When will the Russian operating system be released? Russian OS: they exist, but why?

The computer market is dominated by one operating system – Windows from Microsoft. Apple's macOS occupies a much more modest percentage. And then there's Linux. But few people know that there are alternative operating systems in the world. Perhaps not as popular as the main three, but they have left and are leaving their mark in the world of IT technologies.

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FreeDOS

Disk operating programs(DOS) were popular in the late 80s and 90s, when they replaced system boot loaders. The cessation of support for MS-DOS by Microsoft was the main reason for the emergence of FreeDOS, which was initially called PD-DOS. Free FreeDOS can be classified as a single-tasking operating system, the core of which is DOS-C program. The DOS kernel operates in a single address space, which ensures fairly high system speed. In the beginning, FreeDOS was designed to be fully compatible with DOS-OS, allowing it to run freely with DOS-OS applications.

The system supports working with the FAT32 file system, but if you dig a little into BIOS settings, then it will be possible to use up to four LBA disks up to 128 GB in size. The main disadvantage of FreeDOS is the inability to connect USB devices. If their support is carried out at the BIOS level, then FreeDOS system There are no problems with USB keyboards and mice, and with flash drives it will work like regular disks.

FreeDOS can be run on any virtual machine, where you should select the Other – DOS option as the OS type. But you can install it as a second operating system on your PC. Today, the system is still under active development and version 1.2 was released at the end of December 2016.

FreeBSD

FreeBSD is a modern operating system for x86 computers running on the UNIX(R) version, created at the University of California at Berkeley. The abbreviation BSD itself stands for Berkeley Software Distribution. The system has high performance, information security and compatibility with other operating systems, as well as an exceptional set of network functions. FreeBSD is distributed free of charge.

The system provides advanced network operating system capabilities for devices and embedded platforms, from high-end Intel-based devices to Arm, PowerPC and, soon, MIPS hardware platforms. Ideal for building an Internet or Intranet server.

A non-profit organization, The FreeBSD Foundation, has been created to support the FreeBSD project, for which all donations and monetary assistance are tax-deductible.

eComStation

The eComStation system is an updated version of IBM OS/2 Warp 4.5, which was developed and marketed by the American company Serenity Systems International and the Dutch company Mensys B.V. eComStation is not a free operating system and is quite expensive (more than $100), but if you want to try it in a virtual machine, then a demo version of the OS is enough.

The central part of the system's graphical interface is the Workplace Shell, which is friendly and practically accessible to any user. Almost everything works right out of the box, starting from video cards and network cards and ending with audio, including integrated, and USB adapters. eComStation has an advanced user interface, object-oriented desktop. Users can customize the appearance.

ReactOS

ReactOS is a free operating system that is compatible with Microsoft Windows XP OS implementation. Developers strive to achieve full binary compatibility with applications and drivers designed for the NT and XP operating systems, using a similar architecture to achieve this goal and providing a complete and equivalent software interface.

Of course, ReactOS is still very far from Windows 7/10. But that's quite working model A Windows-like operating system that provides developers with a wealth of information from the ReactOS source codes and participates in the development of ReactOS.

The system is still under development, which gives enthusiasts and developers the opportunity to join in its improvement. The creators of ReactOS say the main argument in favor of their OS is resistance to the Microsoft monopoly.

Oracle Solaris

In 2010, Oracle bought Sun Microsystems, and with it the world's most innovative enterprise operating system, SunOS. True, then the OS was renamed and now it is known to everyone as Oracle Solaris. There was a rather funny story with this system. Although SunOS is a closed-source operating system, most of it has been open source and published in the OpenSolaris project. Development on the system continued until 2005, but then the developers, for some reason, decided to stop working (there is talk of disagreements within Sun Microsystems itself) and only after purchasing all Oracle assets did development continue.

