain social functions: a teacher - to teach, a student - to study, an entrepreneur - to organize and manage production, etc.

To perform specific functions during social interactions, a person is assigned certain (functional) responsibilities; at the same time, a person is endowed with certain rights, privileges, and powers of authority. A person, performing a particular function, within the framework of a system of interactions occupies (or claims to) a certain social position - this position is called social status.

1. Concept and definition of social status

Status (from Lat. – position, condition)

E. Giddens: “ Status (status). Social recognition or prestige that a certain group of individuals receives from the rest of society. Status groups usually differ in their lifestyle - ways of behavior characteristic of individuals of this group. Status privileges can be both positive and negative.”

Social status is a characteristic of social position in a social system of interactions. Social status has an internally substantive side, a dispositional-spatial dimension, and an externally nominal form.

The presence of an internally substantive side means that social status characterizes what rights, responsibilities, privileges, and powers are assigned to those who perform a particular function.

Knowing these rights, the responsibilities of privileges, as well as with whom a person is obliged to interact, to whom he is subordinate, and who is subordinate to him, will help us determine the disposition (location) of a particular status in the coordinate system of a given social space.

The presence of an external nomination form means that the social status has its own nomination: teacher, doctor, president, artist, grandfather, grandson, etc. But in sociology, these nominations take on a different meaning, for example, the status of a daughter is a nomination not just of family ties, but also of a certain subordination to parents, the obligation to listen to their opinion, material, legal dependence on parents.

Therefore, in sociology, any social-positional name (position, profession, relationship position) is interpreted in unity with internally substantive aspects and receives a dispositional dimension (horizontally or vertically): what are the individual’s rights, responsibilities, dependencies, privileges, powers, to whom he reports, who obeys him and in what ways, etc.

Another characteristic of status is the status-role theory of personality. This is the corresponding theory that describes social behavior personality. It was developed by American sociologists R. Minton, R. Merton, T. Parsons, and describes the social behavior of an individual with two main concepts: “social status” and “social role”. American researcher R. Linton, one of the authors of the concept of social status and social role, emphasized that for science the concept of “status” is inseparable from the concept of “role” - these are essentially two sides of the same coin. If status is a fixation of a certain social position (its content, dispositional, nomination aspects), i.e. status is static, then a role is a dynamic characteristic that determines how a person with a particular status should behave. In other words, status is a set of rights, privileges and responsibilities, while a role is an action within this set of rights and responsibilities.

Status, as a static characteristic at the same time, gives rise to many social problems and personal conflicts. People are not indifferent to their status; In an effort to gain a certain status, they experience their failures along the way quite deeply.

Since social statuses are unequal (located differently in the “coordinate system”). Depending on the position of social status in society relative to the position of other statuses, a person (individual) is given the opportunity to determine rights and responsibilities. For example, the status of parents arises only when the status of children exists.

Thus, a person is included in many social institutions, interacting with other people on various occasions, performing different functions each time.

The world of statuses is diverse; let’s consider only the typology.

Statuses can be formalized or informal.

The former, as a rule, are better secured and protected by law (the status of a factory director, city governor, etc.). A person occupying such a status has precisely defined rights, privileges, advantages and responsibilities. Such status arises within the framework of formal institutions, groups and has tangible advantages over informal statuses (the status of the leader of a group of friends, the informal leader of a team, etc.), which, as a rule, are diffuse in nature; they may or may not arise. Rights, obligations, and powers of this status are based not on laws or instructions, but on public opinion, which often makes them precarious. Hence the desire of people to be “protected” by formalized statuses - just as a scientist strives to confirm his qualifications with a scientific degree, title, in order to gain legal rights and privileges.

But besides them, there are many, so to speak, non-basic, episodic statuses, temporarily acquired by a person for the implementation of certain actions. These are the statuses of a pedestrian, passer-by, patient, witness, reader, listener, television viewer, participant in a demonstration, strike, crowd, etc. As a rule, these are temporary conditions. The rights and obligations of holders of such social statuses are often not registered in any way. They are generally difficult to detect, say, in a passerby. But they exist. Although they affect not the main, but the secondary traits of behavior and thinking. Thus, the status of a doctor of science determines a lot in the life of a given person, but his temporary status as a passer-by does not. Thus, a person has basic (determining his life) and non-basic (affecting the details of behavior) statuses.

