Windows operating system. Features of the Windows operating system

So what is Windows? It is an operating system that is used on many computers. There is a nine to one chance that you, the person reading this note, are an operating room user Windows systems. Now there are many operating systems in the world, they all have the same purpose, but there are a lot of differences. I will give the names of some of them:

Windows.
Linux.
Unix.

This is NOT a complete list of operating systems. What do you think is the basis of smartphone control? Yes, yes, operating systems, and there are also several varieties of them.

The OS names that I gave above are not complete, as they have several versions. Some differ in the time of creation, others in functionality. There are about ten of them in Windows alone.

There is another purpose of the operating system, besides managing the PC hardware. This is ease of use. This is currently being implemented graphical interface, which allows you to work not by entering commands, but by simply clicking the mouse button and selecting the appropriate items for the desired operations (copy, delete, run, etc.). But this was not always the case. Previously, everything worked on the command interface, i.e. To enter any folder, you had to enter the full path to it and the corresponding command. Not everyone could do this, because there are a lot of commands, and it would be difficult to remember everything. Ease of use and an intuitive, simple graphical interface are everything. After all, most people do not know a computer, and it will be easier for them to work on a less efficient operating system, but more convenient to use.

If you are a complete newbie to computers, and you have a question - what operating system to install on your computer, I will definitely give only one answer - Windows. Why her? After all, Windows is not the most best system, and there are more viruses written for it, and there are more glitches, but still, why is it? Along with its shortcomings, it has a very big plus, which completely covers them all, and gives its own fat advantages. This advantage is called mass character. The Windows operating system is the most widespread in the world; it is installed on 90% of computers in the world. Almost all games and programs are developed for this operating system.

But this is the main factor in purchasing a computer. Why do you need it? Regardless of what it is for, for work or for home, you will still work with programs. And you will not have any problems launching your favorite games, players, text editors and other applications necessary for computer life.

Mass distribution also provides another undeniable advantage - most equipment manufacturers computer equipment produce hardware compatible with Windows. This means that there will be much fewer conflict situations. This system is also easy to maintain, operate and install. After all, even a person who does not understand computers can install it.

Now let's talk about what we touched on at the very beginning - the word Windows. Why is this operating system called exactly that? The thing is that the graphical interface controls are based on windows. You go to “Movies” - a window opens with the contents of this folder, you launch a program - it opens in a window, the same can be said about all programs running under Windows.

Desktop (PC) - initial state MS Windows dialog environment. The PC opens on the screen after starting MS Windows. On the “surface” of the PC there are shortcuts to the most frequently used applications, documents, folders, and devices.

When preparing Windows 7, Microsoft paid special attention to user interaction with computers. Many studies and surveys have been conducted to optimize the interface.

The first thing that attracts attention is the redesigned taskbar. Microsoft has decided to stop using text descriptions for buttons. They have been replaced by larger icons that can finally be regrouped.

Right-clicking on the icon opens a new Jump Lists window, the items of which allow you to access the main and frequently used features of the application. In addition, the user will be able to independently make changes to the list of Jump Lists commands. The good news is that all these features are implemented through the operating system API, so software developers will not need to make changes to their products.

Window management has also been redesigned. In fact, the user simultaneously works with 1-2 windows, while the remaining 10-15 are in the background. Now moving a window to the top of the screen automatically expands it to full screen, and when reverse action the window size returns to its original state. Moving a window to the left or right causes it to be displayed at 50% of the screen width.

Sometimes the user only needs to view the contents of a window (take a “quick look”), and not work with it. In this case, by hovering the mouse over the image of the desired window, you can make all other windows transparent. All windows will be restored after moving the mouse to another area of the screen.

Due to the growing popularity mobile devices There was a need to reconsider the functioning of the sidebar. Now gadgets can be placed directly on the desktop. In this case, using the “quick glance” feature will become even more relevant.

Principles of operating system organization.

The concept of the Windows operating system.

