Examples of the information society in the world. Scientific electronic library

1. Information society: concepts, definitions, concepts

Information society.1

The role of the state in the formation of the information society. 9

Concept for the development of the information society of the European Community. 12

Self-test questions:19

On the other hand, the penetration of information technologies into people's private lives can threaten the privacy of citizens. The price for convenience, speed of transmission and receipt of information, various information services - a person must constantly report personal data about himself to information systems - loss of anonymity.

Due to the special sensitivity to collection personal information The European Community documents (Building the European Information Society for Us All. First Reflections of the High Level Group of Experts. Interim Report, January 1996) offer the following recommendations:

· collection and storage of identifiable information should be minimal;

· the decision to open or close information should be left to the people themselves;

· when designing information systems, it is necessary to take into account the need to protect personal information;

· citizens must have access to the latest technologies to protect personal privacy;

· the protection of personal information and privacy should become the central point of a policy that ensures the right to anonymity of citizens in information systems.

Intensive implementation of information technologies in government agencies makes it possible to:

· bring them closer to citizens, improve and expand services to the population;

· increase internal efficiency and reduce public sector costs;

· stimulate the creation of new information equipment, products and services by the private sector through adequate public policy.

The following principles should apply regarding access to public information:

· information should be open to everyone;

· basic information should be free. A reasonable price should be charged if additional processing is required, bearing in mind the cost of preparing and transmitting the information, plus a small profit;

· Continuity: information must be provided continuously, and must be of the same quality.

As a rule, the reason for failures in the implementation of information technology implementation projects both at the level of enterprises and the state is the inability to combine technological innovations with organizational ones.

1.2. The role of the state in the formation of the information society

Rapid development of ITT, convergence of computer systems, communications of various types, entertainment industry, manufacturing consumer electronics lead to the need to reconsider ideas about the information industry, its role and place in society. Many countries are now adopting new laws and restructuring the activities of government bodies responsible for the formation and implementation of information and telecommunications policies.

State information policy– regulatory activities of government bodies aimed at developing the information sphere of society, which covers not only telecommunications, information systems or the media, but the entire set of industries and relations associated with the creation, storage, processing, demonstration, transmission of information in all its forms - business, entertainment, scientific and educational, news, etc.

Such an expansive interpretation information policy seems justified today, since the digitalization of information and the latest telecommunications and computer technologies are intensively eroding the barriers between various sectors of the information industry.

Comprehensive consideration of the processes occurring in information sphere society, modern methods of its state regulation are very important for Russia, since in this area the state has not fully decided. Existing attempts to write concepts of information space only partially solve the problem, since the space itself is formed not so much by the state as by the market and new commercial structures. The history of the Russian computer market confirms this. An analysis of foreign practice in regulating the information sphere of society allows us to highlight a number of areas, which include:

· encouraging competition, combating monopolism (control over the concentration of ownership in the media, issuing permits for mergers of companies, decisions on the disintegration of large monopolistic companies);

· ensuring the right and technical capabilities to access information and information resources for the entire population;

· respect for freedom of speech;

· protecting the interests of national minorities and the younger generation in the information sphere;

· protection of national cultural heritage, language, opposition to the cultural expansion of other countries;

· ensuring information security;

· protection of intellectual property, fight against piracy;

· fight against computer and high-tech crimes;

· control over the use of information and telecommunication technologies in government agencies;

· censorship in global computer networks.

Among the most significant trends in the foreign information industry in recent years are the revision of previously established rules for its regulation: deregulation of the telecommunications market, allowing cable, telephone, cellular, satellite and other companies to compete in each other's markets; weakening control over the concentration of ownership in various media. As a result, there is both vertical and horizontal integration of information markets and the means of its transmission.

The development of the information industry and new information relations in Russia is largely stimulated by global processes in this area - the deregulation of the telecommunications market, the privatization of state telecom operators, the creation of new information conglomerates, including both means of information delivery (cable and telephone networks, satellites, computer systems, etc.) etc.), and content producers - television and film studios, publishing houses, news agencies.

IN present moment there is a wave of major mergers abroad information companies world into large associations that will control the market for the creation and distribution of mass information in the next century. These transformations are a response of leading information companies to the opportunities created by new technologies and changes in the regulatory system of the information industry. Since this process is extremely dynamic, Russia has only a year or two to take its rightful place in the system of international information relations.

Preserving competition and combating the monopoly of individual manufacturers or firms providing services is the cornerstone of government regulation. In the field of telecommunications, mergers of various companies at the national and interstate levels must occur with the permission of the relevant authorities, in the USA these are the Federal Communications Commission and the Department of Justice, which determine whether the merger of two or more companies will lead to the emergence of a monopoly, which will eliminate competition and, as a consequence, over time will reduce the quality and variety of services provided to the business world and the population, leading to higher prices. All large American companies, such as AT&T, Microsoft, IBM, television companies, which are now looking for partners in their own and foreign markets, are under the close attention of these authorities.

There are large gaps in Russian information legislation - laws on the right to information, on the protection of personal data, and on television have not been adopted. The laws on the protection of copyright and related rights, on the media, and on participation in international information exchange require additions. However, new ones are being added to the old unresolved problems. On the agenda is the regulation of the already begun process of concentration of ownership of domestic mass media, the merger of newspapers, their association with television channels, news agencies, and financial groups. There are no documents regulating the procedure for creating and maintaining departmental information resources and citizens’ access to them. Rules for the acquisition and operation of information and telecommunication technologies in government agencies have not been established, which leads to uncontrolled and irresponsible spending of significant amounts; computer and information systems do not make the expected contribution to increasing the efficiency of government agencies. It is necessary to develop your “own” Internet based on Russian information. The development of normative documents regulating the sale of information resources created by government bodies is very relevant. Resources that are not subject to denationalization, such as statistical information, must be clearly listed. Finally, it is necessary to decide what the place and role of Russia is in international programs such as the Global Information Infrastructure.

1.3. Concept for the development of the information society of the European Community

Since 1994, the European Community has made the task of building an information society one of its highest priorities. Significant success has been achieved in the implementation of the Action Plan (Europe and the global information society, 1994), which defined the strategy for Europe's movement towards the information society:

· liberalization of the telecommunications sector has been successfully launched;

· efforts have been made to ensure the social orientation of the information society, support regional initiatives to achieve coordinated development;

· an action plan in the field of education has been formulated;

· supported the European content manufacturing industry, which is expected to create an additional 1 million jobs over the next 10 years;

· scientific development programs have been successfully implemented;

· The European Commission has become an important instrument for developing common rules that are necessary for the transition to a global information society.

Taking into account what has already been achieved, new tasks are being set for European countries:

1. Improve the business environment through effective and coordinated telecommunications liberalization, create necessary conditions for the implementation of e-commerce.