Statuses can be prescribed (ascriptive) and achieved (acquired) statuses.

The prescribed (ascriptive) social status is determined by society, regardless of the efforts and merits of the individual. It is determined by ethnic origin, place of birth, family, etc. For example, a person born with black skin acquires the status of a Negro. Children who grew up in very wealthy (rich) families acquire the status of “golden youth”.

That is, the prescribed social status (together with all the rights, responsibilities and privileges), as a rule, is acquired from birth - nationality, gender, relationship status, age characteristics, etc. There may be other prescribed statuses - disabled. It is obvious that the prescribed social status can significantly influence a person's personality.

The achieved, acquired social status is determined by the efforts of the person himself, his actions (writer, director, academician, spouse, officer, emigrant), i.e. a status that requires special effort to achieve.

The example of an emigrant very clearly shows the principle of achieved status. A person who has emigrated (i.e., who has made certain efforts and completed certain actions) acquires the right to live in another country achieved status emigrant.

Some statuses combine prescribed and achieved elements. For example, obtaining a PhD in mathematics is an achievement. But once received new status remains forever, defining all the intentions and goals of a person as a prescribed status.

In a traditional society, whose social institutions are characterized by ascriptivity, the main statuses of society are ascriptive, inherited (and not achieved) in nature.

In such societies, ascriptivity, as the initial motivational principle, is recognized by all layers of society as the main basis for social status claims. And the king, and the shepherd, and the plowman, and the blacksmith consider their position justified and prepare their children to take their place.

The spectrum and freedom of different statuses are important characteristic each of the statuses. Any individual decision regarding one’s own destiny consists in a constant choice of ways to overcome specific social inequality and in the desire to have appropriate conditions that ensure one’s competitiveness in life.

Social status, both providing certain rights and privileges, also imposes a significant number of obligations. With the help of statuses, relationships between people are ordered and regulated.

Inequality of statuses is subject to change, so in the 90s in our society there was a change in importance - some social statuses, such as qualifications, education, skill, creativity, and an increase in the importance of others, such as wealth, financial resources, the opportunity to “live beautifully” .

In modern society, the leading importance is acquired by the achieved statuses, the mastery of which is not inherited, but requires education and victory over competitors. Increasing the role of achieved statuses in the organization public life– this is an increase in demand for energetic, competent people, an increase in the dynamics of social processes.

At the same time, a person sometimes achieves achieved status with the help of non-attainment principles; In this case, great importance is attached not to a person’s abilities and knowledge, but to his loyalty, personal devotion to the leader, and connections.

Traditionalist-ascriptive culture resists, forces to mimic social life, as a result of which statuses are achievable in form, and ascriptive motivations play the leading role in mastering them.

A person can have several statuses, but most often only one predetermines his position in society - the main status, which is reflected both in the external behavior and appearance of a person, and in his internal position.

It is a difficult task to determine the main status of a person, but it is the main status that primarily determines and, no less important, self-determines a person socially (“who am I, what have I achieved?”).

In most cases, the status of an individual associated with work or profession is of particular importance; property status can be of considerable importance. However, the signs listed above in an informal company of friends may be of secondary importance - here the cultural level, education, and sociability can play a decisive role.

Consequently, one should distinguish between a basic, general hierarchy of personality statuses, which works in most situations in a given society, and a specific one, used in special conditions, for special people.

Having a specific hierarchy can lead to serious conflicts. The status of a person, defined by society as the main one for a given person, does not always coincide with the status, focusing on the generally accepted hierarchy, that the person himself considers to be the main one. For example, an entrepreneur, being confident that the main thing in his social characteristics is his property and financial status, encounters rejection by the highest circles, where he strives to get, due to other components, such as his “high birth”, level of education, and culture.

We can consider a place in the status hierarchy called rank. This is a place in the invisible hierarchy of social relations, characterized by public opinion, in which over time a hierarchy of statuses and social groups is developed, transmitted, supported, but, as a rule, no documents are recorded, where some are valued and respected more than others. Rank can be high, medium or low.