Operating system (OS)- This main program PC. It allows you to run programs, organizes their work, distributes memory between them, organizes disk access, allows us to work with a printer, keyboard, mouse...

Personal PC operating systems are divided into multitasking ( Windows, OS/2, Mac OS, Unix, etc. ) and single-tasking (MS-DOS, DR-DOS, etc.).

Single-tasking is a thing of the past computer technology. They can have exactly one program running at a time.

Multitasking ones allow you to work with several programs in parallel - the number of these programs depends only on the power of the system; as long as there is enough memory, you can run more and more programs...

The most common multitasking OS is Microsoft Windows. Among other operating systems for PCs, one can note the increasingly popular Linux OS (Linux) from the Unix family, and one can also note the BeOS (Bios) and OS/2 systems from IBM. On a Macintosh PC, the MacOS system is used.

Typically the OS is stored on a hard drive. System disk is a disk where the main modules of the operating system and service programs that expand its capabilities are stored. When you turn on the computer, the OS automatically loads its programs from system disk V RAM and transfers control to them.

Microsoft Windows is a multitasking 32-bit network operating system with a graphical interface and advanced system capabilities. Two families of Windows OS have been developed.

Windows 95/98/Me– a powerful desktop OS optimized for multimedia applications.

Windows NT/2000– a powerful universal network OS for business computing. Available in two main versions:

server– server OS optimized for use as a file, print and application server;
workstation– desktop OS optimized for use as a high-performance secure network client and enterprise OS.

All OS families Microsoft Windows have the following general properties:

have a single graphic interface Windows user 95 ;
support multitasking And multi-threaded calculations;
have built-in support multimedia.
support various hardware platforms: Intel-compatible, RISC-based and PowerPC-based;
support FAT file system.

In addition, Windows NT/2000 has additional properties:

Protection. Windows NT/2000 has more reliable protection files, folders, printers and other computer resources at the user level, while Windows 95/98/Me provides protection only at the resource level.
Reliability. Each application in Windows NT/2000 runs in its own address space. Applications that crash do not affect other applications or the OS as a whole. Properties of the Windows NT/2000 architecture protect the OS from incorrectly running applications.

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At a time when work on Windows was just beginning, Microsoft, led by President Bill Gates, set itself the task of creating a platform for developers. It was supposed to provide developers with built-in functions for implementing the user interface and its components - windows, menus, dialog panels, which could be controlled using the keyboard or mouse.

At the moment, the Microsoft Windows operating system in all its manifestations is undoubtedly considered the most widespread operating system in the world.

History of creation and stages of development

Throughout the history of the OS, ten main versions of the system have been released: from the one developed by Bill Gates Windows 1.0 to latest Windows 10.

Start

The press conference, held in November 1985 in Las Vegas, smoothly flowed into the presentation of a new product - Microsoft Windows 1.0.

The original Windows 1.0 environment looked “pale”. The windows on the screen did not overlap, but had buttons for resizing and could be moved with the mouse.

However, Windows 1.0 was not an independent operating system and was only a graphical add-on over DOS. Because of this, many users, by inertia, continued to use the “Command Line” to control the system, although there was mouse support in the system.

For Windows 1.0, a few application programs were supplied: Aldus Page Maker 1.0 (ported from the Macintosh) and the In-A-Vision graphics package from Micrografx. Both programs ran extremely slowly, even on PC AT class computers.

Clearly, fundamental changes were required for Windows to take the lead. Two significant events occurred in 1987: the first version of the electronic control system was announced Excel tables for Windows and new version Windows environment.

Improvements:Windows2.0 andWindows 3.0

Second and third Windows versions were also a “shell” for MS-DOS, but had a number of innovations. In 2.0, released on December 9, 1987, it became possible to arrange windows one above the other in any order, the “Control Panel” (which is still used today), and also program description files (PIF files) appeared for the first time. It also became the first Windows platform to feature Microsoft applications Word Microsoft Word -- word processor, designed for creating, viewing and editing text documents, with local application of the simplest forms of table-matrix algorithms. and Excel Microsoft Excel is a program for working with spreadsheets. .