2. A transition to lifelong learning is necessary. The “Learning in the Information Society” initiative is working in this direction.

3. Significant implications of the information society for specific person prompted a debate aimed at placing people at the center of the ongoing transformation. As a result of the discussion, the Green Paper “Living and Working in the Information Society: People First” (Green Paper, 1996) was released. It is about creating new jobs, protecting the rights and freedoms of citizens, especially privacy.

4. Today the importance of global cooperation and the establishment of rules for creating an information society is clear. They affect intellectual property rights, data protection and privacy, the dissemination of harmful and illegal content, tax issues, information security, the use of frequencies, and standards. Multilateral agreements within the European Union are needed to establish common rules in these areas

The European Commission established a Forum in February 1995 to discuss common problems in the development of the information society. Its 128 members represent users of new technologies, various social groups, content and service providers, network operators, government and international institutions. The purpose of the Forum is to trace the process of formation of the information society in six areas:

· impact on the economy and employment;

· basic social and democratic values ​​in the “virtual community”;

· impact on public and government services;

· education, retraining, training in the information society;

· cultural dimension and the future of the media;

· sustainable development, technology and infrastructure.

Thus, the prerequisites and real ways of forming and developing the information society in Russia are now understood. This process is global in nature, and our country’s entry into the global information community is inevitable. The use of material and spiritual benefits of information civilization can provide the population of Russia with a decent life, economic prosperity and the necessary conditions for the free development of personality. Russia must join the family of technologically and economically developed countries as a full-fledged participant in world civilizational development while maintaining political independence, national identity and cultural traditions, with a developed civil society and the rule of law. It can be expected that the main features and characteristics of the information society will be formed in Russia under stable socio-political conditions and deep economic transformations in the first quarter of the 21st century.

The characteristic features and characteristics of the information society include:

· formation of a single information and communication space of Russia as part of the world information space, full participation of Russia in the processes of information and economic integration of regions, countries and peoples;

· the formation and subsequent dominance in the economy of new technological structures based on the massive use of promising information technologies, computer technology and telecommunications;

· creation and development of a market for information and knowledge as factors of production in addition to the markets for natural resources, labor and capital, the transition of society's information resources into real resources for socio-economic development, the actual satisfaction of society's needs for information products and services;

· increasing role of information and communication infrastructure in the system of social production;

· increasing the level of education, scientific, technical and cultural development by expanding the capabilities of information exchange systems at the international, national and regional levels and, accordingly, increasing the role of qualifications, professionalism and creativity as the most important characteristics of labor services;

· creation of an effective system for ensuring the rights of citizens and social institutions to freely receive, disseminate and use information as the most important condition democratic development.

The need to transition to an information society is closely related to the change in the nature of the impact of scientific and technological progress on people's lives. At the end of the 20th century, the speed of change in technological structures in production, technologies for providing products and services, and the management of these processes increased significantly. If at the beginning and even in the middle of the century such changes occurred in periods of time significantly exceeding the lifespan of one or two generations, today a change in the technological structure occurs in a shorter period. At the same time, the lifestyle of the majority of the population, the socio-psychological model of behavior of people and society as a whole is radically changing. The behavior patterns of the current and future generations are beginning to differ especially significantly - the well-known problem of “fathers and sons.” Obviously, one of the factors that can, to a certain extent, weaken the impact of such changes in lifestyle on a person’s psyche is the level of information readiness of a person for future changes. One of the most important indicators of changes in lifestyle in the second half of our century is the development and use of new information and communication technologies in all areas of social life and activity, the level of production and consumption of information products and services by society. There is an obvious change in attitudes towards information and an expansion in the possibilities of obtaining and using information to enhance human potential and its development in many directions.

All of the above determines the emergence and need to solve a complex socially significant problem - the creation of a socio-psychological model of behavior of a member of the information society, the identification of “points” and methods of influence that will ensure normal adaptation and comfortable existence of a person in the information society and will reduce contradictions between generations.

It seems that the most effective influence is exerted by the education system, which should accustom children, adolescents and adults to the need for constant changes in lifestyle, to perceive, follow and preserve the national traditions and cultural heritage of their country.

Conclusions:

INFORMATION SOCIETY is one of the theoretical models used to describe a qualitatively new stage of social development, which developed countries entered with the beginning of the information and computer revolution. The technological basis of society is not industrial, but information and telecommunication technologies.

The information society is a society in which:

1. Information becomes the main economic resource, and the information sector comes out on top in terms of development rates, number of employees, share of capital investments, and share in GDP. ITT is becoming the main means of increasing production efficiency and strengthening competitiveness both in the domestic and global markets.

2. There is a developed infrastructure that ensures the creation of sufficient information resources. This is primarily the education system and science. There is a redistribution of resources in favor of science and education. In the United States, the so-called accumulated human capital is three times greater than the assets of all American corporations. Intellectual property becomes the main form of ownership. In the competition for world championship, a new factor appears - the level of development of information infrastructure and industry.

3. Information becomes a subject of mass consumption. The information society provides any individual with access to any source of information. This is guaranteed by law (military and state secrets are also determined by law) and technical capabilities. New criteria for assessing the level of development of society are emerging - the number of computers, the number of Internet connections, the number of mobile and fixed telephones, etc. The legal foundations of the information society are being developed.

4. A unified integrated information system is being formed based on technological convergence (merging telecommunications, computer-electronic, audio-visual equipment). Unified national information systems are being created (in the USA - in the 1980s, in Western Europe - in the 1990s).

5. The information society is emerging as a global one. It includes:

· global “information economy”;

· unified global information space;

· global information infrastructure;

· the emerging global legislative and legal system.

In the information society, business activity flows into the information and communication environment. A virtual economy, virtual financial system, etc. are being formed, which raises complex questions about the mechanisms of their regulation and connections with the real, “physical” economy

Self-test questions:

1. What is the “information society”

2. What is the global stage of historical development of mankind?

3. What are the main provisions of the concept of the information society

5. Five stages of the process of formation of the information society (according to A.I. Rakitov)

6. Distinctive features of the information society

7. Criteria for the transition of society to the post-industrial and information stages of its development (according to I.V. Sokolova)

8. Additional criteria for the transition of society to the information stage of development. A society is considered informational if:... (according to A.I. Rakitov)

9. Dangers of information technology development

10. The benefits that information technology gives to society

11. Principles for developing access to public information

12. What is “State Information Policy”

14. What is the strategy for Europe’s movement towards the information society

15. Characteristics and signs of the information society

16. How does the globality of the information society manifest itself?

Literature:

Democracy implemented through referendum. Referendum (from lat. referendum- what must be reported) or plebiscite - in state law, the adoption by an electoral body of decisions on constitutional, legislative or other domestic and foreign policy issues.