A highly paid official (high professional rank) will most likely have the same high family rank as a person who provides material wealth for the family. But it does not automatically follow from this that he will have high ranks in other groups - among friends, relatives, colleagues.

In addition to the main status, primarily associated with the profession, work (more precisely, its prestige), it is permissible to talk about a generalized status, otherwise called an index of social position, the value of which helps to make a holistic assessment of the social position of both one’s own and others in the system of social coordinates.

Often, the property status of an educated person elected to a high political post is immeasurably lower than the property status of those who quickly made a lot of money by engaging in economic scams, deals, etc.

The social position index to some extent allows for a more comprehensive, comprehensive assessment of social position.

We can consider natural and professional-official social statuses.

The natural social status of an individual presupposes significant and relatively stable characteristics of a person (for example, woman, man, child, youth, old man, etc.)

Professional and official social status is the basic status of an individual, for an adult, most often, it is the basis of the acquired status. It records the social, economic, organizational and production position (banker, politician, teacher, technical director). The perception of management decisions made is associated with professional and official social status. Decisions that are identical in form and content can be perceived differently by subordinates (performers) depending on the authority and social status of the subject of the decision. The higher the social status and authority of the person (or governing body, colleague) making the decision, the more responsible the performer’s attitude to his instructions.

People have many social statuses, but the concept of “social status” also applies to profession. In this case, the concept of “social status” acts as a general indicator of the comparative position of a given profession among other professions.

The social status of a profession is characterized by official and (or) unofficial recognition of its necessity and popularity. There are two forms of profession status: economic and prestigious.

The economic component of the social status of a profession (economic status) depends, first of all, on the level of material remuneration expected when choosing and implementing a professional path (choice of profession, professional self-determination).

The prestigious component of the social status of a profession (prestigious status, prestige of the profession) is determined by the content (share of creative functions, creative character) of this type of work, the degree of popularity of the profession, and the possibility of personal self-realization (success, career). In socio-psychological terms, the fashion for “new professions” plays a certain role (sometimes significant) in establishing the prestige of a profession.

Statuses, entering into social relations not directly, but only indirectly (through their carriers), mainly determine the content and nature of social relations. A person views the world and treats others according to his status. The poor despise the rich, and the rich disdain the poor. Dog owners do not understand people who love cleanliness and order on their lawns. A professional investigator, although unconsciously, divides people into potential criminals, law-abiding and witnesses. A Ukrainian is more likely to show solidarity with a Ukrainian than with a Chinese or Tatar, and vice versa.

2. Concept and definition of social role

Role (French role) – the image embodied by the actor

A role is the expected behavior determined by a person’s status (Linton, cited in Merton, 1957).

A social role is an expectation (expectation) placed by society on an individual occupying a particular status. It does not depend on the personality itself, its desires, and exists, as it were, apart from and before the personality itself.

In other words: a social role is an expected pattern of behavior that corresponds to a certain social status and does not depend on the individual.

For each social role, behavioral characteristics are different. The limits are limited, but the very performance of the role of any status is a creative process. Children's status is usually subordinate to adults, who expect children to play subordinate roles. The status of soldiers is different from that of civilians; The role of soldiers is associated with risk and fulfillment of the oath, which cannot be said about other groups of the population.

Each social status usually includes a number of social roles. The set of roles corresponding to a given status is called a role set (R. Merton, 1957). So the teacher has one status, but the roles in relation to the head of the department and the student are different, i.e. with one status you can have many roles. Talcott Parsons introduced the concept of role pluralism. This is a combination of important long-term roles and temporary, situational roles.

An equally important problem is learning roles. Roles are learned through the process of socialization, and their number is constantly increasing.

Socialization is a fairly broad process that includes both the acquisition of skills, abilities, knowledge, and the formation of values, ideals, norms and principles of social behavior.

In early childhood, a person plays one role - a child who is taught certain rules of the game. Then the role of the pupil is added to it kindergarten and a member of the primary social group for playing together, spending time, relaxing, etc. In the future, the child plays the role of a student, a member of a youth group, a participant in social activities, and a member of various interest groups.