The third version, which appeared on May 22, 1990, received the “Program Manager” and “File Manager”, as well as updated version"Control Panels" and "Solitaire" Solitaire. In addition, the new operating system looks much better thanks to support for 256 colors in the VGA video adapter and changes to the graphical interface.

Among manufacturing companies software Windows hysteria truly began: everything that could and could not be transferred to this environment; was called for Windows: compilers, spreadsheets, graphics packages, games, communication programs.

WindowsNT.

Windows NT, released in July 1993, is designed to be a high-end OS. One of the most important innovations was the use of a new file NTFS systems, providing high reliability of the file system and virtually any failure recovery.

Windows 95

A full-fledged Microsoft OS system appeared only in August 1995. Compared to 3.0, Windows 95 had a huge number of innovations. The Start menu, icons for quick access to files and applications on the desktop appeared, and a browser appeared Internet Explorer. Windows 95 brought significant improvements to the Windows architecture,

Windows 9 8

Windows 98 was introduced on June 25, 1998. It was more consumer-oriented, introducing a number of user interface improvements, an active desktop, the ability to minimize a window by clicking on the window title, back and forward buttons, and an address bar in Windows Explorer.

Windows2000 andWindowsME

In 2000, the company introduced two completely different operating systems - Windows 2000 and Windows ME. Windows ME was heavily criticized by users due to its instability and unreliability, frequent freezes and crashes (this version is still considered one of the worst Microsoft products.

In Windows 2000 they played an important role automatic updates, first appeared energy saving mode, plug and play concept. operating user interface program

WindowsXPAndWindowsVista

The triumphant introduction of Windows XP took place in October 2001. The new OS featured a new graphical interface design, text smoothing on LCD monitors, and the ability fast switching between users and many other nice features.

After the tremendous success of Windows XP, Microsoft released Windows Vista (2007). The new OS turned out to be extremely mediocre and took first place in the “Failure of the Year” competition.

Windows 7, Windows 8, Windows 10

Microsoft's next operating system, Windows 7, was introduced on October 22, 2009. An important feature of the new system is closer integration with driver manufacturers: most are detected automatically. The main disadvantage of the system is, again, high system requirements, due to which the autonomy of laptops in some cases was reduced by up to 30%.

In October 2012, Microsoft introduced another product - Windows 8. The new system received a radically new interface, more “tailored” for use on tablets. So, in Windows 8 the Start button has disappeared, in its place is access to the Metro interface.

Latest on at the moment Microsoft's operating system is Windows 10, introduced in July 2015. Windows 10 should bring all devices together, including embedded systems, smartphones, tablets, laptops, PCs and gaming consoles.

Conclusion

Windows can rightfully be called an integral part of an entire generation of PC users. Thanks to Microsoft's OS, millions of people have discovered information Technology and access to the global network.

To OS features Windows include:

· Preemptive multitasking (the processor switches between programs).

· United software interface- this is the ability to create data in some programs and transfer them to others.

· Unified user interface. This means that the interface of applications (programs written to run under the OS) is standardized, which means that having studied one program, it is easier to master others.

· Unified hardware-software interface. Windows OS itself ensures compatibility of a variety of hardware and programs. Equipment manufacturers only strive to work with Windows, and then the OS takes care of ensuring the operation of the devices. Windows OS has introduced a new standard for self-installing devices ( plug and play ). Connection of such devices occurs automatically. The OS itself “learns” what is installed on the computer and configures itself to work with the new equipment.

The advantages of Windows include:

Accurate display principle WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get). When working with a document, the user sees an image on the screen that almost completely corresponds to what will be obtained after printing on the printer.

· Convenient principles of working with the mouse.

· Built-in network capabilities and Internet support.

· Special features for users with health conditions.

