Information technologies in the engineering industry. Lectures on the discipline computer technology in mechanical engineering section

Computer technologies in mechanical engineering

Mechanical engineering is one of the oldest and most important branches of industry. But, like any other field, mechanical engineering could not do without modernization and the introduction of new technologies. Computer technologies began to be used in production relatively recently, but have already been able to significantly ease the work of workers and improve the quality of production.

However, despite the generally accepted opinion, the use of computer technology is aimed not so much at automating production, but at changing the technology of design and production itself, which in itself significantly reduces the time required to create products, reduces costs over the entire life cycle of the product, and also increases its quality.

Computer technologies are used not only to automate machines and equipment, but also to design a product layout. This is especially applicable for complex engineering parts. Computer technology requires the creation of an accurate and detailed layout of the part being manufactured, first of all, this provides enormous opportunities for creating higher quality products in a shorter time.

Several people are often involved in the design process, and for more accurate and fast work they must watch each other’s work, and at the same time create models of parts, assemblies, assemblies, etc. on computers.

In the process, a number of indirect issues must also be resolved, such as types of engineering analysis, modeling of various situations, product layout, etc.

Simultaneously with the creation of the project, all possible information transferred to production to establish its process even before creation finished layout.

Computer programs in production

For computer design Computer-aided design and engineering analysis systems are used in production, as well as production preparation technologies (CAD/CAE/CAM).

Similar technologies are widely used in the West, in various branches of mechanical engineering. In Russia, similar technologies are used in large companies.

Many Russian companies have introduced into their production such design programs as: AUTOCAD, CATIAV6, Compass-3D and many others.

The most significant computer technologies are used in companies with mass and large-scale production. In Russia, domestic developments (1C Enterprise) are also widely used for production automation.

Experience with computer technology implementation had a significant impact on productivity. In terms of the economy, industries that use computer technology are developing 1.5 times faster.

However, not many enterprises are ready for the transition to computer production completely - they often replace 30-40% of their equipment, taking this into account, not many of them can achieve at least 50% of the expected growth.

Note 1

Most computer programs are made on the basis of Western standards, which significantly slows down the process of their implementation, since management and production processes do not meet foreign standards.

In small-scale production, computer technologies are practically not used, in particular in shipbuilding. Since the entire vessel is assembled in stages, with fitting and testing carried out on site, each vessel is unique. This means that each vessel has its own project and its own documentation.

Often in shipbuilding there is no production of identical parts. At the same time important point It is considered during implementation that it is quite difficult to organize work with documentation, and any computer system unable to work properly if there is a lack of information.

Computers are also widely used directly in production. Each plant dispatcher has at his disposal an automated system that is responsible for the operation of several machines, programs, and technologies. Computers are also used to control pressure and temperatures, giving a signal about their excessive decrease or increase.

Robots in mechanical engineering

Also, do not forget about the use of robots in production. The first full-fledged robot was Unimate, which is a mechanical arm produced in 1961 for General Motors. He performed a sequence of actions that were recorded on a drum.

Beginning in the 1970s, the production and use of robots began to rapidly develop. at the beginning they were used for dangerous and uncomplicated, monotonous work. Robots were most in demand in automotive production, where they carried out:

welding,
stamping,
painting,
assembly.

The introduction of such technologies has significantly reduced labor in factories.

Note 2

There are a number of fully automated factories, for example, a factory in Texas for the production of keyboards - IBM, such factories are called “no lights”.

In such factories, all production is automated, people are completely replaced by computers, and the factory can work seven days a week.

In addition, computers do not require lunch breaks, and, therefore, significantly increase the number of products produced. It is also worth noting that the computer system is not capable of going astray or missing something.

Also, computers and automated systems can perform work that is difficult and often dangerous for people.

Currently, computers have become an integral part of the technological process in production. The range of objects and phenomena falling under the influence of computer technology is constantly expanding. Computer technology is used in any engineering activity. They accompany the part throughout its entire life cycle, from planning to release. Many factories began to use spatial design technologies, and for some it became the main tool for design documentation and technological process. Computer technologies also help solve the problems of linking several technologies using a common database.

Ministry of Education and Science of the Chelyabinsk Region

State budgetary professional educational institution

“Kopeysk Polytechnic College named after S.V. Khokhryakova"

(GBPOU "KPK named after S.V. Khokhryakov")

INFORMATICS

WORKING PROGRAM OF THE ACADEMIC DISCIPLINE

Specialty: 02/15/08 Mechanical Engineering Technology

Kopeysk, 2018

at a meeting of the Central Committee

mathematical and natural science disciplines

L.G. Queen

"____"______________2018

I APPROVED

Deputy director for sustainable development

N.V. Tipushkova

"____"______________2018

Work program academic discipline Computer science was developed on the basis of the Federal State Educational Standard (hereinafter referred to as the Federal State Educational Standard) in the specialty of secondary vocational education (hereinafter referred to as SPO) 02/15/08 Mechanical Engineering Technology.