Returning to the fact that each individual can have a large number of statuses, and those around him have the right to expect him to fulfill roles in accordance with these statuses. In this sense, status and role are two sides of the same phenomenon: if status is a set of rights, privileges and responsibilities, then a role is an action within the framework of this set of rights and responsibilities.

The social role consists of:

Role expectations and

Role-playing (games).

Note that there is no complete coincidence between role expectation and role performance. The quality of role performance depends on many conditions, among which the conformity of the role with the needs, interests and individual qualities of the individual is crucial.

Role expectations can be formal or informal. The most striking example of formal role expectations is laws. For example, the law on criminal liability for actions causing harm to other people. Other expectations, less formal, such as table manners, dress code, and politeness, are informal but also have a strong impact on our behavior.

Our roles are defined by what others expect of us. In our society (and most others), it is expected that parents should take care of their children, that an employee should do the work assigned to him, that close friends care about our problems. If there is a failure to perform a role according to our expectations, role conflict arises. The discrepancy between role expectations and role performance, the contradiction of role expectations of several roles (at least two) causes the emergence of role conflict. For example, parents and peers expect different behavior from a teenager, and he, playing the roles of son and friend, cannot simultaneously meet their expectations. Even more often, this conflict - a mismatch of roles - accompanies the life of an adult.

When a person’s actions correspond to role expectations, he receives social rewards (money, respect); failure to meet role expectations entails punishment (deprivation of material benefits, freedom, public attention, etc.). Rewards and punishments combined are called sanctions. Whether applied by one or more interacting individuals or by others, sanctions reinforce rules that determine what behavior is appropriate in a given situation (Goode, 1960).

Social roles can be institutionalized or conventional. Institutionalized: institution of marriage, family (social roles of mother, daughter, wife)

Conventional: accepted by agreement (a person may refuse to accept them).

Cultural norms are learned primarily through role learning. For example, a person who masters the role of a military man becomes familiar with the customs, moral norms and laws characteristic of the status of this role. Only a few norms are accepted by all members of society; the acceptance of most norms depends on the status of a particular individual.

What is acceptable for one status is unacceptable for another. Thus, socialization as the process of learning generally accepted ways and methods of actions and interactions is the most important process of learning role behavior, as a result of which the individual truly becomes a part of society.

The types of social roles are determined by the variety of social groups, types of activities and relationships in which the individual is included. Depending on social relations, social and interpersonal social roles are distinguished.

Social roles are associated with social status, profession or type of activity (teacher, student, student, salesperson). These are standardized impersonal roles, built on the basis of rights and responsibilities, regardless of who plays these roles. There are socio-demographic roles: husband, wife, daughter, son, grandson... Man and woman are also social roles, biologically predetermined and presupposing specific modes of behavior, enshrined in social norms and customs.

Interpersonal roles are associated with interpersonal relationships that are regulated at the emotional level (leader, offended, neglected, family idol, loved one, etc.).

In life, in interpersonal relationships, each person acts in some dominant social role, a unique social role as the most typical individual image, familiar to others. Changing a habitual image is extremely difficult both for the person himself and for the perception of the people around him. The longer a group exists, the more familiar the dominant social roles of each group member become to those around them and the more difficult it is to change the behavior pattern habitual to those around them.

Characteristics of roles

An attempt to systematize social roles was made by Talcott Parsons and his colleagues (1951). They believed that any role could be described using five basic characteristics:

1. Emotionality.

2. Method of receipt.

3. Scale.

4. Formalization.

5. Motivation

1. Emotionality. Some roles (eg nurse, doctor or funeral home owner) require emotional restraint in situations usually accompanied by violent expression of feelings (we are talking about illness, suffering, death). Family members and friends are expected to show less reserved expressions of feelings.

2. Method of receipt. Some roles are conditioned by prescribed statuses - for example, child, youth or adult citizen; they are determined by the age of the person playing the role. Other roles are won; When we talk about a doctor of medicine, we mean a role that is not achieved automatically, but as a result of the individual’s efforts.