The information society is the most developed phase of modern civilization, coming as a result of the information and computer revolution, when information technologies, “intelligent” systems, automation and robotization of all spheres and sectors of the economy and management began to be used, the creation of a single, state-of-the-art integrated communication system that provides every person with any information and knowledge, determines radical changes in the entire system of social relations, thereby ensuring the greatest progress and freedom of the individual, the possibility of its self-realization.
The formation of the information society occurs simultaneously with the formation of the information and economic space, which in turn is a condition and factor for the transformation of information into a socially significant and accessible resource, as well as an environment for large-scale information interactions.
It is advisable to begin considering the features of the formation of the information society in the Russian Federation by identifying the essence of the theory of the information society and its place in the concept of post-industrialism.
The American economist K. Clark was the first to predict the inevitability of the emergence of information civilization.

in the 40s XX century The term “information society” was proposed by F. Machlup and T. Umesao in the early 60s. The theory of the information society was based on an attempt to analyze and generalize the socio-economic transformations generated by the widespread spread of information technologies.
The basic provisions of this theory boil down to the following:

In this context, it is necessary to ask how self-employment is defined and how dependent employment is defined. Conventional definitions are limited. What was intended to protect at-will employees, for example in hauliers, could lead to artists being classified as self-employed. In the worst case scenario, this means that they can no longer be insured through the Social Insurance Fund, and also lose business because their clients cannot pay social insurance contributions for economic reasons.

• The self-expansion of capital is being replaced by the self-expansion of information, the joint use of which leads to the development of new social relations in which the main thing is the right of use, not ownership;
• there is an increase in the speed and efficiency of information processing processes along with a decrease in their cost, which has far-reaching socio-economic consequences;
• Information technology is becoming a determining factor in social change, changing worldviews, values, and social structures.

1. information turns from a set of information into the main social and economic resource, qualitatively changing the services of labor and capital, the nature of socio-political activity;
2. the variety of goods and services offered to consumers is constantly growing, and the cost of the latter (primarily financial, professional and design services, health care, education and social services) significantly exceeds the cost of goods;
3. costs for the acquisition of new information and communication technologies (computers, telecommunications equipment, software, etc.) are higher than for tangible assets.

• a new type of society emerging as a result of a global social revolution generated by the explosive development and convergence of information and communication technologies;
• a knowledge society in which the main condition for the well-being of every person and state becomes
  knowledge gained through unhindered access to information and the ability to work with it;
• a global society in which the exchange of information will have no temporal, spatial or political boundaries; which, on the one hand, promotes the interpenetration of cultures, and on the other, opens up new opportunities for self-identification for each community;
• a society where the acquisition, processing, storage, transmission, distribution, and use of knowledge and information play a decisive role, including through interactive interaction, ensuring its constantly improving technical capabilities.

This interpretation of this concept seems more meaningful than definitions that boil down to considering the purely technological side of the process of informatization of society. The creation and use of new information and telecommunication technologies is not an end in itself. The transition to an information society involves a significant change in the entire economic system of the state, the formation of an information and economic space, fundamentally new social motivations and technological capabilities, the widespread practical use of innovations and knowledge to intensively increase labor productivity and, on this basis, improve the quality of life.
The distinctive features of the information society include:

This applies to visual artists who receive a monthly retainer from their gallery for future sales. There is also the issue of how to qualify the workforce. If normal labor relations decline, it follows that the company's further qualification reaches only a part of the workforce, and it is this part that must be qualified for new work that must be further qualified on its own initiative.

According to the Enquete Commission "The Future of the Media in Business and Society - Germany's Path to the Information Society", the need for further training is one of the basic requirements in the information society. According to the Club of Rome or the Commission for the Future Freedoms of Bavaria and Saxony, some authors also believe that the interconnection of work with civil society, that is, non-profit activities in non-profit organizations, is becoming increasingly important and will win. It is this activity that needs to happen in place of meaningful work.

• increasing the role of information and knowledge in the life of society;
• increasing the share of information products and services in GDP;
• creation of a global information space that ensures effective information interaction between people, access to global information resources and satisfaction of their needs for information products and services."

A completely open society does not exist today, and the prospects for its emergence in the future are vague. In any open society there is a fairly strong tendency towards increasing closedness. This is due to the fact that the benefits of individual freedom and openness become such only at a certain level of well-being and culture of citizens. The elimination of the negative aspects of openness occurs gradually, as social wealth grows and most people fear its possible loss. The presence of such fears creates the basis for the emergence of a state in which free behavior that does not violate laws and accepted social values ​​is more profitable than violating them, and openness is more profitable than closedness.
World experience shows that each country is moving towards the information society in its own way, determined by the prevailing political, socio-economic and cultural conditions. In developed countries, an effectively functioning market economy has long existed, ensuring a constant increase in information needs and effective demand for information products and services; there is a powerful middle class, which is the main consumer of information services. The economies of these countries have available funds to invest in the development of information and communication infrastructure. Most of them have well-developed infrastructure
production and provision of information products and services to the population, a system of computer education has emerged and the sphere of information and telecommunications services is rapidly expanding. Finally, in these countries there are government strategies and programs for building the information society.
The path of Russia's transition to the information society is determined by its current socio-economic and cultural characteristics, which include:

Thus, the market and non-profit sectors, which are still considered separately, are interrelated. The authors of the Future Issues Commission suggest that "public servants" receive a citizen's allowance to support their livelihood and are not considered unemployed. They do not gain any benefit from labor management.

Art and culture in future work. As can be seen from the above quotation, the Commissioner for the Future of Freistaat-Bavaria and Saxony attaches central importance to the development of art and culture for the development of a knowledge society. Art and culture are an integral part of the information society. However, arts and culture offerings alone are not enough. Particular attention should be paid to cultural education in particular. The final report of the Accreditation Commission, "The Future of the Media in Business and Society - Germany's Path to the Information Society", repeatedly stated that lifelong learning is the key to successfully changing the information society and therefore the link to employment.

• On the one side:

1. the presence of negative economic trends characteristic of the transition economy of Russia:

• predominance of the share of the raw materials sector in the national

• insufficient level of development of high technology

• insignificant share of high-tech products in GDP

• low absolute GDP (14th in the world) and low GDP per capita (104th in the world);
• low level of investment attractiveness

• limited domestic demand, etc.;

1. insufficiently developed information and communication infrastructure;
2. lack of sufficient effective demand for information products and services;
3. the absence of a large middle class - the main consumer of information products;

• on the other side:

1. growth of information needs of the entire population for socially significant political, economic and social information;
2. the presence of high scientific, educational and cultural potential created in the USSR and still remaining in Russia;
3. relatively cheap intellectual labor capable of posing and solving complex scientific and technical problems;
4. advanced formation of modern communication systems in relation to other sectors of the economy, comparable in growth rates to developed countries;
5. dynamic development Russian market information and telecommunication technologies, products, services (14-19% per year).