According to John Fowler, Oracle's executive vice president of Systems, "Oracle Solaris 11 is the best UNIX operating system for running Oracle applications, deploying mission-critical cloud infrastructure, and protecting users' investments." The updated Oracle Solaris 11 has found wide application in mission-critical systems for various industries, including finance, telecommunications, healthcare, trade, public sector, media and entertainment. The system includes OpenStack components to implement OpenStack functionality in corporate environments and has unique upgrade and optimization capabilities for databases Oracle data Database.

Syllable Desktop

The AtheOS operating system, which existed between 1994 and 2001 and was perceived as a clone of AmigaOS, was developed by Norwegian programmer Kurt Skauen. But then Skownen abandoned further development and released the source code to the public.

This is how Syllable Desktop was born - a free operating system designed for use on home and office computers, as well as IA-32 architecture servers. Although the system is not based on UNIX, it provides almost complete compatibility with POSIX standards.

The Syllable Desktop operating system even has a browser called ABrowse. True, this is not the browser that you are used to modern user. There is not even a button to open a file - you will have to enter the file name all the time. address bar, very weak support for tabs and you cannot save pages, select encoding and much more.

The latest build of this operating system was released in 2012, but if anyone is interested in trying it out, even the oldest PC can run it, not to mention a virtual machine.

Haiku

The Haiku operating system owes its birth to programmer Michael Phipps. The reason was the cessation of work on BeOS, which Michael loved very much. The only logical step was to recreate BeOS completely from scratch, but making it with open source. So soon the new Haiku OS was introduced to the world.

Everyone who has ever downloaded and used Haiku has noticed the interface first. Or rather, its almost complete absence. At one time there was even information about the prospects of migrating to the Linux kernel. But this initiative did not find support. Work on Haiku continues to this day, but, in my opinion, the system is very far behind Windows and MacOS, and therefore is of interest only to a certain circle of developers and enthusiasts.

SkyOS

SkyOS - this is 32 – bit operating system developed by a group of enthusiasts led by Robert Sheleny. The operating system was intended by the developers to be fast and lightweight. The first versions were free and distributed under the GNU license, but then for some reason Sheleni decided to rewrite everything from scratch. The operating system had an advanced GUI and rich multimedia capabilities. Soon the project became commercial and distribution of the source code was stopped, while the author announced a transition to the Linux kernel for more flexible support large quantity external devices.

Later, the project completely hung up on the release of the beta version of SkyOS 5.0 in 2009. The most interesting thing happened in 2013, when unexpectedly the latest version of the system appeared in open access. The serial number and username for legal activation of the product were also posted. But no one seems to be interested in this project anymore.

TempleOS

There are a lot of jokes and sarcasm about this “divine” operating system. Its creator, Terry A. Davis, is described as nothing less than a schizophrenic. The system was created in 2003, supposedly “by God’s blessing.” TempleOS is not an operating system, but a “Temple of God” with a resolution of 640x480 pixels in 16 colors, comparable to Solomon.

Although technically TempleOS is a multi-tasking operating system with support for several cores, which does not support the network or any devices at all. Drivers are completely missing. In order to interact with other programs and processes, direct rewriting of the contents of the memory sections of these programs is necessary. The funny thing is the built-in games, of which there are many, but they differ in varying degrees of simplicity.

The OS uses open file system FAT32 with additional native support for metafiles as an extension. All applications run in ring 0, with the highest priority, without memory protection. Work on the system has been going on for 13 years.

ChromeOS

Google could not stay away from the development of operating systems for desktop PCs, laptops and netbooks. The company's developers decided to take a slightly different route. Using the Linux kernel as a basis, they created an operating system whose distinctive feature is the dominance of web applications over work with traditional OS functions. In ChromeOS, the main role is given to the browser, which impresses with its stability and high speed working with the Internet.

The system works mainly on ARM processors or x86, so it turns on very quickly at startup. The main feature of the system is the fact that all information and all calculations are performed on the company’s servers and stored in the cloud. This avoids loading users' physical drives.

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We continue to try to switch to Russian computers and software. In the first part we searched and failed. This time the task is much simpler - to find and test a domestic operating system.