References

1. Dan Holme, Nelson Rest, Daniel Rest. Setting up Active Directory. WINDOWS Server 2008. 2011. 959 pp.

2. Microsoft. Welcome to Windows 7. 2010. 140 pp.

3. Weltner T. Studying Windows Vista. Official Microsoft course. 2008 336 pp.

4. Gladky A.A. Windows XP Registry. 2005 272 pp.

5. Andy Rathbone. Windows 10 For Dummies. 2017 480 pp.

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Windows operating system

Informatics

The discipline “Informatics” belongs to the disciplines of the basic part of the mathematical and natural science cycle of the federal state educational standards of higher professional education (FSES HPE) for all areas of training. When studying computer science, an important role is given to mastering the professional skills of a personal computer user who owns basic information processing software.

This tutorial is integral part educational and methodological complex in the discipline “Informatics”. In accordance with the discipline program, the manual discusses the main functions and characteristics of operating systems (OS) of personal computers, the Windows XP operating system (hereinafter referred to as Windows OS); basics of working with objects and controls; basic operations with files and folders in OS windows and using file managers.

IN textbook presented:

· background information with elements of theory on the topic being studied;

· guidelines for performing laboratory work;

· basic and additional technological techniques necessary to perform laboratory work;

· individual control tasks;

· test tasks to assess the mastery of basic didactic units.

Studying this topic and performing laboratory work contributes to the formation of general cultural and professional competencies among students in accordance with the requirements of the Federal State Educational Standard for Higher Professional Education, necessary for solving educational and professional problems in the conditions of informatization of modern society.

1 Operating systems of personal computers.

Basic concepts of operating systems

Purpose of studying the topic– study of the basic functions and characteristics of the operating system of personal computers.

Topic questions:

· Basic concepts of operating systems.

· OS types for personal computers.

· Basics of working with the Windows XP operating system.

Having studied the topic, the student must:

know:

· basic concepts, functions and classification of operating systems;

· main types of OS for personal computers;

be able to:

· work with Windows OS objects and controls;

· work with Windows OS Main Menu commands.

have the skills:

· working with Windows OS objects and controls;

· work with different versions Windows OS.

When mastering the topic you must:

· study theoretical material;

· pay attention to the basic concepts, functions and classification of the OS;

· consider the features of the OS, paying special attention to information about the Windows OS;

· perform laboratory work to gain skills on the topic being studied; master the tools and techniques for working with Windows OS objects and controls and the technology for working with folders and document files.

operating system(OS) – a set of software that provides control of computer hardware and application programs, as well as their interaction with each other and the user.

The OS is usually stored on disks. When you turn on the computer, it is read from disk memory and is located in RAM. This process is called loading the operating system or booting the computer.

The OS can be called computer management software. In the main OS functions includes:

· ensuring dialogue with the user;

· input/output control;

· launching programs for execution;

· planning and organizing the data processing process;

· distribution of resources (RAM, processor, external devices) between running programs;

· organization of storage and access to data on external storage devices;

· data transfer between internal devices computer or computers,

· service functions.

OS are classified:

· by the number of simultaneously performed tasks on single-tasking And multitasking.

Single-tasking operating systems perform the function of providing the user with virtual computer, making it simple and user-friendly interface interaction with a computer, controls peripheral devices and files. Multitasking OS, in addition to the above functions, manages the division of shared resources such as the processor, RAM, files and external devices;

· by the number of concurrent users on single-user And multi-user.

The main difference between multi-user operating systems and single-user operating systems is the availability of means to protect each user’s information from unauthorized access by other users;

· on the characteristics of resource management algorithms on local And network.

Local operating systems manage the resources of an individual computer, and network operating systems participate in managing network resources;

· according to the method of processor time distribution between several processes running simultaneously in the system on the OS with non-preemptive multitasking And with preemptive multitasking.