In the current conditions, the direction of cash flows and the rate of economic growth are of particular importance. It is possible to develop exports and import-substituting products, attract investments to develop the raw materials sector and, through these measures, maintain the current level of development, but it is impossible to catch up with developed countries. Due to its low economic level, Russia cannot catch up with developed countries in terms of the level of application and updating of new information technologies, but, in principle, it can overtake by creating something fundamentally new.
For Russia, with its high educational level and so far unspent intellectual potential, the chance of revival is seen in the use of education and science as a long-term competitive advantage. In conditions of rapid evolution, this makes it possible to locally overtake without catching up.
To implement the described direction, it is necessary to provide the Russian scientific and technical potential with an appropriate financial base of both state and non-state funding, for which it is necessary: ​​"

Cultural education is a prerequisite for further education in general. Cultural literacy includes essential reading literacy as well as media competency. It is also important that the images can be deciphered. In modern means of communication, images and signs have become important; deciphering and interpreting these signs is part of the competence of the media. Cultural education encounters something unusual and opens up the show, but it also makes it fun.

And this is certainly one of the best prerequisites for successful educational processes. In order for arts and culture to play an important role, the authors of the future issues commission ask them to promote the arts as well as the arts beyond great events. And among them are various cultural institutions in their entire range from music schools through libraries to theaters and museums. At the same time, it is important to emphasize that arts and culture are not just a government-funded sector. Also included are the cultural and media industries.

• improve the investment climate in the country;
• stimulate the development of small and medium-sized businesses, allowing newly created enterprises to compete with those who form the basis of the “old economy”;
• create an infrastructure for supporting fundamental knowledge, consisting of the following links: state support for fundamental science and R&D; availability of an accessible education system; the dominance of imperfect competition, ensuring super-profits from innovation; the functioning of a significant part of private capital to finance discoveries and inventions on a market basis.

1. Informatization of the entire system of general and special education: from kindergarten to graduation from high school and subsequent forms of training and retraining of specialists; increasing the role of qualifications, professionalism and creativity as the most important characteristics of human potential. Informatization of the education system, focused on the formation of a new generation that meets the conditions of the information society in terms of development and lifestyle, is the main long-term task of the transition to it. Its solution should help young people get prestigious and better-paid jobs, improve their cultural image, leisure and entertainment world, develop their personal abilities to the maximum extent, and prepare themselves for life and work in the information world

1. The formation and development of the industry and the corresponding infrastructure of information and communication services, including home computerization, aimed at the mass consumer, is one of the main tasks of developing the information environment of society. It is directly related to the interest of us
   education, economic structures and government authorities in the use of information as a resource for social, economic and individual development and in increasing the efficiency of public administration. The development of the information environment is also associated with the personal, including financial, participation of citizens in the formation of the information society. Solving this problem will allow us to raise the level of information culture and computer literacy, ensure the development of the most dynamic sector of the market for information and communication tools, information products and services and support for domestic producers, and will also contribute to the organization of new jobs (telework), medical care at home, leisure, e-commerce, information and cultural services, including for people with disabilities, etc.
2. Providing fundamental Russian science with adequate state and non-state funding.

In Russia, over the past 7-10 years, the following factors of socio-economic and scientific and technical development have emerged, which can be considered as economic prerequisites for the transition to an information society:

To develop this sector of the economy, positive frameworks are needed, inter alia, in tax laws or copyright laws. However, art and culture are not only the ferment of the information society. Arts and culture is a labor market like many others and is therefore, like other segments, affected by the changes in the workforce described above.

In addition, art and culture in general will play an important role in solving the crisis in the functioning of the information society. Here art and culture must be considered in all their complexity, as a disturbing factor in society, as a market segment, as an object of education.

1. information becomes a public resource for development, the scale of its use can already be compared with traditional resources (energy, raw materials, etc.). Today, the sales volume in Russia of computer technology and information science equipment alone (mainly computers and peripheral devices) reaches more than 1 million units per year and is estimated at approximately $1.5 billion. As world experience shows, the cost of sales of a software product is usually equal to or slightly higher than the cost of equipment, and the cost of personal communications, audio and video equipment is comparable to the cost of computer equipment. These minimum approximate estimates total $3.5 billion. This amount of total costs for information already has macroeconomic significance and characterizes the growth in the use of information resources;
2. the share of new information products and services in GDP is increasing (in 2000 it was 0.3%, currently - 0.8%, in 2010, according to forecasts, will reach 2%).
3. In Russia, a domestic market for new information technologies, products and services has formed and is successfully developing. The volume of funds circulating on it, according to various estimates, reaches 4-6.5 billion dollars. per year. According to preliminary forecasts of the Ministry of Economic Development, the implementation of the Federal Target Program "Electronic Russia" will lead to an increase in the volume of the market for new information technologies, products and services by 2-3 times by 2005 and by 5-6 times by 2010. The number of personal computers in the economy will increase 5 times, and home computers - 4 times. Every second computer will have Internet access. All higher education institutions are planned to be connected to the Network by 2005, all schools - by 2010;
4. In general, the country is rapidly developing telecommunications systems and means, and the number of corporate information networks is increasing. New communications enterprises are actively developing. Businesses that own 87% of traditional infrastructure generate 49% of industry revenue. New operators account for 13% of the market and 51% of revenue;
5. The number of global subscribers is constantly growing open networks. The number of regular Internet users in Russia increased in 2001 compared to 2000 by 39% and amounted to 4.3 million people. The total number of Internet users in the Russian Federation in 2001 was about 10 million people;
6. The national communication network using satellite channels is intensively expanding. The country is successfully installing telephones and the mobile communications market is growing rapidly;
7. Many sectors of the economy, the banking sector and the sphere of public administration and education have been largely computerized; -
8. public opinion is developing an understanding of the relevance of the task of transition to an information society from a political and economic point of view. This is evidenced by the wide public response to the “Concept of State Information Policy,” which can be considered as a policy to ensure the initial stage of Russia’s transition to the information society;
9. Today Russia is part of the global political and economic community to a degree that it has never been in the past. Literally and figuratively, it is connected to the rest of the world by cable and satellite communication channels, actively used by hundreds of thousands of cellular and simple phones, faxes, computers, etc.

• creation and development of the technological base of the information society;
• development and implementation of political, social, economic, legal, organizational and cultural solutions that ensure movement along the chosen path.