In search of a domestic OS

Exclusive rights to programs presented in the Unified Register belong to citizens of the Russian Federation or companies controlled by citizens of the Russian Federation, and payments to foreign companies, if any, do not exceed 30% of revenue. But it would be a stretch to call most of them Russian - the operating systems, with few exceptions, are based on Linux.

There are several systems developed in Russia from scratch, but they are not widely used. One of the most famous projects is ReactOS. It is a free and open source operating system. source code, which, according to the developers, should be fully compatible with Windows applications and drivers. 20 years after the start of development, ReactOS is in the alpha testing stage and is not installed on computers without dancing with a tambourine.

Another well-known domestic OS, developed without using any third-party code, is called Phantom. Its main feature is persistence. This is a kind of hibernation mode, which is characterized by the fact that even if the work is completed, the data is not lost. The next time you start the machine, the system continues to work from the place where it was at the time of shutdown.

The main problem of Phantom is the lack of application software. The OS is being developed by Digital Zone, which does not have the funds to create programs. It turns out to be a vicious circle: while there are no programs, there is no distribution of the system; Without distributing the system, no one wants to write programs for it. It was also not possible to download the distribution. On the official website, the level of readiness is designated as proof of concept - “workable code, but stability and completeness are insufficient for industrial use.”

Rosa Fresh

Download and installation
You can download the distribution for installation on your home PC on the developer’s official website. It weighs about 2 GB and is distributed as an ISO file. For writing to a flash drive there is a “native” Rosa Image Writer utility.

1. Download the Rosa Fresh distribution and recording software.
2. Connect the USB flash drive to the computer.
3. Launch Rosa Image Writer.
4. Specify the path to the distribution.
5. Select a flash drive.
6. Click "Burn".

Impressions of use
The first impression is another Linux build. Offers several versions with different desktop environments: Plasma, KDE, Gnome, Mate. The basic package of ROSA Fresh has everything you need for a typical home computer:

• LibreOffice application package for working with documents.
• Firefox browsers and Chromium.
• A few simple games and Steam.
• Video player ROSA Media Player.
• GIMP for working with images.
• Clementine for playing music and listening to the radio.

If you want to try the system, choose to install ROSA Fresh R8.1 KDE - this is stable version OS. For enthusiasts (or rather, for extreme sports fans) there are versions R9 and R10. For now, they only guarantee stable crashes and freezes.

Astra Linux Common Edition

Astra Linux has another version - Special Edition. It is a special-purpose operating system with components that provide data protection. Astra Linux Special Edition is certified by FSTEC, FSB, and the Russian Ministry of Defense and is intended for information processing limited access to the level of secrecy "Top Secret". Free distribution special version forbidden. Only Common Edition can be installed on your home computer.

Download and installation
You can download the distribution on the official Astra Linux website. Common Edition weighs more than 4 GB, but loads quite quickly. You can use a USB flash drive for installation. Unfortunately, the installer does not have the option to launch without installing the system, so you won’t be able to try it - you have to install it.

Impressions of use
The workspace looks decent. Almost all Windows hotkey combinations work in the same way on Astra Linux, so you don't have to get used to different controls. This simplifies the possible migration to a domestic system from American OSes if they fall out of favor. There were no problems with the drivers: the connection to the Internet was established immediately, the camera worked, and the sound too.

Conclusions

Systems for ordinary users if they are created, they are, rather, stripped-down versions of special assemblies for military needs, such as Astra Linux Common Edition. Domestic developers do not hide the fact that it is impossible to compete with Windows and macOS. According to Dmitry Zavalishin, CEO of the DZ Systems group of IT companies (which includes the Digital Zone studio, which is trying to launch the Phantom OS), all Russian projects are focused on certain niche applications that are ready to provide financing. Therefore, already at the creation stage, developers look towards the industrial application of the system.