With non-preemptive multitasking, the scheduling mechanism is distributed between the system and application programs, and with preemptive multitasking, the task scheduling mechanism is entirely concentrated in the OS. In non-preemptive multitasking, the active process runs until it voluntarily transfers control to the operating system to select another process ready to run from the queue. With preemptive multitasking, the decision to switch the processor from one process to another is made by the operating system, and not by the active process itself;

· by hardware orientation on personal computer operating systems, servers, mainframes, clusters;

· depending on hardware platforms on dependent And mobile.

In mobile operating systems, hardware-dependent places are localized in such a way that when the system is transferred to a new platform, only they are rewritten. A means to facilitate the transfer of an OS to another type of computer is to write it in a machine-independent language, for example, C [C];

· according to the specific areas of use on OS batch processing, time sharing, real time.

Batch processing systems are designed to solve computational problems that do not require quick results. The main goal and criterion for the effectiveness of batch processing systems is maximum throughput, that is, solving the maximum number of problems per unit of time. In time-sharing systems, each user is provided with a terminal from which he can conduct a dialogue with his program. Each task is allocated a slice of CPU time, so that no single task takes up the CPU for very long. If the time slice is chosen to be small, then all users simultaneously working on one computer will have the impression that each of them is solely using the machine. Real-time systems are used to control various technical objects and technological processes, when there is a maximum permissible time during which a particular object control program must be executed. Failure to complete the program on time can lead to an emergency. Thus, the criterion for the effectiveness of real-time systems is their ability to withstand predetermined time intervals between launching a program and obtaining a result - a control action.

Each operating system has its own command language, which allows the user to perform certain actions. Analysis and execution of user commands, including loading programs into RAM and their execution, is carried out by the OS command processor.

OS interfaces. According to the implementation of the user interface, there are non-graphic And graphic operating systems. The following types of user interfaces are distinguished:

· interface command line (implement non-graphical operating systems) – the main control device is the keyboard.

Control commands are entered into the command line field, where they can be edited. The execution of the command begins after it is approved, for example, by pressing the ENTER key. For IBM PC platform computers, the command line interface is provided by a family of operating systems under the general name MS-DOS (versions from MS-DOS 1.0 to MS-DOS 6.2);

· GUI(implement graphical operating systems) - a type of interface in which, in addition to the keyboard, a mouse or an adequate positioning device can be used as a control.

GUI– a system of windows, dialog panels and controls that provide interactive dialogue between the user and the OS, programs and applications.

Working with a graphical OS is based on the interaction of active and passive on-screen controls. The active control element is the mouse pointer - a graphic object whose movement on the screen is synchronized with the movement of the mouse. Graphical application controls (dialog panel elements - buttons, switches, checkboxes, drop-down lists, etc.; menu bars and many others) act as passive controls. The nature of the interaction between active and passive controls is chosen by the user.

In the software and OS sector, the leading positions are occupied by IBM, Microsoft, Novell, Apple, etc.

Types of OS for personal computers. The most common types of operating systems for personal computers (PCs):

· OS MS DOS (Microsoft Disk Operating System - disk operating system from MicroSoft) is the most common operating system for 16-bit personal computers, created in 1981 by order of IBM for the IBM PC.

Main characteristics of the first versions of MS DOS: work on a PC with only one user and one program; work only with floppy disks, keyboard and monitor (then support for new devices using drivers appeared); hierarchical support file structure; availability service programs– utilities, etc.

Advantages of MS DOS: compactness; modest PC requirements; performing the minimum necessary functions. Disadvantages of MS DOS: single-tasking (although there are software tools that allow you to run multiple DOS programs and switch between them); poor means of protection against unauthorized access and collective work with data; lack of a standard interface.

The inability to introduce fundamental improvements to MS DOS led to the creation of new operating systems.

· Unix OS. UNIX– a group of portable, multitasking and multi-user operating systems. The first UNIX system was developed in 1969. Today, UNIX is used primarily on servers and also as embedded systems for various hardware. In the OS market for workstations and home use UNIX has given way to other operating systems, primarily Microsoft Windows, although existing software solutions for Unix systems make it possible to implement full-fledged workstations for both office and home use.