• development of the Concept of regulatory support for the transition process, which is the basis of government influence on this process, defining the main directions and tasks for improving the system information legislation, including in the field of copyright and related rights and intellectual property protection;
• development of existing and creation of new network structures and technologies built on the basis of international experience and standards;
• organization and deployment of broad socio-political propaganda support for the process of transition to the information society;
• selection of modern information and communication technologies (computer training programs, satellite and cable television, multimedia, etc.) that are adequate to educational technologies and educational processes;
• creation of specialized publicly available information resources (databases and data banks, electronic libraries, etc.), including non-profit ones, focused on solving educational problems;
• organization of a network of specialized educational centers of regional and city subordination, as well as training and retraining centers for teachers and teachers, equipped with modern information technology.

• development of cheap specialized devices for network interaction of users with information systems, publicly accessible terminals for information, reference and advisory systems for social purposes, as well as development of systems for software, content and service support for home computerization;
• creation of economic conditions that facilitate the integration of state and non-state structures in the development and development of the market of information and communication services for the population.

• development of cheap means of computerization of public libraries, museums, archives and other cultural institutions, widespread introduction of electronic printing tools into the practice of book publishing and mass printing;
• formation of publicly accessible databases and data banks in the field of humanities and social sciences;
• creation of a wide network of cultural, information and information and entertainment centers in the regions, large and small cities, including in neighboring countries, as well as the development of a powerful Russian-language sector on the Internet, technological support for the websites of cultural and information centers.

educational society is one of the priority areas for the development of Russian society.
One of the conditions for Russia's transition to an information society is the formation of a developed information and economic space and its integration into the global information space, which should ensure stable economic growth, improving the quality of life of the population and the socio-political stability of society and the state.

And of course this also applies to changes that affect the cultural sector itself. New information and communication technologies also greatly influence the production, use and mediation of culture. Workplace culture is in turmoil.

Thus, boundaries between different sectors are abolished. Artists, scientists and technicians work together to develop new technical forms. Very complex methods require the cooperation of people with varying abilities and training. This is one of the opportunities of the information society; it helps to break the established division of disciplines. For example, the last year with open eyes and eyes about the Frankfurt Book Fair has not only heard the loud whispers of concentration processes in the publishing industry.

In 1996, the first book in Manuel Castells’ trilogy “The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture” was published. In his truly large-scale work, the scientist analyzed in detail the processes of social development throughout the twentieth century and formulated the concept of information capitalism, which reveals the main features of the modern information society (see the subsection “Information capitalism of Manuel Castells”).
In 1999, Don Tapscott published the book “Electronic Digital Society: The Pros and Cons of Networked Intelligence,” in which he presented his attempt to comprehend the global nature of the changes taking place in humanity. Tapscott notes that the area currently undergoing the most serious modernization is education. The traditional educational system no longer provides graduates with long-term job security, since the rapid pace of updating knowledge requires constant retraining. In the electronic society, the very idea of ​​learning, the connections between learning and work and everyday life is being revised: the information society is based on mental work, therefore, work is increasingly intertwined with study, which turns into a lifelong occupation. Tapscott identifies the key features of the new society: knowledge orientation, digital representation of objects, virtualization of production, innovative nature, integration, convergence, elimination of intermediaries, transformation of manufacturer-consumer relations, dynamism, globalization and a number of others.
Domestic experts began to actively address the problems of the post-industrial/information society only in the last decades of the twentieth century. Soviet researchers, from the standpoint of the formational approach, criticized the concepts of post-industrial society and were not able to correlate Western developments with the realities of life in the Soviet state. However, in the late 80s - early 90s of the last century, works by domestic authors began to appear, devoted to the problems of the formation of a global information society and the inclusion of Russia in this process.

Equally unmistakable were the opportunities for rationalization arising from the use of new technologies in the printing sector. Electronic media did not push the book to print. But they radically change it. In this case, everything can be managed electronically from the order by retrieving the text from the digital library, printing, linking and finally delivering to the customer. People, few people, are needed only to control the production process.

However, they also make clear that developers and providers of electronic media have realized that they have nothing to sell without content. The next few years will show whether "software books" are a fad or can dominate the competitive book market.

A. I. Rakitov noted that the transition to a new information society becomes possible when social activity is aimed, first of all, at the production of services and knowledge. The main task of the information society is related to ensuring the right and opportunity of a citizen, regardless of the time and location of his location, to obtain the information he needs.
Rakitov describes the information society in accordance with the following characteristics: the presence of any citizen, group of persons, social organization realizable opportunity at any time and anywhere in the country to gain access to the information necessary to solve individually or socially significant problems; production and operation in free access mode of modern information technologies, the use of which can be carried out by any individual, group or organization; the presence of a developed infrastructure that allows for the creation and storage of national information resources, which, in turn, are effectively used to maintain an appropriate level of scientific, technical, technological and generally social progress; acceleration of processes of automation and computerization of technological and production processes, control systems in general; transformation of basic social structures, resulting in the development of the service sector, expansion of profiles information activities.
Well-known domestic experts on the problems of the information society G. L. Smolyan and D. S. Chereshkin, analyzing the essence and specifics of the new stage of social development, including in relation to Russian reality, identified a number of characteristics of the information society. Researchers consider the most important characteristics to be: the creation of a unified information space, the intensification of processes of information and economic integration of states; the emergence and, in the future, the predominance in the economies of countries of new technological structures, the essence of which is to ensure mass production and use of network information, communication, and computer technologies; improving the level of education through
use in educational processes information exchange systems operating at various levels - from regional to international; increasing requirements for the qualifications, professionalism and creative potential of employees.
Among the many different approaches, concepts and theories that describe the phenomenon of the information society, we can highlight certain universal characteristics that are one way or another recognized by almost all researchers. So, the global information society most often refers to a new type of society, the foundation of which is the accelerated and inclusive development, dissemination and convergence of information and communication technologies. This is a knowledge society, which assumes a special role for the cognitive component, in which the main competitive advantage and the key to success are knowledge and skills that allow one to obtain and use information in conditions of secured and guaranteed unhindered access to it. The new information society is global in nature, in which the exchange of information is not limited by time, space or political barriers. Finally - and in this scientists see the humanistic orientation of the information society - it promotes the interpenetration of cultures, and also provides individuals, groups, and communities with new opportunities for self-realization.
At the same time, it should be noted that not all arguments of supporters of the concepts of post-industrial and information societies have met and are met with undeniable approval. A skeptical attitude towards the information society as a new social reality is contained in the studies of G. Schiller, M. Allett, D. Harvey, E. Giddens, J. Habermas. Representatives of this group agree that information plays a key role in modern society, but its forms and functions are well known, obey established principles and do not lead to qualitative changes in social relations. A serious critical analysis of ideas, approaches and concepts describing a new type of society,

It will also prove the impact of this technology on book printing and the book trade. It is now clear that the growth in the labor market arising from the need for content cannot compensate for the resulting job losses in manufacturing. This also applies to the rather traditional media of radio and television. Here, of course, the expansion of this market also leads to increased profits. On the one hand, they are characterized by intermittent employment; on the other hand, the use of digital technology, which also means job loss.