3. Scale. Some roles are limited to strictly defined aspects of human interaction. For example, the doctor and patient roles are limited to issues that directly relate to the patient's health. A broader relationship is established between a small child and his mother or father; Each parent is concerned about many aspects of their child’s life.

4. Formalization. Some roles involve interacting with people according to set rules. For example, a librarian is obliged to issue books for a certain period of time and demand a fine for each day of overdue from those who delay the books. When performing other roles, you may receive special treatment from those with whom you have a personal relationship. For example, we do not expect a brother or sister to pay us for a service rendered to them, although we might accept payment from a stranger.

What is the social status of an individual and how is it determined?

Social status is the position occupied by an individual or a social group in society or a separate subsystem of society. It is determined by characteristics specific to a particular society, which can be economic, national, age and other characteristics. Social status is divided according to skills, abilities, and education.

Alekss alekss

It is determined by your attitude in society - that is, by your position,
how do you define yourself in this big world"adults" which you entered...
do you think you are unique?
May be.. .
or maybe not...
you are not the center of the earth, and there are the same ugly and handsome people around... .
the same people... and so we all have to live together in one lake

Lecture 23. The concept of social status. Types of statuses

The founders of the status-role theoretical approach were American scientists George Herbert Mead and Ralph Linton. At the center of it are two interconnected concepts - status and role.

Social statuscharacterizes a person’s position in society, connected with other positions through a system of rights and responsibilities. Possession of status allows an individual to expect and demand a certain attitude from other people. In any society, its representatives can occupy different positions: high and low. Moreover, each of them can be characterized by a “status set” (a teacher, for example, is a man, a father, a husband, a candidate of sciences, a representative of the middle generation, a member of the Liberal Democratic Party). This concept was introduced into sociological science by the American sociologist Robert Merton. He called the totality of all statuses occupied by one person a status set. In the status set there will definitely be a main one. As a rule, they refer to the status that is associated with a position, place of work or place of residence.

Any person holds several positions as he participates in various groups and organizations. For example, Mr. N. is a middle-aged man, a teacher, a candidate of sciences, a department head, a trade union member, an Orthodox Christian, a husband, a father, etc. Each person is thus characterized by status set. (The term was introduced by R. Merton). Status set – the totality of all statuses occupied by a given individual.

In the multitude of statuses that a person has in the system of social connections, a special role is played by general(universal) statuses. The first is the status of a person, his rights and obligations. Another general status is the status of a member of a given society, state (citizen). General statuses are the foundation of a person’s status position. The remaining statuses refer to special, i.e. differentiating a particular society.

Statuses can also be formalized or unformalized, which depends on whether within the framework of formalized or informal social institutions and more broadly – social interactions – one or another function is performed (for example, the statuses of a plant director and a leader of a company of close comrades). The plurality of statuses does not mean their equivalence. They are in a certain hierarchy according to the degree of importance of the social institution within which this status is formed. Of course, in all cases, the individual’s status associated with work and profession is of particular importance. Although it should be noted that the status hierarchy may change. Apparently, one should distinguish between the main, general hierarchy of statuses of a given personality, which works in most cases, as well as in decisive areas of life, and the specific one, which manifests itself in special conditions. For example, the main general hierarchy of statuses will always highlight statuses associated with property status, profession, ethnic characteristics, etc. as the main ones. But these statuses may be of little significance in an informal group of friends; leadership will be more important here.

The concept of social status characterizes the place of an individual in the system of social relations, his activities in the main spheres of life, and, finally, the assessment of an individual’s activities by society, expressed in certain quantitative and qualitative indicators (salary, bonuses, awards, titles, privileges), as well as self-esteem, which may or may not coincide with the assessment of society or a social group. Related to this is the difficulty of identifying the main status of a person, which defines and self-determines a person socially. The status that society highlights as the main one is not always this person, coincides with the status that the personality itself distinguishes as the main one. On this basis, many dramatic contradictions arise in the inner world of the individual, who inadequately represents his place in society, in public opinion.

In a set of statuses, there is always a main one (the most characteristic for a given individual, by which others distinguish him or with which he is identified). The main status determines the way of life and the circle of acquaintances. manner of behavior, etc. Main statuses can be considered those statuses that a person achieves himself, through his own actions, for example, professional status, educational status, etc.