The main factors ensuring the popularity of Unix: compatibility with other platforms, openness of the system; multitasking; support for international standards; simple user interface; single hierarchical file system; large number applications.

· Linux OS . The creation of the Linux system began in 1991 by Finnish student Linus Torvalds, who distributed the first prototype of his operating system (open source) on the Internet. source code) and called on everyone who liked it or not to respond to his work. From that moment on, many programmers began to support Linux, adding device drivers, developing various applications etc. The atmosphere of enthusiasts working on a useful project, as well as the free distribution and use of source codes, became the basis of the Linux phenomenon. Currently, Linux is a very powerful server stable system, and at the same time free.

The Linux kernel supports multitasking, virtual memory, dynamic-link libraries, lazy loading, efficient memory management, and many networking protocols.

· Windows OS. Microsoft Windows OS (windows from English - windows) is a family of operating systems from Microsoft. Chronology of releases of major versions of Windows OS:

Windows NT 3.1 (1993);

Windows 2000 - Windows NT 5.0 (2000);

Windows XP - Windows NT 5.1 (2001);

Windows Vista - Windows NT 6.0 (2006);

Windows 7 - Windows NT 6.1 (2009);

Windows 8 - Windows NT 6.2 (2012);

Windows 10 (2014).

The main strategic goal of creating the Windows 9x families was to transfer users to new 32-bit programs while maintaining the continuity of programs written for MS-DOS. Windows 9x - an OS with a graphical interface and advanced network capabilities, was used on both desktop and laptop computers.

Windows NT (NT - from the English New Technology) is a 32-bit OS with built-in network support and advanced multi-user tools. The Windows NT family is a preemptive multitasking operating system. This operating system is very convenient for users working within local network, for collaborative users, especially for teams working on large projects and sharing data.

The Windows 2000 family is an operating system for business use on a wide variety of computers, from laptops to servers. This OS is one of the best for conducting business on the Internet.

Windows XP is a continuation of the development of Windows 2000. This OS is mainly aimed at client PCs.

Windows Vista (“vista” - “new opportunities”, “opening prospects” - network OS. This version provides increased security and reliability of data, compatibility with most modern means communications, simplified OS installation on several computers.

Windows 7 is a version of the operating system that focuses on speed, application and device compatibility, reliability, security, and increasing laptop battery life.

Windows Mobile is a new generation OS designed for use in mobile computing devices and has a number of improved characteristics.

Windows 8, an operating system belonging to the Microsoft Windows OS family, uses a new interface called Metro, uses techniques Windows operation 7.

Windows 10 is an operating system belonging to the Windows OS family; single OS for different devices: computer, smartphone, tablet or any other gadget. The OS has a single development platform and a single application store.

Basics of working with the Windows XP operating system. The basics of working with the Windows XP operating system come down to studying objects and controls Desktop And Taskbars.

Windows OS desktop. After turning on the computer and starting Windows OS, you can see on the screen Desk– Windows OS system object (Figure 1.1), a graphical environment on which displays objects(in the form of graphic icons) and controls (Taskbar– horizontal bar at the bottom of the screen).

Windows OS objects. All objects in Windows OS are presented in the form graphic icons(pictograms). The objects are system folders, folders with documents(files), separate documents(files), web pages, applications or programs etc.

TO system folders include My Computer, Network Places, and Recycle Bin. My Computer is a special folder that provides access to the main elements of the PC, allows you to view the contents of disks and perform various operations with files and folders (launching programs, copying, moving, deleting files, creating folders, etc.). Recycle Bin is a special folder used to temporarily store the names of deleted objects from which they can be restored). Network Neighborhood is a special folder that is used to view the contents of the disks of computers connected to the local network and perform various operations on them.

