Robotics - global perspectives, the most promising companies and projects. Household robots - overview of robots for various purposes

the most promising companies and projects.

3. The largest and most famous robot manufacturers in the world:

6. Promising companies and projects in robotics for 2015. and further:

7.Robots / robotics - types of robots, the best robots:

List of existing and used robots in the world.

Humanoid robots.

Biorobots.

Industrial robots.

Underwater robots.

Household robots.

Military, combat robots.

Trading robots in trading.

1.Global robotics market:

Market size from 15 to 30 billion dollars (the difference in estimates from what various experts consider robotics) taking into account the main segments - industrial and service robotics (military robots, household robots, for educational purposes, to help the disabled and toy robots (world market volume service robotics is estimated at $5.3 billion)).

Sales industrial robots from 2013 to 2014 grew from 160 thousand units. up to 178 thousand units, sales of service robots from 2013 to 2016 According to experts, they should reach the level of 15.5 million units. household robots, 3.5 million pcs. robotic toys, 3 million pcs. for educational purposes, and 6.4 thousand pieces. to help disabled people.

Main Buyers industrial robots - Japan, South Korea, China, USA, Germany, countries major robot manufacturers - Japan And Germany(more than 50% and about 22%, respectively, of the global production of industrial robots).

Greatest demand And production growth expected in production - personal, educational, household assistant robots, industrial(assembly, welding, painting, etc.), rehabilitation, various types mobile, medical, surgical, agricultural, construction and military robots.

Boston Consulting Group predicts an increase in investment in industrial robotics until 2025 (in more detail below) among the 25 largest economies in the world - up to 10% per year, compared to 2 - 3% currently. The investment will pay off through reduced costs and increased efficiency. Robots are getting cheaper. The cost of a spot welding robot, for example, has fallen from $182,000 in 2005. to $133,000 last year and will drop to $103,000 by 2025. Accelerated automation will allow us to reconsider the criteria for choosing locations for opening and expanding production, as a result of which the availability of cheap labor may become a less significant factor, this will allow us to return some production back to the USA and the EU from countries with lower wages.

In October 2014 Oxford University published a study on the prospects for the use of robotics, which estimates that over the next two decades, up to 47% of today's jobs in the United States could be replaced by robots.

President of the Chinese Robotics Association (CRIA) Song Xiaogang reported that the number of robots sold in China in 2014 will reach 50,000 units, up from 36,860 units. in 2013. “...The robotics industry will maintain an annual growth rate of 40% for an extended period of time,” he said. “China has already overtaken Japan to become the world's largest consumer of robots, purchasing more than one-fifth of all robots produced globally.”

2. Russian robotics market:

Russia's share in the modern robotics market is only about 0.17%. According to the company Neurobotics The volume of the domestic market for finished robots and components in the next year or two should be about 30 thousand units or approximately 3 billion rubles.

The average cost of an anthropomorphic robot (resembling a human) is now $450 thousand, according to the chief roboticist Skolkovo Foundation Alberta Efimova, now in Russia about 300 robots are sold per year: This is 500 times less than in developed countries. Apart from large foreign automobile brands, almost no one here is involved in the introduction of robotic technologies.

In Russia, there are about 2 robots per 10 thousand employees of enterprises in the manufacturing industry, in China and South Africa - about 24, in Brazil 5, in India approximately the same as in Russia.

The peculiarities of the robotics market include long, labor-intensive and capital-intensive stages of research and development work, as well as in the creation of prototypes of developed products, therefore, participation and assistance from the state is of great importance in this area.

The Russian robotics market is represented mainly by space And special robots- sappers, scouts. These devices are produced as part of a defense order, and details of government contracts are not disclosed. In addition, centers at institutes that do not involve commercial activities often deal with robots. Therefore, it is difficult to judge the production volumes of robotics enterprises in the Russian Federation.

Therefore, how the figure of 0.17% was obtained in 2013 (Russia’s share of the industrial robots market) is a big question.

However, despite the possible conditionality of assessments of robotics in Russia, the gap between highly developed countries in the world and the Russian Federation in the field of robotics certainly exists.

Successful robot models applicable for industry remain single copies produced for scientific and applied purposes and are not mass produced. Household robots are of very little interest to Russian roboticists. For 2014, according to International Federation of Robotics, the total number of robots working in our country was approximately 4 thousand.

At the same time, even for now the only developed industry in Russia robotics - military, has enormous development prospects. Despite a noticeable lag in this area, combat and special robots of Russian scientists are still receiving recognition at international arms exhibitions and receiving special awards.

1:04 Modern robots: drones, scouts, sappers.

3.Largest and most famous

robot manufacturers in the world:

Leading positions in the development, production and promotion of industrial robotics are occupied by the largest international corporations, holdings and companies, such as:

iRobot Corporation(USA). Specializes in military robots- sappers, rescuers, scouts, as well as household- vacuum cleaners and washing robots. By 2013 the company has sold more than 10 million home robots. For 10 years from 2004 to 2014. the company increased sales from 95 to 505 million dollars and profits from almost zero to 25 million dollars a year. The most famous and popular robots of the company:

household robots:

• AVA with on-board computer;
• Verro, created for cleaning swimming pools;
• Roomba And Create, performing the functions of a vacuum cleaner;

military and security robots:

• SUGV combat system, performing the functions of evacuation and data transmission in military conditions;
• Warrior, created to neutralize explosive mechanisms, move the wounded and extinguish fires;
• underwater vehicle Seaglider;
• Ranger, carrying out water patrol;
• mini device LANdroids to support communication, receiving signal from Apple devices.

ABB(Sweden - Switzerland). One of the leaders in the robotics market, the company was formed as a result of the merger of ASEA and Brown, Boveri & Cie. Specializes in industrial robots different levels of difficulty. The company is building a plant in Russia, the first stage will be commissioned in mid-2015.

FANUC Robotics(Japan). Produces mostly industrial robots: for welding And palletization, painting, portal, delta robots. Created the most powerful robot with a load capacity of 1350 kg. capable of lifting loads to a height of up to 6 m.

KUKA(Germany). In 1973, she created the world's first industrial robot. Robots from this company are widely used in the automotive industry. The robot also produces Robocoaster which is used as an entertainment attraction . Produced more than 100 thousand robots.

Kawasaki Robotics(Japan). Produces industrial robots- for work in aggressive environments, in explosive areas, robots for universities, spider robots. More than 120 thousand robots produced by them are installed around the world.

Mitsubishi(Japan). Engaged in creation industrial robots used:

• in the production of mobile devices;
• when performing loading and unloading operations;
• in the automotive industry;
• in installing small parts on laboratory and medical equipment.

LG Electronics(South Korea). Part of the LG Group, one of the largest manufacturers of household appliances, produces robots for home, such as robotic vacuum cleaners.