Organization - developer: GBPOU "Kopeysk Polytechnic College named after S.V. Khokhryakova"

Developer: _______________ O.N. Ivanova, computer science teacher and information technology PDA

PASSPORT OF THE WORKING PROGRAM OF THE EDUCATIONAL DISCIPLINE

STRUCTURE and CONTENT OF THE ACADEMIC DISCIPLINE

conditions for the implementation of the work program of the academic discipline

Monitoring and evaluation of the results of mastering the academic discipline

1. passport of the WORKING PROGRAM OF THE EDUCATIONAL DISCIPLINE INFORMATICS

1.1. Scope of application

Work program of the academic disciplineInformatics is part of the working basic professional educational program in accordance with the Federal State Educational Standard in the specialty vocational education 02/15/08 Mechanical Engineering Technology

The work program of the academic discipline can be used in additional professional education (advanced training and retraining)

1.2. The place of the discipline in the structure of the main professional educational program:

academic discipline Informatics belongs to the mathematical and general natural science cycle of disciplines specialty 02/15/08 Mechanical engineering technology.

1.3. Goals and objectives of the discipline - requirements for the results of mastering the discipline:

be able to:

perform calculations using applied computer programs;

use the Internet and its capabilities to organize the rapid exchange of information;

use technologies for collecting, placing, storing, accumulating, converting and transmitting data in professionally oriented information systems;

process and analyze information using software computer technology;

receive information on local and global computer networks;

apply graphic editors for creating and editing images;

apply computer programs to search for information, compile and execute documents and presentations.

As a result of mastering the discipline, the student mustknow:

basic system software products and packages application programs;

basic provisions and principles of constructing a system for processing and transmitting information;

methods and techniques for ensuring information security;

methods and means of collecting, processing, storing, transmitting and accumulating information;

general composition and structure of personal electronic computers (computers) and computing systems;

basic principles, methods and properties of information and telecommunication technologies, their effectiveness.

OK 1. Understand the essence and social significance of your future profession, show sustained interest in it.

OK 2. Organize your own activities, choose standard methods and ways of performing professional tasks, evaluate their effectiveness and quality.

OK 3. Make decisions in standard and non-standard situations and take responsibility for them.

OK 4. Search and use information necessary for the effective performance of professional tasks, professional and personal development.

OK 5. Use information and communication technologies in professional activities.

OK 6. Work in a team and team, communicate effectively withcolleagues, management, consumers.

OK 7. Take responsibility for the work of team members (subordinates) and for the results of completing tasks.

OK 8. Independently determine the tasks of professional and personal development, engage in self-education, and consciously plan professional development.

OK 9. Navigate in the context of frequent changes in technologyprofessional activities.

OK 10. Perform military duties, including using acquired professional knowledge (for young men).

PC 1.1. Use design documentation when developing technological processes for manufacturing parts.

PC 1.2. Choose a method for obtaining blanks and their basing schemes.

PC 1.3. Draw up routes for manufacturing parts and design technological operations.

PC 1.4. Develop and implement control programs for processing parts.

PC 1.5. Use computer-aided design systems for technological processes for processing parts.

PC 2.1. Participate in planning and organizing the work of the structural unit.

PC 2.2. Participate in managing the work of a structural unit.

PC 2.3. Participate in the analysis of the process and results of the unit's activities.

PC 3.1. Participate in the implementation of the technological process for manufacturing parts.

PC 3.2. Monitor the quality of parts for compliance with the requirements of technical documentation.

1.4. Number of hours to master the discipline program:

maximum student workload96 hours, including:

Mandatory classroom teaching load for the student64 hours;

Practical classes40 hours;

Independent work of the student32 hours.

2. STRUCTURE AND CONTENT OF THE SCHOOL DISCIPLINE

2.1. Scope of academic discipline and types of academic work

Extracurricular independent work:

work on educational materials, lecture notes;

execution individual tasks;

work with additional educational and scientific literature

Final certification in the form of differentiated credit

2.2. Thematic plan and content of the academic discipline computer science

Topic 1.1.

Personal computer architecture, structure of computing systems

Personal computer device

Practical exercises

Practical work No. 1. Study of personal computer architecture

Compiling a table on computer architecture

Topic 1.2.

Computer networks

Classification computer networks. Communication lines, their main components and characteristics. Local and global computer networks. LAN topology. Basic computer network services: e-mail, teleconferencing, file archives

Independent work of students.

Filling out the Network Testing template

Filling out the “Search Engine Comparison” template

Topic 1.3.

Network technologies for information processing

Internet services

Independent work of students

Working with email.