F. Webster was the author, who outlined the conceptual and methodological shortcomings of the most recognized theories of the information society (see the subsection “Frank Webster: a critical analysis of the theories of the information society”).

Civilization in the process of its development went through several stages, at each of which the level of life of both individuals and communities depended on their awareness and ability to effectively process data. The stages of creating new tools and methods of data processing that entailed significant changes in society, that is, which changed the method of production, lifestyle, value system, are called information revolutions.

Information revolutions have caused a gradual transition from an agrarian society to an information society, where intelligence and knowledge are the means and product of production.

Why is society called information society?

The information society is a new historical phase in the development of civilization, in which the main products of production are data and knowledge.

The name "information society" first appeared in Japan. The experts who proposed this term explained that it defines a society in which high quality water circulates in abundance, as well as all the necessary means for its storage, distribution and use. Information is easily and quickly distributed according to the requirements of interested people and organizations and is given to them in a form familiar to them. Cost of use information services so low that they are accessible to everyone

The term “information” (“computerized”) society is understood as one in which all spheres of life of its members include computers and services that satisfy the information needs of the user, as well as other means of computer science as tools of intellectual labor.

The information society is also called the knowledge society or the society of global competence, since the main requirements of the 21st century society for the training of competitive specialists include:

• ability for critical thinking;
• universal, systemic knowledge;
• key competencies in the field of information and communication technologies (ICT);
• decision-making ability;
• ability to manage dynamic processes;
• ability to work in a team (team)
• effective communication skills.

These skills were formulated by twenty leading companies in the world that are engaged in forecasting economic development for the future and developing appropriate tools and technologies for the effective implementation of various processes: economic, social, educational - and were called 21st century skills.

In the information society, acquiring key basic knowledge and skills, which include, in particular, knowledge of the possibilities of using modern computer systems and the ability to apply them in practice, is the key to the success and creative realization of every person. This is what caused the emergence of a new category of culture - informational.

Information culture is the ability to purposefully work with data and use information and communication technologies, modern technical means and methods for obtaining, processing and transmitting them.

Information culture manifests itself in a person:

• in specific skills in using various technical devices - from telephones to personal computers and network devices;
• in the ability to use information and communication technologies in their activities;
• in the ability to obtain data from different sources - from periodical printed sources to electronic communications;
• the ability to present information in an understandable form and use it effectively;
• in knowledge analytical methods data processing;
• in the ability to work with messages of various types.

Information culture includes much more than a simple set of skills in technical data processing using computers and telecommunications. Information culture must become part of universal human culture. A cultured (in the broad sense) person must be able to evaluate the information received qualitatively, understand its usefulness, reliability, and the like.

An essential element of information culture is the ability to make collective decisions. The ability to effectively interact with other people is an important sign of a person in the information society.

To effectively use information and communication technologies in professional activities, each person must have a developed information competence, which presupposes a person’s ability to navigate information space, operate with data based on the use of modern information and communication technologies in accordance with the needs of the labor market for the effective performance of professional duties. For students, information competence may mean developing the ability to effectively use information and communication technologies for learning.

What does computer science do as a science and as a branch of human activity?

Computer science, as a relatively young science, arose in the middle of the 20th century. The prerequisite for this was a sharp increase in the volume of information data and messages that a person had to process. The computer appears, and then powerful technical means that allow storing, processing and transmitting large amounts of data.

The main goal of computer science as a science is the search for new knowledge in various areas of human activity with the help of computer technology.

Computer science is a science that studies the structure and general properties of data, as well as methods and means of their creation, search, storage, processing, transmission and use in various fields of human activity.

The term computer science arose in the early 60s of the XX century. in France (from the French information - information and automatique - automation) to denote the automated processing of various data. In English-speaking countries, this term corresponds to the synonym Computer Science, since the term computer science not only means a reflection of the achievements of computer technology, but is also associated with the processes of transferring and processing data of various natures.

The main directions of development of computer science are: theoretical, technical and applied computer science. Theoretical computer science is designed to develop general theories of searching, processing and storing data, identifying patterns of data creation and transformation, using modern information technologies in various spheres of human activity, studying the relationship between a person and an electronic device, and developing information technologies. Technical Informatics Reviews automated systems data processing, creation of a new generation of computer technology, flexible technological systems, robots, artificial intelligence etc. Applied computer science creates knowledge bases, develops rational methods for automating production, creates theoretical foundations for design, serves to connect science with production and meets the needs of the information society.

What technologies are called information technologies?

To effectively process various data from a modern information-rich environment, which is changing extremely rapidly, and make timely and correct decisions based on the results obtained, new knowledge and skills are required, or rather, mastery of technology.

The term "technology" comes from the Greek. τεχνη - art, skill, technique, skills and λογος - word, ability to convey.

Technology is a set of methods and means for people to implement a specific complex process by dividing it into a system of sequential interconnected procedures and operations, performed more or less unambiguously and which are aimed at achieving high efficiency of a certain type of activity.

The general level of development and the totality of created and used technologies is an important component of the culture of society, significantly affects the sustainability of economic development, and therefore is one of the characteristic features of civilization.

Information technology (IT) is a set of methods and techniques used to collect, store, process, distribute, display and use various data for the interests and needs of users.

Information technology reflects the modern understanding of data transformation processes in the information society. It is a set of clear, targeted actions to process data using a computer.

In the modern information society, the main technical means Computers of different types process various data. Programs are used to implement data processing methods. The combination of information and modern communication technologies, which ensure the transmission of messages and data by various means (computer networks, telephone, fax, television, satellite communications, etc.), has radically changed the level and forms of business and social activity of people.

Information technologies have gone through certain stages in their development:

Various classifications of information technologies.

According to the methods and means of data processing, the following classification of information technologies is distinguished.

1. Global - technologies that include models, methods, ways of using data in society.
2. Basic - information technologies focused on a specific application area.
3. Specific - technologies that process data in the process of performing real user tasks.

According to subject areas, served are distinguished: technologies with a scope of application in accounting, banking and tax activities, for providing insurance, e-government, statistics, e-commerce, education, medicine.

According to the types of data, technologies for processing are distinguished:

• data using algorithmic languages, table processors, database management systems;
• texts using a word processor;
• graphic images using graphic editors;
• knowledge using expert systems;
• objects of the real world using multimedia technologies and the like.