Kaman Corporation(USA) Specializes in production of combat, military And industrial robots.

Sony (Japan). Perhaps the most famous development of the company is bipedal robot QRIO. This smart android has a capacious operational memory, able to pick up and move things, move around, go down stairs and dance, produces others gamingerobots, For example, robot dogs. The first copy appeared back in 1999.

Honda(Japan). Created humanoid robot Asimo, able to speak, recognize faces and walk.

Panasonic(Japan). One of the largest manufacturers of household appliances, produces industrial robots, such as robot hairdresser, washing people heads, learning industrial robots, robot runners And robot vacuum cleaners.

LEGO Group(Denmark) Produces robotic kits- constructors for creating programmable robot.

Yujin Robot(South Korea). The company is known for creating affordable robot toys and household devices. One of the most popular projects of the company is robot vacuum cleaner Iclebo, capable of performing wet cleaning of premises.

Intuitive Surgical(USA). The company's main product was Da Vinci surgical system, the prototype of which was designed more than 30 years ago. This device, equipped with 4 arms, is capable of performing surgical operations.

Consis. Engaged in development pharmacy robots- manipulators who provide assistance to pharmacists. These devices are installed in medication storage areas, where they optimize the processes of storing and retrieving medications. The system allows you to reduce customer service time, increase turnover and rationally use storage space for medicines.

Gostai(France). Creates Jazz series robots. The devices operate in telepresence mode and are equipped with basic computer applications. The robot connected to Wi-Fi is controlled using a browser. Jazz provides navigation and night patrols.

AIST. Produces humanoid robot HRP-4C, with the appearance of a young girl. The developers were able to copy the features and faces of the human body as accurately as possible. The device is able to sing, recognize speech and surrounding sounds.

Aldebaran Robotics(France). Created humanoid robot NAO, which is distinguished by its ability to use gestures, identify voices and respond to commands. The robot can interpret current events, make decisions according to the current situation and learn.

Takara Tomy. Interactive puppy i-SODOG Takara Tomy has the ability to remember and learn. Artificial intelligence The robotic dog allows it to respond correctly to 50 voice commands. The robot can dance to music, recognize voices and smells.

Cube Robotics. The company created Cubic home assistant, capable of turning electrical appliances on and off, recognizing human speech, and speaking with the owner.

Engineering Arts. Robot actor Robo Thespian created by the company is endowed with a system of facial and skeletal muscles. The device is capable of reproducing scenes from films and creating your own scripts.

Innovation First(USA). Microrobots series Hexbug created in the form of insects. This robot toys, which can crawl, find a way out of complex labyrinths and serve as bait for pets.

Other large and well-known companies in the robotics market:

Yaskawa Electric, Comau, Reiss, Stäubli, Kaman Corporation , Nachi-Fujikoshi, Thyssen,Adept Technology, American Robot, Omron, RoboGroup TEK, Rockwell Automation, ST Robotics, Yamaha Robotics,Kawasaki, Durr,Toshiba,General Motors (GM) ...and many others.

INIn total, there are about 400 companies engaged in the production of robotics on the global market.

4. Manufacturers of robots and robots in the Russian Federation:

State Scientific Center of the Russian Federation Federal State Autonomous Scientific Institution "Central Research and Development Institute of Robotics and Technical Cybernetics"- created in 1968 in St. Petersburg. Main directions - mechatronics, mobile robotic systems, cybernetics of space, sea, air And ground-based, robots and manipulators for working in extreme conditions.

CJSC Center for High Technologies in Mechanical Engineering at MSTU. N.E. Bauman" Moscow - products: sapper robots, reconnaissance robots, ground combat robots, walking robots. Net profit for 2012 increased from 1.95 million rubles. up to 5.35 million rubles.

OJSC "NIKIMT-Atomstroy" - the leading materials science organization of Rosatom, located in Moscow, produces mobile robots and their control systems. The net loss of OJSC NIKIMT - Atomstroy for 2012 decreased 2.4 times to 311.83 million rubles. from 749.30 million rubles. for the same period last year.

Research Institute for System Research RAS Moscow - releases transport robots, robotic equipment for computer production, software.

NPO "Android Technology" is a relatively young company, founded in 2005, with its head office in Moscow. Engaged in production android robots, combat robot avatars, the robot avatar will be tested this year. Uses robotic system SAR-400 to participate in space research. The robot can perform service and emergency work in conditions that are dangerous to human life. The company's annual turnover and revenue are not advertised.

FSUE TsNIIMash Korolev, founder "Roscosmos". The institute's team created a space anthropomorphic robot SAR-400. In 2015 it is planned project "Exchange", as a result of which technologies will be created for exchanging information and controlling robots on the surface of the Moon and other planets. The revenue of OJSC NPO TsNIIMASH at the end of 2013 increased to 1.7 billion rubles.

JSC "TSNIITOCHMASH" Rostec State Corporation, Moscow region, Klimovsk. Founded in 1944. One of the promising developments in collaboration with the Foundation for Advanced Research is anthropomorphic combat robot controlled by an operator. The robot, using a manipulator arm, shoots a pistol at a target and rides an ATV. The company produces the most popular types of weapons and military equipment for various branches of the military, including robotic sighting devices for air and ground weapons carriers And military equipment.

1:25 Robot "Avatar".

SPKB PA located in Kovrov, developed the design mobile robot-all-terrain vehicle "Varan" for mass production, ultra-light class robots- scouts and sappers. In 2012, SKB PA received a profit from sales of 82.19 million rubles.

MIREA (Moscow State Technical University of Radio Engineering, Electronics and Automation) — developed a remote mini-robot control system via the Internet, intelligent on-board control system for air, ground and underwater robots, smart vacuum cleaner.

"Scientific Research Technological Institute (NITI) Progress" in Izhevsk, he owns the development of the latest robotic complex "Platform-M" for the Russian army. This is an armored robot with remote control, a grenade launcher and a machine gun, it fights without contact with the enemy, and is used for reconnaissance and security. Capable of destroying stationary and moving targets. The first production samples have already entered the Russian Armed Forces.

1:44 Testing a combat robot with a machine gun and a grenade launcher.

Izhevsk Radio Plant — specializes in robotic systems, for example, mobile robotic complex MRK-002-BG-57, destroys stationary and moving targets, provides fire support and reconnaissance, robotic complex-sapper, MRK-VT-1- a tracked complex controlled via radio at a distance of up to 1 km.

Institute of Problems of Mechanics named after A.Yu. Ishlinsky AN Moscow - deals with mobile robots: several types - walking, on wheels or on suction cups- for moving on surfaces of arbitrary inclination, robots moving inside pipes, miniature mobile industrial robots.