There is no time to think about the civilian needs of ordinary users and it is ineffective - the costs will not pay off in any case. However, unlike domestic PCs, Russian operating systems offer users at least a minimal choice. Therefore, if suddenly tomorrow software from American companies is banned, we will definitely not be left without operating systems - although it will not be very convenient to use them.

The new, eighth version of the popular Linux system has already been presented to the public. Anyone can download it for free to their personal computer. The main task, company representatives note, is to popularize Russian developments in the field of IT technologies. The Linux operating system has been a worthy competitor to the American Microsoft Windows operating system for many years. Basalt SPO specialists consider OS Linux full-fledged replacing a foreign operating system.

For example, it is free and not particularly demanding on computer hardware. Indeed, in a foreign OS, with the growth of technological capabilities, the outdated model is no longer serviced, which forces people to buy not only the operating system itself, but also modern computer. Russian developers tried to solve this problem. Improved Linux version 8 requires only 512 MB RAM and 25 GB of free HDD space for installation.

Moreover, the standard version comes pre-installed with about 30 programs for everyday use, which means you don’t have to waste time installing them. In addition, the vast majority of virus programs on the Internet are created for the Windows operating system, so a Russian OS will provide better security.

Evaluation of information

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An operating system (OS) is system software that manages computer hardware and software resources and provides common services to computer programs. All computer programs, with the exception of firmware, require work.

Time-sharing operating systems schedule tasks for efficient use of the system and may also include accounting software to allocate CPU time, mass storage, printing, and other resources.

The dominant desktop operating system is Microsoft Windows with a market share of about 83.3%. MacOS from Apple Inc. ranks second (11.2%), and Linux flavors are in third position (1.55%).

In the mobile (smartphones and tablets) sector, as of the third quarter of 2016, Google's Android dominates with 87.5% and a growth rate of 10.3% per year, followed by Apple's iOS with 12.1% and a decline in the market per year A share of 5.2 percent, while other operating systems account for only 0.3 percent.

Linux distributions dominate the server and supercomputing sectors. Other specialized classes of operating systems, such as embedded systems and real-time systems, exist for many applications.

Let's look at the OS usage statistics according to the data. Attention, the statistics show the aggregate data of all Platforms:

• Desktop
• Mobile
• Tablet
• Console

TOP operating systems in Ukraine:

In Ukraine, the leading operating system in use is, of course, Windows - 73.33% of all devices, from desktop to pocket-sized. And since mobile technologies take their toll, Android also took 13.19% in Ukraine. Production operating system Apple OS X takes third place - 5.38%, and even if we add the iOS figure - 4.46% - this will not allow it to overtake Android in popularity in Ukraine.

Belarus has the following OS statistics:

The first is Windows - 71.27%, the second is Android - 17.74% and the same situation with OS X - 4.2% and iOS - 3.55%.

OS rating in Kazakhstan:

Kazakhstan is more mobile. And although Windows is still first - 63.85%, Android has 23.08%, that is, almost 1/4. The iOS rating is also higher here - 7.83%.

Popularity of operating systems in Russia:

First Windows place- 68.58%. Second and third place Android - 15.88% and iOS - 7.11%

Statistics of operating systems in the world:

Considering the aggregate statistics of desktop and mobile platforms, as of July 2017, Android OS is in the lead - 41.24% of all devices. Second and third respectively Windows - 35.24% and iOS - 13.2%.

A little history

In the 1940s, the earliest electronic digital systems did not have operating systems. Electronic systems of this time were programmed using rows of mechanical switches or via jumpers on circuit boards. These are special-purpose systems that, for example, generated ballistic tables for the military or controlled the printing of payroll checks from data on punch cards. After programmable computers were invented general purpose, machine languages ​​(consisting of strings) were introduced binary digits 0 and 1 on punched paper tape), which speeded up the programming process.

In the early 1950s, a computer could only execute one program at a time. Each user used the computer exclusively for a limited period of time and received scheduled time with the program and data on punch cards or punched tape. The program will be downloaded to the machine and the machine will run until the program completes. Typically programs can be debugged from the front panel using toggle switches and panel lamps.