There are other classifications of information technologies.

Some interesting facts about the modern information society:

• The volume of knowledge generated by the global community doubles every 72 hours;
• Every minute by email 204,000,000 messages are sent;
• The volume of data transmitted by artificial satellites over a two-week period is sufficient to fill 19 million volumes;
• In industrialized countries, students receive more information when they leave school than their grandparents did in their entire lives;
• Over the next three decades, society will experience as many changes as there have been in the last three centuries.

Intellectual Property and Copyright

Intellectual property is the results of intellectual activity and means of individualization protected by law.

Let's consider the main characteristics of intellectual property.

1. Intellectual property is intangible. This is its main and most important difference from ownership of things (property in the classical sense). If you have an item, you can use it yourself or give it to someone else for use. However, it is impossible for two people to use one thing independently of each other at the same time. If you own intellectual property, you can use it yourself and at the same time grant rights to it to someone else. Moreover, there can be millions of these individuals, and all of them can independently use one object of intellectual property.
2. Intellectual property is absolute. This means that one person - the owner of the rights - is opposed by all other persons who, without the consent of the copyright owner, do not have the right to use the intellectual property. Moreover, the absence of a prohibition to use the object is not considered permission.
3. Intangible objects of intellectual property are embodied in tangible objects. By purchasing a disc with music, you become the owner of the item, but not the copyright holder of the musical works recorded on it. Therefore, you have the right to do whatever you want with the disc, but not with the music. It would be unlawful, for example, to change a piece of music, arrange it, or otherwise process it without the consent of the author. Copyright regulates relations arising in connection with the creation and use of works of science, literature and art. Copyright law is based on the concept of “work,” which means the original result of creative activity that exists in some objective form. It is this objective form of expression that is the subject of copyright protection. Copyright does not apply to ideas, methods, processes, systems, methods, concepts, principles, discoveries, facts.

The software is an object of intellectual property, all rights to which belong to the person who created it or the development company. This right is protected by the Law on Copyright and Related Rights. According to this law, when selling software, the developer does not transfer his rights to a specific program to the end user, but only allows the use (licenses) of this program. The packaging of a software product often displays a special mark indicating the presence of a license agreement, which defines the basic rights and obligations of the manufacturer and buyer of the resulting software product. The license agreement text appears when you install the software on your computer.

Unfortunately, not all software products distributed on the market are legal. From a legal perspective, pirated software refers to all computer programs that are distributed, installed on computers, and used in violation of the terms of their license agreement. For example, self-created copies licensed program cease to be legal, and such actions are a violation of copyright and provide for legal liability.

Ethical standards in the information society

Information ethics is concerned with moral issues arising from the development and application of information technology. Information ethics is integral part computer ethics.

Computer ethics deals with the consideration of technical, moral, legal, social, political and philosophical issues. The problems discussed in it can be divided into several groups.

1. Problems of developing moral codes for computer professionals and ordinary users whose work involves the use of computer equipment.
2. Problems of protecting property rights, copyrights, rights to personal life and freedom of speech regarding the field of information technology.
3. A group of crimes that arise with the advent of computer technologies and the determination of their status, that is, mainly legal problems.

These problems are only part of computer ethics.

The main provisions of the code of computer ethics:

1. Do not use the computer to harm other people.
2. Do not cause interference or interfere with user experience computer networks.
3. Do not use files that are not intended for free use.
4. Do not use your computer for theft.
5. Do not use your computer to spread false information.
6. Do not use pirated software.
7. Do not appropriate someone else's intellectual property.
8. Do not use computer equipment or network resources without the permission of the person who owns them or appropriate compensation.
9. think about possible consequences for society from created programs and developed information systems.

Information society. The state and trends in the development of information technologies and their impact on the life of society and citizens. Electronic services, e-government, e-inclusion, e-business, telemedicine and other facets of the information society.

The development of modern society is impossible without information technology, which allows us to talk about a new phase of social development, which is called the “Information Society”. The development of the concept of the information society was carried out by many outstanding scientists of the world, such as W. Martin, M. Castells, M. McLuhan, Y. Masuda, T. Stonier. The author of this term is considered to be Yu. Hayashi, a professor at the Tokyo Institute of Technology.

The information society is a stage of development of society when the use of information and communication technologies (ICT) has a significant impact on the main social institutions and spheres of life:

• economics and business sphere,
• public administration,
• education,
• social services and medicine,
• culture and art.

Communication means - telephony, radio, television, the Internet, traditional and electronic media - are the technological basis of the information society.

Let's see how the information society can manifest itself in various areas of our lives.

Economic: information is used as a resource, service, product, source of added value and employment, e-business is developing. There is no need to send a representative to a business partner from another region; documents are certified with an electronic digital signature. There is no need to waste time choosing a product; just look through the online store catalog. No need to visit the tax office to submit tax reporting. No need to spend time traveling to get your work done (for some professional activities). You don’t need to go to the ticket office to buy a train ticket; you just need to order it and pay for it remotely.

Political: freedom of information leading to the development of electronic democracy, electronic state, electronic government. To express your opinion on a particular issue or to form a group of like-minded people to implement any initiative, just go to the corresponding website on the Internet. To receive public services it is enough to fill out the request form remotely, and through certain time get required document to your mailbox. E-government will be discussed in more detail in the next lecture.

Electronic government is a way to increase the efficiency of government activities based on the use of information systems. It is understood that the executive (electronic government), and legislative (electronic parliament, electronic democracy), as well as judicial bodies (electronic justice) function using ICT.

We can say that the process of establishing an electronic state is currently underway, as evidenced by the emergence of the Unified Portal of Electronic Democracy Russian Federation
(http://e-democracy.ru/). The “Electronic Democracy” system makes it possible to participate in management decision-making, public discussions of official documents and monitoring the activities of government bodies.

Social: information acts as an important stimulator of changes in the quality of life. To get advice from a specialist, the patient does not need to go to the medical center, but will only need to leave his documents on the portal and contact a specialized doctor at the appointed time (telemedicine). To get help in an emergency, it is enough to use a single emergency number (for example, the “Care” system, which will be discussed in more detail in one of the following lectures). To get a student ready for school, all you need to do is download a set of textbooks from the regional educational portal and save them in an e-book.

Cultural: recognition of the cultural value of information (e.g. UNESCO Digital Heritage Project). To select literature on a topic of interest, just use the electronic catalog of any library throughout the country. To visit a foreign museum, just visit the corresponding website. To get an education at any university in the world, you need to turn to its distance learning resources.

We can say that the information society is most manifested in countries that are characterized as a “developed post-industrial society” (Japan, USA, Western Europe).