Research Institute of SteelMoscow - created a unique multifunctional robotic mini-loader MKSM 800A-SDU with remote control, rescuer and sapper for working in hostile environments. Conducts nuclear, biological and chemical reconnaissance.

SMP Robotics Company - Zelenograd, created and released into production patrol robots - "Tral Patrol 3.1". Protects large areas and detects moving objects in it.

Other presence robots and general purpose robots (Russian development):

Universal robot - can be a body presence robot, a promoter and even a bartender, developed by the company CJSC "RBOT" robot body presence R.Bot. Price from 379,000 rub.

Mobile autonomous system - remote presence robot Webot from the company Wicron allows you to perform actions at the robot’s location using a computer and the Internet. The robot allows you to remotely observe what is happening and talk with people, see the world around you and calmly move around it at the speed of a walking person. Price from 300,000 rub.

CCTV and telepresence robot - developer NIL AP(Research Laboratory for Design Automation). Skype on wheels or a webcam with a microphone and loudspeaker - drives and turns in the right direction. Management can be carried out from anywhere in the world via the Internet from any computer or smartphone, without installing special software - just log into the website BotEyes.ru using your username and password. Price from 1,390 am. Doll.

Telepresence robot -Synergy Swan from the company "RBOT", using technology for robots with replaceable intelligence, providing an optimal price/quality ratio compared to functional analogues on the market. Price from 59,900 rub.

Telepresence robot - remote control and teleconferences from the company PadBot, allows you to navigate and conduct video conferences in online mode via computer or phone. PadBot app is available for iPhone, iPad, Android phones and tablets, control via a web interface will become available in the near future. Price from 35,000 rub.

Dean-Soft.Robot waiter, the software of which was created in the company "Din-Soft", can - monitor guests, hand out menus, serve dishes, accept payments, collect dishes.

5.Robotics - global perspectives:

Boston Research Company (BSG) As part of a global study of the robotics market, it predicts until 2025. average annual growth rate in 10,4% . Including and first of all:

• About 15,8% annual growth in the personal robots segment - robots for training and education, entertainment, security, cleaning and other household purposes. Sales will grow to $9 billion by 2025. from $1 billion in 2010
• About 11,8% annual growth in sales of robots for medical, surgical, agricultural and construction purposes. Sales will grow to $17 billion by 2025. from 3.2 billion dollars in 2010
• About 10,1% annual growth in sales of robots in production - for welding, assembly, painting, loading and unloading and other types of work. Sales will grow to $24.4 billion by 2025. from 5.8 billion dollars in 2010 Thus, this segment of robotics, despite lower growth rates, will retain a large share of the robotics market.
• About 8,1% annual growth in sales of robots for military purposes - primarily unmanned aerial vehicles, military exoskeletons, underwater vehicles and ground vehicles. Sales will grow to $16.5 billion by 2025.

All this will happen against the backdrop of falling prices for robots and components with an increase in their productivity and complexity of the work they perform, which in turn will lead to an expansion of the range of their use.

6.Promising companies and projects

in robotics for 2015 and further:

The EU is funding 17 new robotics projects. Projects under a common name Horizon 2020, each of which focuses on the development of significant robotic technologies for industrial and service use. The emphasis is on rapid technology transfer followed by commercialization, so every project has at least one corporate partner.

1.AEROARMS - robotic systems with multiple manipulators and advanced capabilities for the aerospace industry.

2.AEROWORKS - flying robots for autonomous inspection and maintenance of urban infrastructure.

3.COMANOID - robotic solutions for complex or tedious human operations aircraft assembly Airbus.

4.CENTAURO - human-robot symbiosis, in which the operator controls the robot's manipulators.

5.CogIMon - humanoid robot for interaction with people and robots.

6.FLOBOT - robot floor cleaner in industrial, domestic and office premises.

7.Flourish- promising agricultural robots.

8.RETRAINER - robot assistant in the process of rehabilitation for people who have suffered a stroke, and to restore the functions of the arm and hand.

9.RobDREAM- improved industrial mobile robotic manipulators.

10.RoMaNS - robotic system to clean up accumulated nuclear waste.

11.SARAFun - two-armed robot for assembly operations based ABB YuMi.

12.EurEyeCase - surgical robots for eye surgeries.

13.SecondHands - robot assistant, providing assistance during routine preventive maintenance activities.

14.Smokebot - development of mobile robots with new environmental sensors to survey low-visibility disaster sites.

15.SoMa - development of soft robot elements for safe interaction with humans and the environment.

16.Sweeper- providing automated harvesting of sweet peppers.

17.WiMUST- expansion and improvement of the functionality of existing marine robotic systems.

...other recent significant events, trends in the world:

Drones- Chinese company DJI One of the world's largest manufacturers of consumer unmanned aerial vehicles (drones) is trying to raise up to $10 billion to expand production.

Robotic manipulators - company ABB announced the acquisition of a German robotics company Gomtec in order to expand the range of its products through so-called collective or collaborative robots. Lightweight, flexible robotic arms from Gomtec are a family of six-axis modular "collective" type robots called Roberta, with a base price of € 27 900 to € 32 700 .

Robotic vacuum cleaners - are becoming more and more popular in the world, moving from the category of curiosities to the category of consumer goods. Company iRobot in 2014 has already sold 12 million vacuum cleaners of the brand Roombas since the start of their sales. Robotic vacuum cleaners now account for 18% of the global vacuum cleaner market and their share is growing at an annual rate of 21.8% (company iRobot occupies 83% in the North American, 62% in the European and Middle Eastern and 67% in the Asia-Pacific markets). Another Chinese company - Ecovacs, managed to sell 73,300 units in just one day. vacuum cleaners, most of which were robotic vacuum cleaners Ecovacs Deebot.

7.Robots / robotics - types of robots,

best robots:

List of existing and used robots in the world: pharmacy, biorobot, industrial, transport, underwater, household, combat, zoobot, flying robot, medical robot, microrobot, nanorobot, personal robot, pediculator, robot artist, robot for pharmacy, robot toys, robot waiter, robot programs, robot - surgeon, robot - guide, social robot, ball robot, humanoid robot, trading robot in trading.

Humanoid robots:

Robot playing ping pong - "Topio" at the international robot exhibition, distant 2009. Tokyo.

Company SCHAFT Japan owned Google- rbot "S-One", weighs 95 kg, equipped with two “legs” and two “arms”. The height of the device is 1.48 m, width is 1.31 m.

1:54 SCHAFT DARHA Robotics Challenge 8 Tasks + Special Walking

"Aiko" - robot girl, speaks Japanese and English, can solve mathematical problems, understands more than 13,000 sentences, sings songs, reads newspapers, is able to identify various kinds of objects, etc.