Social status is the position a person automatically occupies as a representative of a large social group (professional, class, national). Blacks in the United States and South Africa were once considered lower in social status than whites. As a result, any black person - talented or not, virtuous or evil - was treated with disdain. Personal qualities receded into the background. Nationals are at the forefront. On the contrary, the merits and advantages of a white person were exaggerated in advance: when meeting someone or finding a job, they trusted him more. Another example: prejudice against women. There is an opinion that she will cope with leadership work worse than a man just because she is a woman.

Personal status- the position that a person occupies in a small (or primary) group, depending on how he is assessed by his individual qualities. It has been noticed that social status plays a dominant role among strangers, and personal status among familiar people. But acquaintances constitute the primary, small group. When introducing ourselves to strangers, especially employees of any organization, institution, or enterprise, we usually name our place of work, social status and age. For people we know, it is not these characteristics that are important, but our personal qualities, i.e. informal authority.

Each of us has a set of social and personal statuses because we are involved in many large and small groups. The latter include family, a circle of relatives and acquaintances, a sports team, a school class, a student group, an interest club, a youth party, etc. In them you can have high, medium or low status, i.e. be a leader, independent , an outsider. Doctor N. has a high professional status, since his specialty is prestigious, but in the karate sports section, where he practices twice a week, he is treated as an outsider. Thus, social and personal statuses may or may not coincide.

Attributed status(also called ascriptive) is the status in which a person is born or which is assigned to him over time. The ascribed status does not coincide with the innate one. Only three social statuses are considered natural: gender, nationality, race. Negro is an innate status that characterizes a race. Man is an innate status that characterizes gender. Russian is an innate status that determines nationality. Race, gender and nationality are given biologically; a person inherits them against his will and consciousness. It would seem that no one can change gender, race and nationality. However, it has recently been discovered that gender and skin color can be changed through surgery. The concepts of biological sex and socially acquired sex appeared. Surgery was necessary because the two genders were in conflict. A man who has played with dolls since childhood, dressed, felt, thought and acted like a girl, becomes a woman in adulthood through the efforts of doctors. He finds his true gender, to which he was psychologically predisposed, but which he did not receive biologically. Which gender - male or female - should be considered natural in such cases? A definite answer has not yet been found.
Recently, scientists have begun to doubt whether innate status exists at all if people change gender, race and nationality in individual cases. When parents are of different nationalities, it is difficult to determine what nationality the children should be. They often decide for themselves what to write in their passport.

Having left for another country forever, especially at a young age or in childhood, Russian emigrants (especially their children) often forgot old customs and radically changed their national habits, language, and style of behavior. They were no longer much different from the indigenous inhabitants of this country. Biological nationality was replaced by socially acquired nationality.

Age is a biologically determined trait, but it is not an innate status. During life, a person moves from one age to another. Society assigns to each age category certain rights and responsibilities that other categories do not have. People expect very specific behavior from a specific age category: from young people, for example, they expect respect for elders, from adults they expect care for children and the elderly.
After a certain age, the king's son inherits the crown from his father. King is an ascribed status. Only those born into the royal family can purchase it. If we take into account consanguinity, then the ascribed status can also be called innate, biological. In this sense, the noble titles of prince, count, baron, passed from father to son, are also innate. However, the king could deprive a person of his noble title for certain offenses. Therefore, it is more correct to talk about ascribed (assigned) rather than innate status.

The kinship system has a whole set of ascribed statuses. Only some of them are natural born. These include the statuses: “son”, “daughter”, “sister”, “brother”, “nephew”, “uncle”, “aunt”, “grandmother”, “grandfather”, “cousin” and some others expressing blood kinship In addition to them, there are non-blood relatives, the so-called. legal relatives. After marriage, all blood relatives of the wife become relatives of the husband. He gets a mother-in-law, father-in-law, etc. You can become a legal relative through marriage. You can also acquire the status of a blood relative through adoption. The statuses of stepdaughter and stepson (although they are called daughter and son), the statuses of godfather and godmother cannot be considered innate. Even ascribed, they should be called only to the extent that the person receiving such a status is not free to choose it; in other words, if the adoption occurs without the consent of the child.
Thus, the ascribed status is very similar to the innate one, but is not reducible to it. Natural is a biologically inherited status. Attributed is a socially acquired status, but identical in name to innate status. Thus, “son” can be both a natural and an ascribed status. In order to avoid confusion, sociologists have agreed to call both types of status in one word - ascribed status.