Section 2.Protect information from unauthorized access. Antivirus products information protection

Topic 2.1. protection of information from unauthorized access

Protection of information from unauthorized access. The need for protection. Cryptographic methods protection. Protection of information in networks. Electronic signature. Access rights control. Archiving information as a means of protection.

Independent work of students

Algorithms for encoding information (using the example of a specific algorithm)

Topic 2.2.

Anti-virus information protection tools

Computer viruses: classification, recognition methods, infection prevention. Protecting information from computer viruses. Antivirus programs.

Practical exercises

Practical work No. 2. Availability testing computer virus, treatment of infected files

Independent work of students

Usage antivirus programs

Section 3. Software. Information Technology

Topic 3.1.

Application software classification

Application software: archiver programs, utilities, CAD, office packages

Practical exercises

Practical work No. 3. Working with archiving programs

Independent work of students

Fill out the table of application packages

Topic 3.2.

Word processors

Basic techniques for working with a word processor

Practical exercises

Practical work No. 4. Creating a document, typing and editing text

Practical work No. 5. Font design and text formatting

Practical work No. 6. Working with tables, pictures, diagrams

Practical work No. 7. Editing typed text. Print text

Independent work of students.

Preparing an abstract in a word processor

Topic 3.3.

Spreadsheets

Basic Spreadsheet Techniques

Practical exercises.

Practical work No. 8. Create, populate and edit a spreadsheet.

Practical work No. 9. Carrying out calculations in a table using formulas.

Practical work No. 10. Using Functions in Spreadsheets

Practical work No. 11. Filtering data in spreadsheets

Practical work No. 12. Exploring the graphical capabilities of a spreadsheet.

Practical work No. 13. Usage conditional formatting in spreadsheets

Independent work of students

Completing tasks on the topics: “Absolute and relative links”, “Filtering and searching data in spreadsheets”.

Topic 3.4.

Database Management Systems

The concept of a database. The concept of fields and records. Links in databases. Key.

Practical exercises

Practical work No. 14. Creating a database. Data schema. Relationships in tables.

Practical work No. 15. Creating a form and filling out a database.

Practical work No. 16. Sorting records. Organizing a query in a database.

Independent work of students.

Perform database normalization tasks

Topic 3.5.

Graphic editors

Presentation Methods graphic images. Raster and vector graphics. Color systems RGB, CMYK, HSB

Practical exercises

Practical work No. 17. Exploring the capabilities of a raster graphics editor

Practical work No. 18. Exploring the capabilities of a vector graphics editor

Independent work of students

Filling out a table comparing vector and raster computer graphics

Topic 3.6.

Multimedia technologies

Basic principles for designing multimedia projects

Practical exercises

Practical work No. 19. Working with Basic Presentation Objects

Practical work No. 20. Adding media to your presentation

Independent work of students

Creating a presentation “My future profession”

Total

3. conditions for implementing the discipline program

3.1. Minimum logistics requirements

The implementation of the discipline program requires the presence of a computer science classroom, a computer lab; does not require workshops.

Classroom equipment: study room interactive whiteboard, projector, posters.

Technical teaching aids: Video projector, workplace teacher equipped with a computer.

Computer class equipment: Computers connected to a local network connected to the Internet, scanner, printer, video projector.

3.2. Information support training.

List of recommended educational publications, Internet resources, additional literature.

Main sources:

Tsvetkova M. S. Informatics and ICT: Textbook for secondary vocational education / M. S. Tsvetkova - M.: Academy, 2014 - 352 p.
Kolmykova E. A., Kumskova I. A. Informatics: Textbook. manual for secondary vocational education / E. A. Kolmykova, I. A. Kumskova - M.: Academy, 2014 - 416 p.
Information technologies: Textbook for open source education / G. S. Gokhbert, A. V. Zafievsky, A. A. Kfotkin - M.: Academy, 2014 - 208 p.
Levin V.I. Information technologies in mechanical engineering: Textbook for V.I. Levin - M.: Academy, 2014 - 240 p.
Mikheeva E. V. Information technologies in professional activities: Textbook for secondary vocational education / E. V. Mikheeva - M.: Academy, 2011 - 384 p.
Mikheeva E.V. Workshop on computer science: Textbook for secondary vocational education / E.V. Mikheeva – M.: Academy, 2016 – 192 p.
Mikheeva E.V., Titova O.I. Informatics: Textbook for secondary vocational education / E. V. Mikheeva, O.I. Titova – M.: Academy, 2015 – 352 p.
Mikheeva E. Informatics: A textbook for secondary vocational education students. – M., “Academy”, 2010;
Mikheeva E. Workshop on computer science: A textbook for secondary vocational education students. – M., “Academy”, 2013;
E. V. Fufaev, L. I. Fufaeva, Application packages: Textbook - M., "Academy", 2014;

Additional sources:

N. D. Ugrinovich, Computer Science and Information Technologies. 10-11 grade: S-P; BINOM, Knowledge Laboratory, 2014

N. D. Ugrinovich, Computer Science and ICT. Textbook for 10th grade; M.; BINOMIAL. Knowledge Laboratory, 2014.

N. D. Ugrinovich, Computer Science and ICT. Textbook for 11th grade; M.; BINOMIAL. Knowledge Laboratory, 2014.

N. D. Ugrinovich, Computer Science and ICT. Methodological manual for teachers; BINOMIAL. Knowledge Laboratory, 2014.

N. D. Ugrinovich, Computer Science and ICT. Workshop for grades 10-11; M.; BINOMIAL. Knowledge Laboratory, 2014.

Internet resources:

http://www.megabook.ru (Megaencyclopedia of Cyril and Methodius)

http://edusource.ucoz.ru (Educational resources)

http://ru.wikipedia.org (Wikipedia)

4. Monitoring and evaluation of the results of mastering the Discipline

Control and evaluation the results of mastering the discipline are carried out by the teacher in the process of conducting practical classes And laboratory work, testing, as well as students completing individual assignments, projects, research, tests and independent work during the final certification.

Learning outcomes

(mastered skills, acquired knowledge)

Forms and methods of monitoring and assessing learning outcomes

The student must be able to:

perform calculations using applied computer programs;

use the Internet and its capabilities to organize the rapid exchange of information;

use technologies for collecting, placing, storing, accumulating, converting and transmitting data in professionally oriented information systems;

process and analyze information using software and computer technology;

receive information on local and global computer networks;

use graphic editors to create and edit images;

use computer programs to search for information, compile and execute documents and presentations.

The student must know:

basic system software products and application packages;

basic provisions and principles of constructing a system for processing and transmitting information;

arrangement of computer networks and network technologies for processing and transmitting information;

methods and techniques for ensuring information security;

methods and means of collecting, processing, storing, transmitting and accumulating information;

general composition and structure of personal electronic computers (computers) and computer systems.

Basic principles, methods and properties of information and telecommunication technologies, their effectiveness.

Current control:

assessment of practical work;

frontal survey;

testing;

performing independent work.

Intermediate control:

test in class

Final control:

Differentiated credit

Submitting your good work to the knowledge base is easy. Use the form below

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

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Discipline: Perspectives on the development of mechanical engineering

On the topic: Information technology in mechanical engineering

Vladimir 2006

Introduction

3.1 Operational and production planning in the conditions of automated control systems. (Integrated Automated Control System

Conclusion

Literature

Introduction

In a market economy, independent, independent producers of goods and services, as well as all those who ensure the continuity of the cycle “science - technology - production - sales - consumption” will not be able to successfully operate in the market without information. An entrepreneur needs information about other producers, about possible consumers, about suppliers of raw materials, components and technology, about prices, about the situation in commodity markets and capital markets, about the situation in business life, about the general economic and political situation not only in his own country, but and throughout the world, about long-term trends in economic development, prospects for the development of science and technology and possible results, about the legal conditions of business, etc. In this regard, it is advisable to analyze the information market, a significant part of the services of which relates to the field of business information.

In developed countries, a significant part of information activity over the past two decades has been involved in market relations and acts as one of essential elements market infrastructure for the maintenance, implementation and development of market relations, as well as as an independent specialized sector of the market, which offers special products and services.

The modern information market includes three interacting areas: - information; - electronic transactions; - electronic communications.

In the field of electronic transactions, the information market is a direct element of the market infrastructure, the field of electronic communication is at the interface with the communications industry, and information refers to intangible production.

The market for electronic transactions (transactions) includes systems for reserving tickets and hotel rooms, ordering, selling and exchanging goods and services, banking and settlement transactions.

Various systems can be distinguished in the electronic communications market modern means communications and human communication, machine production technologies: data transmission networks, email, teleconferences, electronic bulletin boards and newsletters, networks and systems for remote interactive access to databases, etc.

1. The concept of information technology

1.1 What is information technology

Technology is a complex of scientific and engineering knowledge implemented in labor techniques, sets of material, technical, energy, and labor factors of production, methods of combining them to create a product or service that meets certain requirements. Therefore, technology is inextricably linked with the mechanization of the production or non-production, primarily management, process. Management technologies are based on the use of computers and telecommunications technology.

According to the definition adopted by UNESCO, information technology is a complex of interrelated scientific, technological, and engineering disciplines that study methods for effectively organizing the work of people involved in processing and storing information; computer technology and methods of organizing and interacting with people and production equipment, their practical applications, as well as social, economic and cultural problems associated with all this. Information technologies themselves require complex training, large initial costs and high-tech technology. Their introduction should begin with the creation of mathematical software and the formation of information flows in specialist training systems.

1.2 Stages of information technology development

There are several points of view on the development of information technology using computers, which are determined by various division characteristics.