Biorobots:

Frank- developed and created at the Smithsonian Institution in the USA. The world's first biorobot, consisting of 28 body parts that copy human ones - the functioning of the heart, lungs, kidneys, etc. The robot talks and moves, but does not have independent thinking, and there is no facial expression.

1:21 A biorobot with a face and organs will be shown to the public.

Industrial robots:

Industrial robotics Mostly designed for use of robots in manufacturing and assembly in the automotive, electronics, and food and beverage industries. Most often, robots are used to automate processes such as welding, painting, assembly, product control, testing And package. There are several types of industrial robots: type robots SCARA, articulated robots, Cartesian robots, cylindrical robots. These robots are used in heavy engineering to perform functions such as welding And soldering work, supply of raw materials And materials processing, grinding and coloring, etc.

According to company analysts' forecasts TechNavio, the average annual growth of the global market for industrial robotics in mechanical engineering will be 6.27% in the period from 2013 to 2018.

Robotic assembly shop of the Nissan company, 2010. new plant - Kanda city, Japan.

2:29 Panasonic industrial robot.

Underwater robots:

Household robots:

Military, combat robots:

In the world:

10:33 US military robots.

Russia:

3:05 "Russian Terminator" Russian combat robots

have no analogues in the world!*(really?

Trading robots in trading:

2:55 Algorithmic system. Trading robot.

Trading robot created by the team "United Traders", took first place in the competition "Best Private Investor 2011". Over 2.5 months, its profitability amounted to almost 8 000 % per annum! Developers trading robot for trading from United Traders It is not excluded that the trading robot they developed for trading on American markets may quite possibly have no competitors in Russia today, and perhaps throughout the world. Trading is always a plus, since several strategies are used at once, and if one of them begins to show drawdowns, it is immediately excluded and the next one is included.

The best opportunities for using a trading robot in trading are provided by the so-called high frequency trading or scalping, where earnings largely depend on the number of successful transactions, each of which individually brings little income, but in total allows you to earn significant money in a day. However, the use of trading robots in such transactions allows you to perform thousands of similar operations per day (increasing the final profitability by an order of magnitude), since a person is physically incapable of doing this.

Currently no less 95% from the total number of applications to 40% from actual trading volumes on the MICEX are exhibited And are being implemented trading robots. In the derivatives market (forwards, futures, options, swaps) the share of trading robots in the total number submitted applications And trade volumes amounts to at least 90% And 60% respectively.

Robotics- a relatively new and intensively developing scientific direction, brought to life by the need to develop new spheres and areas of human activity, as well as the need for widespread automation of modern production, aimed at sharply increasing its efficiency. The use of automatic programmable devices - robots - in the exploration of space and ocean depths, and since the 60s. of our century and in the production sector, rapid progress in the field of creation and use of robots in recent years has necessitated the integration of scientific knowledge of a number of related fundamental and technical disciplines in a single scientific and technical direction - robotics.

The idea of ​​​​creating robots - mechanical devices, with its own appearance and actions similar to people or any living beings, has fascinated humanity since time immemorial. Even in legends and myths, man sought to create an image of man-made creatures endowed with fantastic physical strength and dexterity, capable of flying, living underground and in water, acting independently and at the same time unquestioningly obeying man and performing the most difficult and dangerous work for him. Even in Homer's Iliad (VI century BC) it is said that the lame blacksmith Hephaestus, the god of fire and patron of the blacksmith's craft, forged girls from gold who carried out his instructions.

The golden maids instantly ran up to meet him, similar to living maidens, in whom the Mind and voice and strength are contained in their chests, who were taught by the Immortal gods in the most varied labors...

U modern man these “maids” are certainly associated with anthropomorphic, i.e. created in the image and likeness of man, automatic universal devices- robots.

Robotics theory relies on disciplines such as electronics, mechanics, computer science, as well as radio and electrical engineering. There are construction, industrial, household, aviation and extreme (military, space, underwater) robotics.

Today, humanity has almost come close to the moment when robots will be used in all spheres of life. Therefore, courses in robotics and computer programming must be introduced into educational institutions.

The study of robotics allows you to solve the following problems that computer science faces as an academic subject. Namely, consideration of the line of algorithmization and programming, the performer, the basics of logic and the logical foundations of a computer.

It is also possible to study robotics in the course of mathematics (implementation of basic mathematical operations, design of robots), technology (design of robots, both using standard assemblies and freely), physics (assembly of designer parts necessary for the movement of the robot chassis).

Robot classes

Manipulation robot - automatic machine(stationary or mobile), consisting of an actuator in the form of a manipulator having several degrees of mobility, and a device program control, which serves to perform motor and control functions in the production process. Such robots are produced in floor-mounted, suspended and gantry versions. They are most widespread in the machine-building and instrument-making industries.

Mobile robot- an automatic machine that has a moving chassis with automatically controlled drives. Such robots can be wheeled, walking and tracked (there are also crawling, swimming and flying mobile robotic systems.

Robot components

Drives- these are the “muscles” of robots. Currently, the most popular motors in drives are electric, but others using chemicals or compressed air are also used.

DC motors: Currently, most robots use electric motors, which can be of several types.

Stepper motors: As the name suggests, stepper motors do not spin freely like DC motors. They rotate step by step to a certain angle under the control of the controller. This allows you to do without a position sensor, since the angle at which the turn was made is known to the controller; Therefore, such motors are often used in many robot drives and CNC machines.

Piezo motors: A modern alternative to DC motors are piezo motors, also known as ultrasonic motors. The principle of their operation is very original: tiny piezoelectric

ical legs vibrating at a frequency of more than 1000 times per second cause the motor to move in a circle or straight line. The advantages of such engines are high nanometric resolution, speed and power, incommensurate with their size. Piezo motors are already available commercially and are also used on some robots.

Air muscles: Air muscles are a simple yet powerful device for providing traction. When pumping compressed air muscles are capable of contracting up to 40% of their length. The reason for this behavior is the weave, visible from the outside, which causes the muscles to be either long and thin, or short and thick[source not specified 987 days]. Because the way they work is similar to biological muscles, they can be used to produce robots with muscles and skeletons similar to those of animals.

Electroactive polymers: Electroactive polymers are a type of plastic that changes shape in response to electrical stimulation. They can be designed in such a way that they can bend, stretch or contract. However, at present there are no EAPs suitable for the production of commercial robots, since all existing samples of them are ineffective or fragile.

Elastic nanotubes: This is a promising experimental technology in the early stages of development. The absence of defects in nanotubes allows the fiber to elastically deform by several percent. The human bicep can be replaced with a wire made of this material with a diameter of 8 mm. Such compact “muscles” could help robots in the future overtake and jump over humans.