Later machines came with program libraries that would be linked to the user program to assist with operations such as input and output, and generation computer code from human-readable symbolic code. This was the genesis of the modern operating system. However, the machines still performed one task at a time. At the University of Cambridge in England, the work order was once a washing line (clothing line) from which ribbons were hung with different colored pins to indicate work priorities.

An improvement was the Atlas Supervisor, introduced with the Manchester Atlas, introduced in 1962, "considered by many to be the first recognizable modern operating system"

Macos

MacOS (formerly "Mac OS X" and later "OS X") is a line of open-kernel graphical operating systems developed, marketed and marketed by Apple Inc., the latter of which comes pre-loaded on all Macintosh computers currently shipping. MacOS has been Apple's main operating system since 1984. It is a UNIX operating system built on technology developed at NeXT in the second half of the 1980s until Apple bought the company in early 1997. The operating system was first released in 1999 as Mac OS X Server 1.0, and in March 2001 as a client version (Mac OS X v10.0 "Cheetah"). Since then, there have been six more different "client" and "server" editions of macOS until they were combined into OS X 10.7 "Lion".

Before its merger with macOS, the server version—macOS Server—was architecturally identical to its desktop counterpart and typically ran on Apple's line of Macintosh hardware. macOS Server included workgroup management and administration tools that provide simplified access to key network services, including mail transfer agent, Samba server, LDAP server, domain name server and others. With Mac OS X v10.7 Lion, all server aspects of Mac OS X Server were integrated into the client version, and the product was renamed "OS X" (dropping the "Mac" from the name). Server tools are now offered as an app.

Linux

Ubuntu, a desktop Linux distribution. The Linux kernel began life in 1991 as a project by Linus Torvalds, then a university student in Finland. He posted information about his project on a newsgroup for computer students and programmers and received support and help from volunteers who were able to create a complete and functional kernel.

Linux is Unix-like, but was developed without any Unix code, unlike BSD and its variants. Because of its open-license model, the Linux kernel code is open to study and modification, which has led to its use on a wide range of computing devices from supercomputers to smartwatches. Although estimates suggest that Linux is used on only 1.82% of all "desktop" (or laptop) PCs, it is widely used for use on servers and embedded systems such as cell phones. Linux has replaced Unix on many platforms and is used on most supercomputers, including the top 385. Many of the same computers are also on Green500 (but in different orders), and Linux runs on top 10. Linux is also widely used on other small, energy-efficient computers, such as smartphones. The Linux kernel is used in some popular distributions such as Red Hat, Debian, Ubuntu, Linux Mint and Google's Android, Chrome OS and Chromium OS.

Microsoft Windows

Microsoft Windows is a family of operating systems developed by the Microsoft Corporation and designed primarily for computers based on Intel architecture, with an overall overall usage of 88.9% on Internet-connected computers.

Microsoft Windows was first released in 1985 as an operating environment running on top of MS-DOS, which was the standard operating system shipped on most Intel personal computers at the time. In 1995, Windows 95 was released, which only used MS-DOS as bootstrap. For backward compatibility, Win9x can run real-time MS-DOS and 16-bit Windows drivers 3.x. Windows ME, released in 2000, was latest version Win9x family. Later versions were based on Windows kernel N.T. Current client versions of Windows run on IA-32, x86-64, and 32-bit ARM microprocessors. Additionally, Itanium is still supported on the old version of the server Windows Server 2008 R2. IN past Windows NT supported additional architectures.

Server servers are widely used Windows editions. In recent years, Microsoft has spent significant capital to promote using Windows as a server operating system. However, the use of Windows on servers is not as widespread as on personal computers, as Windows competes with Linux and BSD for server market share.

ReactOS is an alternative operating room Windows system, which is being developed at Windows principles- without using any Microsoft code.