What is common to all the approaches outlined below is that with the advent of the personal computer, a new stage in the development of information technology began. The main goal is to satisfy a person’s personal information needs both for the professional and domestic spheres.

Division sign - type of tasks and information processing processes

Stage 1 (60s - 70s) - data processing in computer centers in shared use mode. The main direction of development of information technology was the automation of operational routine human actions.

Stage 2 (since the 80s) - the creation of information technologies aimed at solving strategic problems.

Sign of division - problems standing in the way of informatization of society

The 1st stage (until the end of the 60s) is characterized by the problem of processing large amounts of data in conditions disabilities hardware.

The 2nd stage (until the end of the 70s) is associated with the spread of computers of the 1VM/360 series. The problem at this stage is that the software lags behind the level of hardware development.

Stage 3 (from the beginning of the 80s) - the computer becomes a tool for the non-professional user, and information systems become a means of supporting his decision-making. Problems - maximum satisfaction of user needs and creation of an appropriate interface for working in a computer environment.

Stage 4 (from the beginning of the 90s) - the creation of modern technology for inter-organizational communications and information systems. The problems of this stage are very numerous. The most significant of them are:

* development of agreements and establishment of standards, protocols for computer communications;

* organizing access to strategic information;

* organization of information protection and security.

The division sign is an advantage that computer technology brings

The 1st stage (from the beginning of the 60s) was characterized by quite efficient processing information when performing routine operations with a focus on centralized collective use of computer center resources. The main criterion for assessing the effectiveness of the created information systems was the difference between the funds spent on development and the funds saved as a result of implementation. The main problem at this stage was psychological - poor interaction between users for whom information systems were created and developers due to the difference in their views and understanding of the problems being solved. As a consequence of this problem, systems were created that were poorly received by users and, despite their fairly large capabilities, were not used to their fullest.

The 2nd stage (from the mid-70s) is associated with the advent of personal computers. The approach to creating information systems has changed - the orientation is shifting towards the individual user to support the decisions he makes. The user is interested in the ongoing development, contact is established with the developer, and mutual understanding arises between both groups of specialists. At this stage, both centralized data processing, characteristic of the first stage, and decentralized one, based on solving local problems and working with local databases at the user’s workplace, are used.

The 3rd stage (from the beginning of the 90s) is associated with the concept of analyzing strategic advantages in business and is based on the achievements of telecommunication technology of distributed information processing. Information systems are aimed not just at increasing the efficiency of data processing and helping the manager. Appropriate information technologies should help an organization survive the competition and gain an advantage.

Division sign - types of technology tools

Stage 1 (until the second half of the 19th century) - “manual” information technology, the tools of which were: a pen. inkwell, book Communications were carried out manually by sending letters, packages, and dispatches through the mail. The main purpose of technology is to present information in the required form.

Stage 2 (from the end of the 19th century) - “mechanical” technology, the tools of which included: a typewriter, a telephone, a voice recorder, and mail equipped with more advanced means of delivery. The main goal of technology is to present information in the required form using more convenient means,

Stage 3 (40s - 60s of the XX century) - “electrical” technology, the tools of which included: mainframe computers and corresponding software, electric typewriters, photocopiers, portable voice recorders.

The purpose of technology changes. The emphasis in information technology begins to shift from the form of information presentation to the formation of its content.

Stage 4 (from the beginning of the 70s) - “electronic” technology, the main tools of which are large computers and automated control systems (ACS) and information retrieval systems (IRS) created on their basis, equipped with a wide range of basic and specialized software systems. The center of gravity of technology is shifting even more to the formation of the content side of information for the management environment of various spheres of public life, especially to the organization of analytical work. Many objective and subjective factors did not allow us to solve the tasks facing the new concept of information technology. However, experience was gained in the formation of the content side of management information and a professional, psychological and social basis was prepared for the transition to a new stage in the development of technology,

Stage 5 (from the mid-80s) - “computer” (“new”) technology, the main tool of which is a personal computer with a wide range of standard software products for various purposes. At this stage, the process of personalization of automated control systems occurs, which manifests itself in the creation of decision support systems for certain specialists. Such systems have built-in elements of analysis and intelligence for different levels of management, are implemented on a personal computer and use telecommunications. In connection with the transition to a microprocessor base, technical means for household, cultural and other purposes are also undergoing significant changes.

Global and local computer networks are beginning to be widely used in various fields.

1.3 Components of information technology

Technological concepts such as norm, standard, technological process, technological operation, etc., used in the production sphere, can also be used in information technology. Before developing these concepts in any technology, including information technology, you should always start with defining the goal. Then you should try to structure all the proposed actions leading to the intended goal and select the necessary software tools.