Ways to move

Wheeled and tracked robots

Walking robots

Other moving methods:

• Flying robots (including UAVs - unmanned aerial vehicles).
• Crawling robots.
• Robots moving on vertical surfaces.
• Floating robots.

Control systems

By controlling a robot we mean solving a set of problems related to adapting the robot to the range of tasks it solves, programming movements, and synthesizing a control system and its software.

Based on the type of control, robotic systems are divided into:

1. Biotechnical:

1.1. command (push-button and lever control of individual parts of the robot);

1.2. copying (repetition of human movement, possible implementation feedback, transmitting the applied force, exoskeletons);

1.3. semi-automatic (control of one command element, for example, a handle, the entire kinematic circuit of the robot);

2. Automatic:

2.1. software (operate in advance given program, are mainly intended for solving monotonous problems in constant environmental conditions);

2.2. adaptive (solve standard problems, but adapt to operating conditions);

2.3. intellectual (most developed automatic systems);

3. Interactive:

3.1. automated (alternation of automatic and biotechnical modes is possible);

3.2. supervisory (automatic systems in which a person performs only goal-directive functions);

3.3. interactive (the robot participates in a dialogue with a person on choosing a behavioral strategy, and as a rule, the robot is equipped with an expert system that can predict the results of manipulations and give advice on choosing a goal).

Among the main tasks of robot control are the following:

• planning provisions;
• movement planning;
• planning of forces and moments;
• dynamic accuracy analysis;
• identification of kinematic and dynamic characteristics of the robot.

In the development of methods for controlling robots, the achievements of technical cybernetics and the theory of automatic control are of great importance.

Subtypes of modern robots:

• Industrial robots

• Medical robots

• Household robots
• Security robots
• Combat robots

• Robot scientists

To date, robots have been introduced into many areas of human activity and continue to complement and sometimes replace human labor, both in dangerous species activities and in everyday life.

Science fiction writers of the 50s imagined the year 2000 with flying cars and robots living side by side with humans.
As we see, this has not yet happened, however, the field of robotics has gradually developed over the decades, sometimes rapidly, then its development subsided, but has now resumed unprecedented growth. Every month, thousands of different industrial robots are produced, humanoids and androids are being developed, scientists around the world are working on creating artificial intelligence, and all this is just the beginning.

Robotics is not an independent industry; first of all, it is a synergy of all the latest achievements of technical, natural sciences and information technology.

When we say “robot”, people are far from technology and imagine it something like in Soviet science fiction films with iron arms and legs. Of course, we put a much broader meaning into this concept.

The following groups of robots are distinguished:

1. Industrial - when they say “robotics” they mean, first of all, the development of this area.

2. The military is the only type that has been developed in Russia; they can also include robots that are liquidators of various accidents and natural disasters.

3. Space - these include satellites, rovers and anthropomorphic robots that help astronauts.

4. Household - cleaners, kitchen robots, companion robots.

5. Androids, humanoids - various anthropomorphic robots, whose goal is to improve the “humanity” of robots for various social purposes.

History of robotics

Automation and robotization of production in the capitalist world began in the 50s of the 20th century. It was at that time that the appearance of the first industrial robots can be attributed. They carried out the assembly of equipment and the simplest monotonous operations.
The first such robot was developed by self-taught inventor George Devol in 1954. The robotic arm weighed two tons and was controlled by a program recorded on a magnetic drum. The system was named Unimate, a patent was issued for the new device, and in 1961 the inventor founded the Unimation company.

The first robot was installed at the General Motors plant (at the foundry) in 1961. Then the new product was tested by Chrysler and Ford factories,

The Unimate system was used to work with cast metal parts that the manipulator removed from the casting molds. The gripping device was controlled by a hydraulic drive.
The robot had 5 degrees of freedom and a gripping device with two “fingers”. The accuracy of the work was very high up to 1.25 mm. And he was more efficient than a human - he worked faster and with fewer defects.

In 1967, industrial manipulators came to Europe. They are already expanding their functionality, mastering the profession of welder and painter. The robot gains “technical vision” through video cameras and sensors; it learns to determine the dimensions of products and their location.

In 1982, IBM developed official language for programming robotic systems. In 1984, Adept introduced the first electrically powered robot, Scara.
The new design made the robots simpler and more reliable, while maintaining high speed.

In the 90s, a controller appeared with an intuitive control interface that could be controlled by the operator, he could change parameters and adjust the operating mode. Since then, the capabilities of controlling robots and their functions have only developed, their complexity, speed, and number of axes have increased, various materials have begun to be used, the possibilities of development and control have become wider, and the first few confident steps have been taken towards artificial intelligence.

At the same time, in the USSR he was actually a leader in robotics. It all started back in the 30s. In 1936, 16-year-old Soviet schoolboy Vadim Matskevich created a robot that could raise its right arm. To do this, he spent 2 years of work in the turning workshops of the Novocherkassk Polytechnic University. Previously, at the age of 12, he created a small radio-controlled armored car that shot fireworks. The authorities drew attention to Matskevich’s “robot” and in 1937 he presented it at the 1937 World Exhibition in Paris.

At the turn of the 30s - 40s. XX century In the USSR, automatic lines for processing bearing parts also appeared, and in the late 40s. XX century For the first time in world practice, a comprehensive production of pistons for tractor engines was created with automation of all processes - from loading raw materials to packaging finished products.

In 1966, a manipulator for laying metal sheets was invented in Voronezh; in 1968, an underwater robot “Manta” with a sensitive gripping device was developed in Leningrad; it was subsequently improved. In 1969, the TsNITI of the Ministry of Defense Industry began developing the Universal-50 industrial robot. Subsequently active in automated systems were being developed for large-scale production.

In 1985, 40 thousand industrial robots were already in use and several times exceeded the number used in the United States. Automated lines were in full operation at AvtoVAZ in the 80s and were even attacked by “hacker” workers.

There were major military and space developments. A unique achievement at that time was the DBR-1 unmanned reconnaissance aircraft, which was adopted by the USSR Air Force back in 1964. Such a device could carry out reconnaissance missions over the entire territory of Western and Central Europe.

One of the most notable achievements of domestic robotics and science was the creation at the Design Bureau named after. Lavochkin "Lunokhod-1". Exactly Soviet apparatus became the world's first rover to successfully complete its mission on the surface of another celestial body.

In 1983, the unique anti-ship complex P-700 “Granit” was adopted by the USSR Navy. Its peculiarity was that during a salvo launch, the missiles could independently form a battle formation and exchange information with each other during the flight, independently distributing targets. In this case, one of the missiles of the complex could play the role of a leader, occupying a higher attack echelon.

“Humanoid robots” also developed: in 1962, the first robot guide, Rex, appeared - he conducted excursions for children at the Polytechnic Museum. They say he still "works" there.