Here are some dates, strategies and programs. In March 2000, the European Union adopted a 10-year operational strategy for economic, social and environmental renewal, called the European Research Area (ERA). The goal of this strategy is the EU's transition to a knowledge-based economy, which should become the most dynamic and competitive in the world.

One of the projects that stimulates intensive economic development and strengthening the position of the EU in the international market is the largest political project “Electronic Europe” (eEurope), within the framework of which many programs can be implemented both within EU member states and at the level of the European Commission.

In 2000, G8 leaders adopted the Okinawa Charter for the Global Information Society. The Charter points out the importance of developing the information society to improve the well-being of citizens and the development of the economy as a whole. It explains how new technologies and their diffusion are a key driver of socio-economic development in countries today. The Charter also points to the need to introduce national and international strategies for achieving the objectives.

The development of the ideas of the information society can be considered the concept of a “knowledge society” supported by UNESCO, which places emphasis on humanistic principles. The economic and social functions of capital are transferred to information, and the university becomes the core of social organization as a center for the production, processing and accumulation of knowledge. It is especially emphasized that in a “knowledge society” the priorities should be the quality of education, freedom of expression, universal access to information for all, respect for cultural and linguistic diversity.

The development of the information society inevitably leads to the fact that many specialists work in the field of production and dissemination of information. This requires not only new skills and new knowledge, but also a new mindset, desire and ability to learn throughout life.

Unfortunately, in our country there is still an insufficient level of development of the information technology industry, which leads to a lag behind world leaders. The formation of an information society in Russia is also hampered by the insufficient level of dissemination of basic skills in the use of information technologies both among the population as a whole and among state and municipal employees.

The problems that hinder the efficiency of using information technologies to improve the quality of life of citizens are complex. Their elimination requires significant resources, coordinated implementation of organizational changes and ensuring consistency in the actions of government authorities.

As a result of the implementation of the federal target program “Electronic Russia (2002-2010)”, a certain groundwork was created in the field of introducing information technologies into the activities of public authorities and organizing the provision of public services.

Since the development of the information society is a platform for solving higher-level problems - modernizing the economy and public relations, ensuring the constitutional rights of citizens and freeing up resources for personal development, the Strategy for the Development of the Information Society and the state program “Information Society (2011-2020)” were adopted (Fig. .1.1).

Rice. 1.1. Components of the Information Society program

The Program activities in accordance with the Strategy should provide the following results:

Formation of a modern information and telecommunications infrastructure, provision of quality services on its basis and ensuring a high level of accessibility of information and technology to the population;
improving the quality of education, medical care and social protection of the population based on information technology;

Improving the system of state guarantees of constitutional rights of man and citizen in the information sphere, increasing the efficiency of public administration and local self-government, the quality and efficiency of the provision of public services;

Development of the economy of the Russian Federation based on the use of information technology, increasing labor mobility and ensuring employment of the population;

Increasing the efficiency of public administration and local self-government, the interaction of civil society and business with government authorities, the quality and efficiency of the provision of public services;

Development of science, technology and engineering, as well as training of qualified personnel in the field of information technology;

Preservation of the culture of the multinational people of the Russian Federation, strengthening of moral and patriotic principles in the public consciousness, as well as the development of a system of cultural and humanitarian education;
countering the use of the potential of information technologies to threaten the interests of Russia.

Currently, the technical and economic aspects of the development of the information society are coming to the fore. Unfortunately, the social and humanistic aspects of this process are not yet developing sufficiently.

It should be noted that such a complex socio-economic phenomenon as information inequality is widespread in Russia. Many localities and social groups do not yet have access to information technologies and are falling out of the information society. To solve this problem, a set of measures is needed, including not only the development of telecommunications infrastructure, but also the elimination of “information illiteracy” of citizens, assistance to low-income segments of the population in purchasing computer equipment, and the creation of public access points.

Thus, in the modern world, information technologies have a significant impact on the life of society and citizens in all spheres of public life. In Russia, with the support of the state, the process of becoming an information society is taking place: the federal target program “Electronic Russia” has been implemented, the “Strategy for the Development of the Information Society” and the state program “Information Society” have been adopted.

Practice

Exercise 1.1
Read the article “Russia needs electronic democracy” (http://experttalks.ru/book/export/html/325).
Please formulate your attitude towards Internet democracy and the idea of ​​electronic voting.

Exercise 1.2
Watch the video “Electronic services: tested on yourself” (http://rutube.ru/tracks/4693692.html).
How do you assess the situation the journalist found himself in?
Do you have experience in receiving electronic services? Positive or not so positive?

4. The concept of the information society. Main features and development trends.

Information society- this is a stage in the development of modern civilization, characterized by an increasing role of information and knowledge in the life of society, an increasing share of information and communication technologies, information products and services in the gross domestic product, the creation of a global information infrastructure that ensures effective information interaction between people, their access to information and satisfying their social and personal needs for information products and services.

Distinctive features:

increasing the role of information, knowledge and information technologies in the life of society;

an increase in the number of people employed in information technology, communications and the production of information products and services, an increase in their share in the gross domestic product;

the growing informatization of society using telephony, radio, television, the Internet, as well as traditional and electronic media;

creation of a global information space that ensures: (a) effective information interaction between people, (b) their access to global information resources and (c) satisfaction of their needs for information products and services;

development of electronic democracy, information economy, electronic state, electronic government, digital markets, electronic social and economic networks;

Development trends.

First trend- this is the formation of a new historical type of civil property - intellectual property, which is at the same time the public property of the entire population of the planet.

Intellectual property, unlike material objects, by its nature is not alienated either from its creator or from the one who uses it. Consequently, this property is both individual and social, i.e., the common property of citizens.

Next trend- this is a restructuring of labor motivation (for example, in cyberspace everyone can act simultaneously as a producer of information, a publisher and a distributor).

Next, it should be noted radical change in social differentiation the information society itself, dividing it not into classes, but into weakly differentiated information communities. And this is primarily due to access to knowledge and diverse information for broad sections of the planet’s population.

Now knowledge is not the prerogative of the rich, noble, successful. The boundaries between traditional classes are gradually being blurred

Next trend- this is the broad participation of sections of the population in the processes of preparation, adoption and implementation of management decisions, as well as in control over their implementation. For example, this primarily concerns electronic voting in elections to local authorities.

In general we can conclude, which in their totality and in a generalized form are observed two interrelated trends development of the information society. The first consists of civil socialization economic structures and private property relations, in limiting government power. Socialization does not lead to the destruction of capital, but to a change in its character, giving it certain social and civilized forms. This limits and suppresses his egoistic traits. And this process in one form or another (“cooperative”, “joint-stock”) has taken its proper place in most developed countries. The second trend is individualization economic and social processes, filling them with diverse personal content (people are increasingly staying at home, working from home).