Consequently, ascribed (or ascriptive) is a position in society over which the individual has no control and/or which he occupies regardless of his will, desire, or efforts.

Achieved status. The achieved status differs significantly from the ascribed status. Achievable is a status that a person receives through his own efforts, desire, free choice, or is acquired through luck and fortune. If the ascribed status is not under the control of the individual, then the achieved status is under control. Any status that is not automatically given to a person by the very fact of birth is considered attainable.

A person acquires the profession of a driver or engineer through his own efforts, preparation and free choice. He also acquires the status of world champion, doctor of science or rock star thanks to his own efforts and enormous work. Statuses such as “student”, “buyer”, etc. are given with less difficulty.

Achieved status requires acceptance independent decision and independent actions. The status of a husband is achievable: to get it, a man makes a decision, pays a visit to the bride's parents, makes an official proposal to his bride and performs a lot of other actions. Achieved status refers to positions that people occupy due to their efforts or merit. “Graduate student” is a status that university graduates achieve by competing with others and demonstrating outstanding academic achievements. You can become an honorary citizen, honorary citizen or honorary doctor of a foreign university thanks to past achievements, sometimes without specifically seeking this title.

The more dynamic a society is, the more cells in its social structure are designed for the achieved statuses. The more achieved statuses in a society, the more democratic it is. Having carried out a comparative historical analysis, scientists have established: earlier in European society there were more ascribed, but now there are more achieved statuses.

Mixed status. Sometimes it is very difficult to determine what type a particular status belongs to. For example, being unemployed is not a position that most people aspire to. On the contrary, they avoid him. Most often, a person finds himself unemployed against his will and desire. The reason is factors beyond his control: an economic crisis affecting an industry or society as a whole, mass layoffs, the ruin of a company, structural restructuring of production. Such processes are not under the control of an individual. It is in his power to make efforts to find a job or not to do so, accepting the situation.
Political upheavals, coups d'etat, social revolutions, wars can change (or even cancel) some statuses of huge masses of people against their will and desire. After the October Revolution of 1917, former nobles turned into emigrants, remained or became officials, engineers, workers, teachers, losing the ascribed status of a nobleman, which had disappeared from the social structure. In the early 80s, party committees were liquidated at enterprises and institutions, and thousands of people left the ranks of the Communist Party.

If socio-demographic restrictions are imposed on the occupation of a particular position, then it thereby ceases to act as an achieved status.

Status mismatch (status incompatibility). Each of us is involved in many groups - large and small - and holds many positions. Each group has its own hierarchy. If status is considered as a place in a hierarchy, it is called rank. The rank of status determines whether it is high, medium or low. The hierarchy and prestige of statuses depend, firstly, on the real significance of certain functions for the development of society, the reproduction of its basic structures and, secondly, on the system of values, the scale of preferences, taken into account in a given culture when “weighing” social functions. These two factors simultaneously and closely interact with each other and are relatively independent of each other. Often the importance of certain functions on at the moment may be overestimated and may not correspond to social expediency. Often the prestige of this status is supported mainly only by the force of social inertia. A society in which there is an unreasonable prestige of some statuses, and, conversely, an unreasonable undervaluation of others, loses the state of balance of statuses and is unable to ensure its normal functioning.

A person who has reached the top of the hierarchy and therefore high status in one group may remain unknown in another. Mr. N. as a collector is valued very highly among stamp collectors, but his work colleagues consider him a very mediocre accountant, and in the family his wife and children even look down on him. It is clear that Mr. N. has three different statuses, having three different ranks: high, medium and low. Rarely does anyone manage to have a high status in all the groups to which he belongs. Status discrepancy is a discrepancy in status ranks or a contradiction in rights and obligations. Therefore, discrepancy occurs under two circumstances: 1) when an individual occupies a high position in one group and a low position in another; 2) when the rights and obligations of one status contradict or interfere with the exercise of the rights and obligations of another status.