It is necessary to understand that mastering information technology and its further use should come down to the fact that you must first master a set of elementary operations, the number of which is limited. From this limited number of elementary operations in different combinations an action is made up, and from the actions, also in different combinations, operations are made up that determine one or another technological stage. The set of technological stages forms a technological process (technology). It can start at any level and not include, for example, stages or operations, but consist only of actions. To implement the stages of the technological process, different software environments can be used.

Information technology, like any other, must meet the following requirements:

* ensure a high degree of division of the entire information processing process into stages (phases), operations, actions;

* include the entire set of elements necessary to achieve the goal;

* be of a regular nature. Stages, actions, and operations of the technological process can be standardized and unified, which will allow for more efficient targeted management of information processes.

1.4 Information technology tools

The implementation of the technological process of material production is carried out using various technical means, which include: equipment, machines, tools, conveyor lines, etc.

By analogy, there should be something similar for information technology. Such technical means the production of information will be the hardware, software and mathematical support for this process. With their help, primary information is processed into information of a new quality. Let us separate out software products from these tools and call them tools, and for greater clarity we can specify them by calling them information technology software tools.

Let's define this concept:

Information technology tools are one or more interrelated software products for a specific type of computer, the operating technology of which allows you to achieve the goal set by the user.

The following common types of software products for a personal computer can be used as tools: word processor(editor), desktop publishing, spreadsheets, database management systems, electronic notebooks, electronic calendars, functional information systems (financial, accounting, marketing, etc.), expert systems, etc.

2. Formation of the information technology market

1992--1993 can be considered a period of active development of the information market. There was a washout of fly-by-night firms focused on easy money, and the consolidation of “heavyweight firms” for which the information business became the main activity. Firms that have entered the market “seriously and for a long time” have defined their priorities, main directions of development, sources of information and ways to sell information products/services. These were mainly business directories and databases with information about producers of goods and services.

At the same time, along with domestic ones, foreign ones appeared on the Russian information market. information companies- leaders of the global information market: “Dun & Bradstreet”, “Compass”, etc. It seemed that they could easily push Russian information companies out of the market. In any case, the work experience, professionalism, methodological, software, financial and technical resources of foreign information firms were not just an order of magnitude, several orders of magnitude higher than Russian information firms - agencies.

When Dun & Bradstreet decided to open its representative office in Russia in 1992, its first group got acquainted with several information companies in Russia and demonstrated the methods they used to work with clients. The gap between what, for example, ADI “Business Card” did and considered it an information business, and what was demonstrated, seemed insurmountable, and only one thing remained - to quickly find another business.

Foreign companies quickly got their bearings in Russian reality and did not lay claim to leading positions. There are several reasons for this.

First, opacity Russian market. Companies were unable to officially obtain reliable information about market participants, much less about the financial solvency of Russian enterprises, and therefore their creditworthiness, which is one of the main parameters of an enterprise’s characteristics for any investor.

Secondly, the low solvency of the Russian market. Suffice it to say that the cost of a certificate about one enterprise, which foreign companies can provide, ranges from several tens to several hundred dollars. Very few participants in the Russian market - banks, oil and gas companies, large trading firms - were willing to pay such money. But big business, and only such business is of interest to large foreign companies, cannot be built in such a narrow market segment. Yuferev O.V., Shkinderov A. Databases for direct marketing. // Marketing in Russia and abroad. - 1999. - No. 3. - p.38-43.

2.1 Prerequisites for the accelerated development of the information technology market

The markets of Eastern Europe and East Central Europe continue to be of significant interest to the global IT industry, with total spending in these countries on information technology reaching $4.7 billion in 1995. Ongoing programs to modernize a wide range of infrastructure and basic services such as banking, insurance, manufacturing, retail and public administration, coupled with the demands of the developing private sector, will contribute to the intensive growth of IT in the region.

As the economic situation of Eastern Europe and Eastern Central Europe stabilizes, the expansion of the information technology market is mainly due to the so-called second phase of development, virtually non-existent a few years ago, covering proprietary and custom software, services and network processing . While demand for basic computer hardware remains strong, particularly in the Russian, Polish and Czech markets, annual revenue growth in the region is currently driven by sales of software, professional maintenance and preventative support services.

In table 1-3 show integral indicators of costs for computer equipment, software and service in the countries of Western and Eastern Europe.

If comparing costs in absolute terms is annoying, but at least their staggering differences can be explained by the differences in the economic situation of countries, then the relative distribution of costs in various areas of the IT market carries a lot of useful information and comparative analysis of market proportions and trends in their changes can be very useful. Znamensky Yu.N., Chugunova G.N. Market of computer science tools in Russia and Europe // Automation of design. - 1997. - No. 2

Table 1. Volume of the IT market in Russia, $ million.

Table 2. Volume of the IT market in Eastern Europe, million ECU.