Other

There have been many operating systems that were significant in their time but are no longer there, such as AmigaOS; OS/2 from IBM and Microsoft; Classic Mac OS, the non-Unix predecessor to Apple's MacOS; BeOS; XTS-300; RISCOS; MorphOS; Haiku; BareMetal and FreeMint. Some of them are still used in niche markets and continue to develop as minority platforms for enthusiast communities and specialized applications. OpenVMS, formerly from DEC, is still actively developed by Hewlett-Packard. However, other operating systems are used almost exclusively in academia, for teaching about operating systems, or for researching operating system concepts. A typical example of a system that performs both roles is MINIX, while, for example, Singularity is used purely for research.

Other operating systems failed to gain significant market share, but introduced innovations that influenced major operating systems.

I think that any of the readers of this article no longer considers the words “Operating system” and “Windows” to be synonymous, because knows at least one or more other systems. For many it will be Android, for a significant circle it is known Windows Phone and iOS, slightly fewer people have heard of OS X, FreeBSD and Ubuntu. All these operating systems are developed by Western (mainly American) organizations. At first glance, there is nowhere for a Russian person to cast his gaze... but no. We also have our own masters.

We are already accustomed to the fact that information technologies for Russia are not a subject of creativity, but a subject of passive study. Yes, we know world-class antivirus from Kaspersky or at the moment The best text recognizer FineReader is also from a Russian company. Someone will remember Dr.Web. But in the general context, this is, if not a drop, then a small puddle in the sea that makes up our computer horizons. This illusion is wrong, because Not all active participants in the IT community are evaluated, but only those who actively promote themselves through advertising or sales managers. And who is left out of our horizons? Yes, tens of thousands of domestic developers of different levels of professionalism and different areas of problems to be solved.

It's no secret that the most important component of any computer (except for the hardware inside the case) is the operating system. But do we have anything domestic to look for here? It turns out there is. Here short list real projects that have been launched and have been working for several years:

I decided to consider the first one (ROSU), because... I guess it's most convenient for exes Windows users of all the ones I've tried. More precisely: the editorial office “for the people” - Fresh (i.e. “Fresh” ROSA).

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The main problem for the user of a new operating system is mastering the new logic of working with a computer (after all, ROSA is not a clone of Windows, but a completely different OS). For example, a person who decides to switch to OS X from Apple will have to resolutely reject Windows habits, down to the “hot keys”. Here the Russian operating system has a minimum of problems: bottom panel In terms of its operating logic, it resembles the usual “Venda” one, and the menu structure (let’s call it “START”) will please you with its simplicity and functionality.

https://pp.vk.me/c624419/v624419599/61c93/7xQG0ybJAO4.jpg

But this is only external “cosmetics”. Inside there are all the tools even a fairly advanced user needs: built-in players for a huge number of formats, a full-fledged office suite(analogous to MS Office), graphics, audio and video editors, mail client, two(!) browsers for fans from different camps (Firefox and Chromium), a client capable of connecting to ICQ and QIP, recording utilities bootable flash drives and disks. If necessary, we install Skype, TeamViewer and others useful programs through a convenient and concise program installer (most programs are installed and updated through this one tool without the need to update manually).

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And even with all the massiveness of the pre-installed set of programs, ROSA manages to load and shut down faster than the products of the Redmond corporation. And the problem of viruses will only bother those who purposefully install them into the system. They cannot appear “suddenly” on the computer.

With all this, the system has many unique features for the Windows user. Just think about the ability to distribute WiFi Internet from your laptop in two clicks or the ability to mock the system with experiments after turning on the “freeze mode”, and then after a reboot see the system in a “pre-frozen” state.

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In general, there are many advantages. You need to touch them to understand this. To do this, just boot into a full-fledged operating system directly from a CD or flash drive, without installing the system (unusual, right?). And if you like it, then install the system and during the installation browse the Internet or write an interesting article.

Another advantage of the Russian OS is the active and accessible Russian-speaking community