Social role– a behavior model focused on this status. J. Mead considers roles as a system of prescriptions depending on status, since the social functions of an individual differ either horizontally or hierarchically (son - father - grandfather). According to his teaching, each role involves interaction with other roles and can be defined as expected behavior. This process interaction means that people within the roles they play are always testing their ideas about the roles of other people.

Similar to the “status” set, R. Merton also identifies a role set, i.e. a set of roles associated with one status. For example, a teacher can perform the roles of a teacher, educator, researcher, examiner, etc. This raises the question: which roles are personally significant for a person, which ones are meaningless, and which ones he is simply trying to distance himself from? All this can lead to the emergence of role conflict, which is caused by a clash of demands of two or more incompatible roles arising from a given status.

The status-role concept was developed in the works of American sociologists J. Mead And R. Minton .

The role theory of personality describes its social behavior with two main concepts: “social status” and “social role.”

So, according to this concept, each person occupies a certain place in society.

This place is determined by a number of social positions that imply the presence of certain rights and responsibilities.

It is these positions that are the social statuses of a person. Each person has several social statuses at the same time. However, one of the statuses is always the main or basic one. As a rule, the basic status expresses the position of a person.

Social status- an integral indicator of the social status of an individual, social group, covering profession, qualifications, position, nature of the work performed, financial situation, political affiliation, business connections, age, marital status, etc.

In sociology, there is a classification of social statuses into prescribed and acquired.

Prescribed status- this is a person’s position in society, occupied by him regardless of personal merit, but imposed by the social environment.

Most often, ascribed status reflects a person's innate qualities (race, gender, nationality, age).

Acquired status- This is a position in society achieved by the person himself.

However, a person can also have a mixed status, which combines both types.

A striking example of mixed status is marriage.

In addition to these types, natural and professional-official statuses are also distinguished.

Natural status of personality- a person’s place in the system of social relations, determined by the essential and relatively stable characteristics of a person.

Professional and official status is a social indicator that records the social, economic and production position of a person in society. Thus, social status denotes the specific place that an individual occupies in a given social system.

The concept of “social role” is closely related to the concept of “social status”.

Social role- this is a set of actions that a person occupying a given status in the social system must perform.

Moreover, each status involves performing not one, but several roles. A set of roles, the fulfillment of which is prescribed by one status, is called a role set. Obviously, the higher a person’s position in society, that is, the greater his social status, the more roles he performs.

Thus, the difference in the role set of the President of the state and the worker of a metal rolling plant is quite obvious. The systematization of social roles was first developed by Parsons, who identified five grounds on which a particular role can be classified:

1) emotionality, that is, some roles involve a wide manifestation of emotionality, others, on the contrary, require its containment;

2) method of obtaining- depending on the type of status, they can be prescribed or achieved by the person independently;

3) scale- the scope of authority of one role is clearly established, while that of others is uncertain;

4) regulation- some roles are strictly regulated, such as the role of a civil servant, some are blurred (the role of a man);

5) motivation- performing a role for one’s own benefit or for the public good.

The implementation of a social role can also be viewed from several angles.

On the one hand, this is a role expectation, which is characterized by a certain behavior of a person depending on his status, which is expected by surrounding members of society.

On the other hand, this is role performance, which is characterized by a person’s real behavior, which he considers to be correlated with his status.

It should be noted that these two role aspects do not always coincide. Moreover, each of them plays a huge role in determining a person’s behavior, since social expectations have a strong impact on a person.

The normal structure of a social role usually has four elements:

1) description of the type of behavior corresponding to this role;

2) instructions (requirements) associated with this behavior;

3) assessment of the performance of the prescribed role;

4) sanctions - the social consequences of a particular action within the framework of the requirements of the social system. Social sanctions can be moral in nature, implemented directly by a social group through its behavior (contempt), or legal, political, or environmental.

no role is a pure model of behavior. Main link between role expectations and role behavior is the character of the individual. That is, behavior specific person does not fit into a pure scheme.