Despite the fact that spending in the Eastern European region on information technology has increased significantly over the past 5 years, the ratio of the volume of IT products to gross domestic product (GDP), as well as the ratio of the number of so-called “white collar” workers to personal computers shows that costs for computer equipment are still noticeably lower here than on average in the Western European market. In other words, the potential for pent-up demand for information technology in the Eastern European economy is still very high.

Table 3. Volume of the IT market in Western European countries, million ECU.

We will present the ratio of the volume of IT products to the gross domestic product and the saturation of the management sphere with personal computers (in 1994) in Western Europe and the USA (Table 4). And although we do not have similar data for the countries of Eastern Europe, an analysis of the data provided indicates their incomparability.

Table 4. Comparative indicators.

		Number of PCs per 100 white-collar workers
Western Europe

Switzerland

Note: EU countries - Germany, France, Great Britain, Italy, Spain, Austria, Belgium, Luxembourg, Denmark, Greece, Ireland, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Finland.

3. Information technologies in mechanical engineering

information technology mechanical engineering

3.1 Operational and production planning in the conditions of automated control systems. (Integrated Automated Control System)

The norm for managing domestic enterprises in market conditions is the use of computer technology in the process of intra-company planning. Their use in non-mass production is due to the need to perform a large volume of labor-intensive calculations and very complex graphical constructions.

The implementation of production planning and management processes is currently carried out at most modern enterprises using an IT complex, including software and computer hardware, which together form an automated control system (ACS).

When building effective automated control systems, coordinated automation of both the sphere of material production and the sphere of information technology itself is carried out at all levels and stages based on the concept of integrated automated systems management (IASU). IASU automates both the material and information components of the production process in their interrelation from the formation of a portfolio of orders to the sale and shipment of finished products. ACS are integral part product life cycle (LC) information support systems - CAL8 technologies. This area is included in the critical technologies approved by the President of the Russian Federation.

IAS for multi-item production consists of functionally and operationally complete subsystems, each of which can function independently, exchanging information arrays with other subsystems. These subsystems can be resident at various hierarchical levels and operated as part of various organizational services. The subsystems into which IAS can be divided are: subsystem for managing production and economic activities (ASU PCB); technological preparation control subsystem (ASU TT1P); subsystem operational management progress of automated production (APCS).

The main component of the automated control system, which ensures the management of organizational and economic processes of the enterprise at all levels, is the automated control system for chemical control. The PCB ACS, in turn, includes the following subsystems: technical and economic planning; financial management; accounting; operational management of main production; quality management; HR management; auxiliary production management.

The central place in the operational production management subsystem is occupied by the functions of planning and modeling the progress of the production process. They can be divided into two subsystems:

1) scheduling and accounting subsystem. Subsystem functions:

drawing up an inter-shop calendar plan coordinating the work of shops and services;

calculation of production programs for workshops and areas;

calculation of production flow standards;

calculation of calendar schedules that determine the order, sequence and timing of production;

operational operational accounting;

accounting for the availability of finished parts, assembly units and products in warehouses;

accounting for technical readiness of orders, etc.;

2) subsystem for operational regulation of production progress. Subsystem functions:

analysis of deviations from established targets and production schedules and taking prompt measures to eliminate them.

3.2 Integrated computer-aided design and manufacturing system for beds

In the serial production of machine tools of a wide range, automation of the production of basic machine parts (beds, frames, bases, columns, etc.) can be effectively carried out by combining information links three automated systems: 1) computer-aided design (CAD) systems for the design of the machine and individual parts; 2) CAD of the manufacturing process; 3) flexible manufacturing system (FMS) manufacturing.

Let's look at specific example mechanism for manufacturing beds using IC.

The design of the frame structure can be carried out in the mode of dialogue between the designer and the computer, carried out using graphic display with light pen and keypad.

The designer gradually draws individual views of the frame on the display screen connected to the computer, making the necessary calculations of the frame for rigidity, vibration resistance, etc. using programs previously entered into the computer. In this case, the computer displays the necessary information on the display screen upon request. background information, for example, about the properties of materials, standard designs and sizes, placed in a computer storage device.

The designer has the ability to rotate the three-dimensional image of the frame on the screen, make the necessary cuts, change the image scale, change and supplement the design.

It is possible to see stress diagrams and the deformed state of the frame under the influence of forces and moments specified by the designer on the display screen.

The optimized design of the frame is then sent through communication channels to the computer-aided process design (CAD TP) system, which develops the optimal technological process for manufacturing the frame, taking into account the conditions of automated production.

Next, in accordance with the technological process developed by CAD TP, the automated production of a frame blank is carried out, which then enters the automated warehouse of blanks of the flexible processing system. The computer of the processing system controls machine modules, coordinate marking and control and measuring machines, as well as a flexible transport system that integrates technological equipment.