More than 100 thousand units of industrial robotics were produced in the Soviet Union. They replaced more than one million workers, but in the 90s these robots disappeared.

IN further development Robotics is progressing at an accelerated pace, because key industries are developing - physics, chemistry, electrical engineering and, most importantly, electronics. Vacuum tubes were replaced by power electronics, later microcircuits, then microcontrollers... New materials, new automation methods and programming methods are appearing.

But this no longer applies to Russia and the CIS. Development primarily occurs in the United States, Southeast Asia and Western Europe.

Controlled robotic lines are being introduced in production; robotic manipulators are used in all industries, agriculture, medicine, space and, of course, in everyday life.

In some industries, up to 50% of the work is performed by industrial robots; for example, in the automotive industry, they can weld, paint, and move parts to another assembly area, where other robots will take care of them.

There are even 100% automated factories. There is a factory in Japan where robots assemble robots themselves. And they even prepare food for 2,000 people - the office center serving this plant.

In the 90s there was some decline. The introduction of robots using existing technologies into production did not bring the expected profit and funding for some large-scale projects was suspended. For a number of reasons - both economic and social - the expected boom did not happen; they remained as niche products for car assembly plants and a number of other industries.

A sharp jump occurred only in the mid-2000s and this development continues. First of all, due to the fact that the military became interested in robotics...

It is impossible to stop development and all countries that want to be at the forefront of global industry have to accept this and catch up.

Robot design and robotics tasks

There are six common tasks robotics:

1. Movement - movement in any environment
2. Orientation - being aware of your location
3. Manipulation - freely manipulate objects in the environment
4. Interaction - contact with others like yourself
5. Communication - communicate freely with a person
6. Artificial intelligence - the robot must independently decide how to carry out a human command

The most optimal movement of a robot on wheels and a tracked platform. It is these methods that provide the greatest stability and maneuverability.
Cross-country ability is more difficult for wheeled platforms - the wheel cannot overcome an obstacle higher than its radius. Wheel designs are constantly being improved, powerful servomotors are used, independent suspensions are being developed, and lug tires are used.

Quadruped and insectomorphic robots are stable (this means insect-shaped, several “legs”, usually 6). Such devices are often used for military purposes.

It took a very long time for the robot to learn to walk on two legs. Of all the existing ones, only the humanoid ASIMO from Honda copes well with this; it can not only walk steadily, but also climb stairs; the company has been developing it for more than 25 years
Most humanoid robots still move on a platform.

In addition to walking on the ground, certain models can crawl, swim and fly.

The robot orients itself in space using sensors, video cameras, and has the ability to “see” in the infrared range, detect ultrasonic vibrations and perceive thermal radiation.
The operator can also control it; he can be in the same room or several kilometers away.

All the stated problems of robotics are being solved to one degree or another. The robot becomes more perfect, it knows how to cooperate with other robots, learns to communicate with a person and understand him better.

An interesting scheme for training a space robot satellite; probably the same principle is used to configure other robotic systems. “Emotional learning,” as the developers call it. Its essence is that it contains an “emotional apparatus” that tells the companion what is “good” and what is “bad” for him. Good - if it targets a specific given object - this will increase the score, bad - if it deviates from it - the score will be reduced. Well, and so on until the device becomes stable “good”.
For example, this could be useful for space telescopes. Training is carried out with the help of an operator and takes about 20 minutes, the result is displayed in the knowledge base.

An astronaut can throw this particular device described into outer space: the satellite will perform the rest of the actions itself. The concept model was developed nervous system, which logically follows from the conditions in which the nervous system of all living organisms operates.
Robotics of the future can independently collect new knowledge, analyze it and apply it in practice.

Robotics is one of the most promising areas in the field of Internet technologies, and in our time there is no need to explain that the IT sector is the future. In addition, robotics may seem more interesting than anything else: designing a robot means almost creating a new creature, albeit an electronic one, which, of course, is attractive. However, in this industry too, everything can be difficult, especially at first. Together with experts, we will try to figure out why robotics is needed and how to approach it.

Robotics is one of the most promising areas in the field of Internet technologies, and in our time there is no need to explain that the IT sector is the future. Robotics is a fascinating thing: to design a robot is almost to create a new creature, albeit an electronic one.

Since the 60s of the last century, automated and self-governing devices that do some work for a person began to be used for research and in production, then in the service sector, and since then they have been taking their place in people’s lives more firmly every year. Of course, it cannot be said that in Russia everything is carried out entirely by independent mechanisms, but a certain vector in this direction is definitely outlined. Sberbank is already planning to replace three thousand lawyers with smart machines.

Together with experts, we will try to figure out why robotics is needed and how to approach it.

How does robotics for children differ from professional robotics?

In short, robotics for children is aimed at studying a subject, while professional robotics is aimed at solving specific problems. If specialists create industrial manipulators that perform various technological tasks, or specialized wheeled platforms, then amateurs and children, of course, do simpler things.

Tatyana Volkova, employee of the Center for Intelligent Robotics: “As a rule, this is where everyone starts: they figure out the motors and force the robot to simply drive forward, then make turns. When the robot executes movement commands, you can already connect a sensor and make the robot move towards the light or, conversely, “run away” from it. And then comes the favorite task of all beginners: a robot that drives along a line. There are even various robot races.”

How can you tell if your child has a penchant for robotics?

First you need to buy a construction set and see if your child likes assembling it. And then you can give it to the circle. Classes will help him develop fine motor skills, imagination, spatial perception, logic, concentration and patience.

The sooner you can decide on the direction of robotics - design, electronics, programming - the better. All three areas are vast and require separate study.

Alexander Kolotov, leading specialist in STEM programs at Innopolis University: “If a child likes to assemble construction sets, then construction will suit him. If he is interested in learning how things work, then he will enjoy doing electronics. If a child has a passion for mathematics, then he will be interested in programming.”

When to start learning robotics?

It is best to start studying and enrolling in clubs from childhood, however, not too early - at 8-12 years old, experts say. Before the child it is more difficult to grasp understandable abstractions, and later, in adolescence, he may develop other interests and become distracted. The child also needs to be motivated to study mathematics, so that in the future it will be interesting and easy for him to design mechanisms and circuits, and compose algorithms.

From 8-9 years old children can already understand and remember what a resistor, LED, capacitor is, and later master concepts from school physics ahead of schedule school curriculum. It doesn’t matter whether they become specialists in this field or not, the knowledge and skills they gain will definitely not be in vain.

At 14-15 years old you need to continue to study mathematics, push robotics classes into the background and start studying programming more seriously - to understand not only complex algorithms, but also data storage structures. Next comes the mathematical basis and knowledge in algorithmization, immersion in the theory of mechanisms and machines, design of electromechanical equipment of a robotic device, implementation of automatic navigation algorithms, computer vision algorithms and machine learning.