According to the computer data received on the displays, the necessary tools are assembled and configured in the tool preparation department, and the necessary installation and clamping devices are prepared in the fixture preparation department. The workpieces are placed on pallets, after which they are automatically processed on machine modules. If it is necessary to reinstall the workpiece on the pallet, it is automatically transported to the installation department, at the same time the necessary instructions appear on the display screen for them to be carried out by the GPS operator. With pre-prepared tools and workpieces installed on pallets, the GPS can process workpieces without the participation of people, for example, during the night shift.

Integrated frame manufacturing system provides high level automation and labor productivity, low time spent on design and manufacturing of frames, high quality frames thanks to optimization of the design and manufacturing process. This eliminates the need for working drawings as a means of transmitting information.

The system contains five multi-tasking machines, two inspection and measuring machines and an installation for measuring allowances.

Satellites with workpieces are transported on an air cushion at a speed of up to 1 m/s using a traveling magnetic field, created by linear electric motors of a flexible transport system controlled by a computer.

The flexible production system ASK-30, developed by ENIMS and installed at the Ulyanovsk Heavy Machine Tools Plant, is designed for processing basic parts of metal-cutting machines, including four types of beds weighing up to 5 tons and maximum size 3.6 X 2.2 X 1.45 m. With a two-shift operating mode, the ASK-30 processes about 700 workpieces per year. The ASK-30 system contains a horizontal multi-purpose machine LR353F2 with a rotary table and a magazine for 50 tools and a multi-purpose machine model UV0856 with a magazine for 40 tools. Before processing on ASK-30, workpieces must undergo marking, rough processing, aging and painting, preparation of technological bases and installation on a satellite. The system is controlled by the M6000 or SM-1 computer, which provides preparation, control, editing and storage of control programs, control of CNC machines, operational scheduling, as well as recording of production progress. The ASK-30 system provides an increase in labor productivity by 1.5 times compared to individual CNC machines and 3 ... 4 times compared to universal machines.

Seven multi-purpose machines and three PRs are installed in the flexible automated section for processing blanks of beds, columns, and bases at the Yamazaki plant (Yamazaki, Japan). Bed blanks are processed on pallets in one installation on machines equipped with CNC systems and providing processing of blanks from five sides. The guides are hardened by a robot. After hardening, the guides are ground on a CNC machine. A special robot removes chips from the internal cavities of the bed using a chip suction device. The site is provided automatic processing preparations during the night shift. In this case, a minimum of personnel is involved.

Conclusion

Thus, as this abstract has shown, a necessary condition for the successful functioning of any complex system(including economic, technical, military, etc.) is normal functioning following processes:

targeted collection, primary processing and provision of access to information

channels for organizing user access to collected information.

The main problem in collecting the necessary information is to ensure:

completeness, adequacy, consistency and integrity of information

minimizing the technological lag between the moment of origin of information and the moment when access to information can begin. This can only be achieved with modern automated techniques based on computer technology. It is essential that the information collected is structured to meet the needs of potential users and stored in a machine-readable form that allows the use of modern access and processing technologies.

Manufacturing and processing of parts on PU machines ensures a high degree of automation and wide versatility of the processing performed.

Of the channels for providing information available today, the most interesting are the channels for transmitting information on machine-readable media (magnetic tapes, floppy disks, CD-Rom, Internet). The reason for this is the fact that the technological lag of information when transmitting it on traditional printed media is so great that by the time it reaches a potential user it will no longer correspond to the real situation and will be of little use for making informed management decisions.

Literature

Andreeva I.A. State and development trends of the market for information products and services. // Information resources Russia. - 1998. - No. 1 (38)

Gunther Müller - Stevens, S. Aschwanden. Information technology and enterprise management // Problems of management theory and practice. - 1998. - No. 1

Znamensky Yu.N., Chugunova G.N. Market of computer science tools in Russia and Europe // Automation of design. - 2003. - No. 2

Mikhailova E.A. Problems and prospects for the development of the Internet and international marketing. // Marketing in Russia and abroad. - 2004. - No. 6. - p.76-89.

Pimenov Yu.S. Using the Internet in the marketing system. // Marketing in Russia and abroad. - 2002. - No. 1. - p.36-45.

Yuferev O.V., Shkinderov A. Databases for direct marketing. // Marketing in Russia and abroad. - 2003. - No. 3. - p.38-43.

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Information technologies in the engineering industry. Lectures on the discipline computer technology in mechanical engineering section

Computer programs in production

Robots in mechanical engineering

PASSPORT OF THE WORKING PROGRAM OF THE EDUCATIONAL DISCIPLINE

STRUCTURE and CONTENT OF THE ACADEMIC DISCIPLINE

conditions for the implementation of the work program of the academic discipline

Monitoring and evaluation of the results of mastering the academic discipline

2.2. Thematic plan and content of the academic discipline computer science

3. conditions for implementing the discipline program

3.2. Information support training.

List of recommended educational publications, Internet resources, additional literature.

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