Alexander Kolotov: “If at this moment you introduce a future specialist to the basics of linear algebra, complex calculus, the theory of probability and statistics, then by the time he enters a university he will already have a good idea of ​​why he should pay additional attention to these subjects when receiving higher education.”

Which designers to choose?

Each age has its own educational programs, constructors and platforms, varying in degree of complexity. You can find both foreign and domestic products. There are expensive kits for robotics (around 30 thousand rubles and more), there are also cheaper, very simple ones (within 1-3 thousand rubles).

If the child 8-11 years, you can buy Lego or Fischertechnik construction sets (although, of course, manufacturers have offers for both younger and older ages). The Lego robotics kit has interesting details, colorful figures, is easy to assemble and comes with detailed instructions. The Fischertechnik series of construction kits for robotics brings you closer to the real development process, here you have wires, plugs, and a visual programming environment.

At 13-14 years old you can start working with TRIC or Arduino modules, which, according to Tatyana Volkova, is practically a standard in the field of educational robotics, as well as Raspberry. TRIC is more complex than Lego, but lighter than Arduino and Raspberry Ri. The last two already require basic programming skills.

What else will you need to study?

Programming. It is possible to avoid it only at the initial stage, but then you can’t live without it. You can start with Lego Mindstorms, Python, ROS (Robot Operating System).

Basic mechanics. You can start with crafts made from paper, cardboard, bottles, which is important for fine motor skills and general development. himself simple robot can be made from separate parts (motors, wires, photosensor and one simple microcircuit). The “Making Tool with Father Sperch” will help you get acquainted with the basic mechanics.

Basics of Electronics. First, learn how to collect simple circuits. For children under eight years old, experts recommend the “Connoisseur” construction set; then you can move on to the “Basics of Electronics” set. Start".

Where can children practice robotics?

If you see a child’s interest, you can send him to clubs and courses, although you can study on your own. During the courses, the child will be under the guidance of specialists, will be able to find like-minded people, and will engage in robotics on a regular basis.

It is also advisable to immediately understand what you want from classes: participate in competitions and compete for prizes, participate in project activities, or simply study for yourself.

Alexey Kolotov: “For serious classes, projects, participation in competitions, you need to choose clubs with small groups of 6-8 people and a coach who leads students to prizes in competitions, who constantly develops himself and gives interesting tasks. For hobby activities, you can go to groups of up to 20 people.”

How to choose robotics courses?

When registering for courses, pay attention to the teacher, recommends commercial director of Promobot Oleg Kivokurtsev. “There are precedents when a teacher simply gives the children the equipment, and then anyone can do whatever they want,” Tatyana Volkova agrees with Oleg. Such activities will be of little use.

When choosing courses, you should also pay attention to on the existing material and technical base. Are there construction kits (not just Lego), is it possible to write programs, study mechanics and electronics, and make projects yourself. Each pair of students should have their own robotics kit. Preferably with additional parts (wheels, gears, frame elements) if you want to participate in competitions. If several teams are working with one set at once, then, most likely, no serious competition is expected.

Find out what competitions the robotics club participates in. Do these competitions help you consolidate your acquired skills and provide an opportunity for further development?

Robocup Competition 2014

How to study robotics on your own?

Courses require money and time. If the first one is not enough and you won’t be able to go somewhere regularly, you can study independently with your child. It is important that parents have the necessary competence in this area: without the help of a parent, it will be quite difficult for a child to master robotics, warns Oleg Kivokurtsev.

Find material to study. They can be taken on the Internet, from ordered books, at conferences attended, from the magazine “Entertaining Robotics”. For self-study There are free online courses, for example, “Building robots and other devices using Arduino: from a traffic light to a 3D printer.”

Should adults learn robotics?

If you have already left childhood, this does not mean that the doors of robotics are closed for you. You can also enroll in courses or study it on your own.

If a person decides to do this as a hobby, then his path will be the same as that of a child. However, it is clear that it is unlikely that you will be able to advance beyond the amateur level without a professional education (design engineer, programmer and electronics engineer), although, of course, no one forbids you to get an internship in a company and stubbornly gnaw on the granite of a new direction for you.

Oleg Kivokurtsev: “It will be easier for an adult to master robotics, but time is an important factor.”

For those who have a similar specialty, but want to retrain, there are also various courses to help. For example, for machine learning specialists it will be suitable free online course in probabilistic robotics “Artificial intelligence in robotics.” There is also the Intel educational program, the Lectorium educational project, and ITMO distance courses. Don’t forget about books, for example, there is a lot of literature for beginners (“Basics of Robotics”, “Introduction to Robotics”, “Handbook for Robotics”). Choose what is most clear and suitable for you.

It should be remembered that serious work differs from amateur hobby at least in the cost of equipment costs and the list of tasks assigned to the employee. It’s one thing to assemble the simplest robot with your own hands, but quite another to practice, for example, computer vision. Therefore, it is still better to study the basics of design, programming and hardware engineering from an early age and subsequently, if you like it, enter a specialized university.

Which universities should I go to study at?

Majors related to robotics can be found at the following universities:

— Moscow Technological University (MIREA, MGUPI, MITHT);

— Moscow State Technical University named after. N. E. Bauman;

— Moscow State Technological University “Stankin”;

— National Research University “MPEI” (Moscow);

— Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology (Moscow);

— Moscow State Transport University of Emperor Nicholas II;

— Moscow State University of Food Production;

— Moscow State Forestry University;

— St. Petersburg State University of Aerospace Instrumentation (SSUAP);

— St. Petersburg National Research University of Information Technologies, Mechanics and Optics (ITMO);

— Magnitogorsk State Technical University;

— Omsk State Technical University;

— Saratov State Technical University;

— Innopolis University (Republic of Tatarstan);

— South Russian Federal University (Novocherkassk State Technical University).

The most important

Knowing the basics of robotics may soon be useful for ordinary people, and the opportunity to become a specialist in this field looks very promising, so it’s definitely worth at least trying your hand at robotics.

A robot is a programmable mechanical device that is capable of performing tasks and interacting with the external environment without human assistance. Robotics is the scientific and technical basis for the design, production and application of robots.

The word "robot" was first used by Czech playwright Karl Capek in 1921. His work Rossum's Universal Robots was about a class of slaves, artificially created humanoid servants fighting for their freedom. The Czech word "robota" means "forced slavery". The word "robotics" was first used by famous science fiction author Isaac Asimov in 1941.

Basic robot components

Robot components: body/frame, control system, manipulators, and chassis.

Body/frame: The body, or frame, of the robot can be of any shape and size. Initially, the body/frame provides the structure of the robot. Most people are familiar with humanoid robots used for filmmaking, but in reality, most robots have nothing in common with a human form. (NASA's Robonaft, introduced in the previous section, is an exception). Typically, a robot design focuses on functionality rather than appearance.

Control system: The robot's control system is the equivalent of the human central nervous system. It is designed to coordinate the control of all elements of the robot. Sensors react to the robot’s interaction with the external environment. Sensor responses are sent to CPU(CPU). The CPU processes data using software and makes decisions based on logic. The same thing happens when you enter a custom command.

Manipulators: To complete a task, most robots interact with the external environment as well as the world around them. Sometimes it is necessary to move environmental objects without direct participation from operators. Manipulators are not an element of the basic design of the robot, like its body/frame or control system, that is, the robot can work without a manipulator. This course focuses on the topic of manipulatives, especially Unit 6.

Chassis: Although some robots can perform assigned tasks without changing their location, robots are often required to be able to move from one location to another. To perform this task, the robot needs a chassis. The chassis is a driving means of movement. Humanoid robots are equipped with legs, while the running gear of almost all other robots is implemented using wheels.

Applications and examples of robots

Today, robots have many applications. Applications fall into three main categories:

• industrial robots;
• research robots;
• educational robots.

Industrial robots

In industry, high speed and precision are required to perform a huge number of jobs. For many years, people were responsible for carrying out such work. With the development of technology, the use of robots has made it possible to speed up and improve the accuracy of many production processes. This includes packaging, assembly, painting and palletizing. Initially, robots performed only special types of repetitive work that required compliance with a simple set of rules. However, with advances in technology, industrial robots have become much more agile and are now capable of making decisions based on complex feedback from sensors. Today, industrial robots are often equipped with vision systems. By the end of 2014, the International Robotics Federation predicted the use of industrial robots worldwide to be over 1.3 million units!

Robots can be used to perform complex, dangerous tasks, or tasks that humans are unable to perform. For example, robots are capable of defusing bombs, maintaining nuclear reactors, exploring the depths of the ocean and reaching the farthest reaches of space.

Research robots

Robots have a wide range of applications in the world of research, as they are often used to perform tasks that humans are helpless to perform. The most dangerous and complex environments are found below the Earth's surface. In order to study outer space and the planets of the solar system, NASA has historically used spacecraft, landers, and all-terrain vehicles with robotic functions.

Robots Pathfinder and Sojourner

For the Pathfinder Mars mission, a unique technology was developed to deliver an equipped lander and robotic rover, Sojourner, to the surface of Mars. Sojourner was the first rover sent to the planet Mars. The Sojourner rover weighs 11 kg (24.3 lb) on the surface of Earth and approx. 9 pounds and is comparable in size to a baby stroller. The all-terrain vehicle has six wheels and can move at speeds of up to 0.6 meters (1.9 feet) per minute. The mission was launched to the surface of Mars on July 4, 1997. Pathfinder not only completed its intended mission, but also returned to Earth with a huge amount of data collected and exceeded its design life.

All-terrain vehicles Spirit and Opportunity

The Mars Exploration Rovers (MER) Spirit and Opportunity were sent to Mars in the summer of 2003 and landed in January 2004. Their mission was to research and classify large quantity rocks and soils with the goal of finding traces of water on Mars, in hopes of sending a human mission to the planet. Although the planned duration of the mission was 90 days, in reality it exceeded six years. During this time, countless geological data about Mars were collected.

Robotic arm of a spaceship

When NASA designers first began designing the spacecraft, they were faced with the challenge of safely and efficiently delivering a huge, but fortunately weightless, volume of cargo and equipment into space. The Remote Manipulation System (RMS), or Canadarm (Canadian Remote Manipulator), made its first spacewalk on November 13, 1981.

The hand has six movable joints that simulate the human hand. Two joints are located in the shoulder, one in the elbow, and three more in the hand. At the end of the hand there is a gripping device capable of grasping or hooking the required load. In zero gravity, the arm is capable of lifting 586,000 pounds of weight and placing it with amazing precision. The total mass of the hand on the surface of the Earth is 994 pounds.

The RMS was used to launch and search for satellites, and also proved an invaluable aid to astronauts during the repair process of the Hubble Space Telescope. Canadarm's last mission as part of the spacecraft launched in July 2011 and was the robot's ninetieth mission.

Mobile service systems

Mobile service system(MSS) is a system similar to RMS and is also known as Canadarm 2. The system was designed to be installed on the International Space Station as an object manipulator. The MSS is designed to maintain equipment and instruments installed on the International Space Station, as well as to assist in the transportation of food and equipment within the station.

Dextre

As part of the STS-123 space mission in 2008, the Endeavor spacecraft carried the last part of the special purpose flexible manipulator Dextre.

Dextre is a robot equipped with two big hands. The robot is capable of performing precision assembly tasks previously performed by astronauts during spacewalks. Dextre can transport objects, operate tools, and install or remove equipment on the space station. Dextre is also equipped with lighting, video equipment, a tool base, and four tool holders. Sensors allow the robot to “feel” the objects it is handling and automatically respond to movements or changes. The team can monitor the work using four installed cameras.

The design of the robot resembles a person. His upper body can rotate at the waist, and his shoulders are supported by arms on either side.

Robots in education

Robotics has become exciting and accessible tool teaching and supporting STEM, design and problem-solving approaches. In robotics, students have the opportunity to realize themselves as designers, artists and technicians at the same time, using their own hands and heads. This opens up enormous possibilities for the application of scientific and mathematical principles.

IN modern system Education, given financial constraints, middle and high schools are constantly looking for cost-effective ways to teach complex programs that combine technology with multiple disciplines to students to prepare them for professional activity. Teachers immediately see the advantages of robotics and this training course, since they implement an interdisciplinary method of combining various disciplines. In addition, robotics offers the most affordable and reusable equipment.

Today, more than ever, schools are using robotics programs to bring life into the classroom. training courses and ensuring compliance with a wide range of academic standards required for students. Robotics not only provides a unique and broad basis for teaching a variety of technical disciplines, but also a field of technology that has a significant impact on the development of modern society.

Why is robotics important?

As can be seen from the section “Application possibilities and examples of robots,” robotics is a new field of technology used in many areas of human life. An important factor in the development of society is the education of all its members in terms of existing technologies. But this is not the only reason for the growing importance of robotics. Robotics uniquely combines the foundations of STEM (science, technology, engineering and mathematics) disciplines. During classroom learning, students explore different disciplines and their relationships using modern, technologically advanced, and engaging tools. In addition, the visual representation of projects required of students encourages them to experiment and be creative in finding aesthetically pleasing and workable solutions. By combining these aspects of work, students take their knowledge and capabilities to the next level.