Folder(directory) – a named location on the disk where file names, information about the size of the files, and the time they were created are stored. Folders are used to organize programs and documents on the disk and can contain both files and other folders. All folders in Windows OS are marked with a folder icon. File– a sequence of bytes that has a name and is stored in long-term (external) memory. A file is the basic unit of storage that allows a computer to distinguish one set of data from another. Files of the same type are indicated by the same icons. Document – a file that is created and processed by an application in Windows (for example, a text document created in the Word office application). Application- This application program , which is designed specifically for Windows OS and has a single user interface with the OS (for example, Word applications, Excel, etc. included in the MS Office package). Program is an ordered sequence of commands that a computer executes in the process of data processing (there are basic, system, utility and application programs).

Figure 1.1 – WINDOWS OS desktop

For quick access to objects frequently used in work, it is advisable to use Desktop labels for these objects. Label(graphic icon with a small slanted arrow) – a link to an object located in another location. From a Windows OS point of view label- This special file, which stores data about the parameters and position of an object on disk. When contacting shortcut the system, using the information about the location of the object stored in it, finds and launches (calls up on the screen) the object.

Icons and labels of objects have labels - inscriptions that are located under them. Object icons and shortcuts allow you to manage these objects. The techniques for working with icons and labels are the same, but the consequences of these actions may differ. For example, deleting (or moving) an icon results in deleting (or moving) the object, copying an icon results in copying the object; deleting (or moving) a shortcut leads to deleting (or moving) the pointer, but not the object; copying a shortcut leads to copying the pointer, but not the object. You can open (launch) an object by double-clicking on the icon or shortcut of this object.

Using shortcuts when working with objects provides significant convenience for the user:

· saves time due to quick access to the object associated with the shortcut;

· saves space on your hard drive, because there is no need to copy the file to other folders, which would lead to a significant consumption of work space on the hard drive (and you can create an unlimited number of shortcuts for one object);

· there is no problem with data synchronization, because By launching a file from different folders through the shortcuts placed in them, only one object associated with the shortcuts is always edited, which is especially important when sharing data.

Windows OS controls. Taskbar – one of the main controls of Windows OS. In the left corner Taskbars there is a Start button that opens Main menu Windows OS, with which the user gains access to all programs installed under the OS, files (documents), system resources, all means of setting it up, and PC shutdown mode. To the right of the Start button is Panel quick launch , in which the user places icons of the programs with which he works most often. Next are buttons active applications and open folders and files that appear in Taskbars immediately after launching the corresponding application or opening a folder or file. The button always shows the name of the open object. Click on the button in Taskbars Brings the object's window to the foreground. In the right corner Taskbars located Display panel(notification area), where current time indicators, Ru(En) keyboard layouts and others are located. Other icons temporarily appear in the notification area to indicate the status of ongoing operations (for example, after you send a document to print, a printer icon appears in the notification area while the document is printing). Taskbar– customizable panel. You can resize it, move it, apply auto-hide, change its appearance, etc. Commands for changing settings can be called from context menu Taskbars or the Start button (PropertiesÞTaskbarÞTaskbar Appearance).

Working with the mouse. After Windows loads, a graphical object called a mouse cursor appears on the screen. “Mouse” is a manipulator-type control device for working with a graphical interface. Moving the mouse on the table causes the cursor to move on the screen, making it possible to position it on object icons or application controls.

Structurally, a standard “mouse” consists of 2 keys and a scroll wheel (or 3 keys). One of the mouse keys is the main one (usually the left one); it is used to perform actions with objects (for example, selecting and moving objects around the screen, etc.). The second key (usually the right one) is called an additional or context menu key. Control techniques using the mouse - clicking and dragging.

Mouse actions:

· freezing(pointing to an object) – hovering the mouse pointer over an object icon or control element (in this case, a tooltip appears on the screen, briefly characterizing the properties of the object);

· click(simple click) – pressing and releasing the left mouse button (for example, to select an object or menu item);

· double click – two quick clicks with the left mouse button at the same point on the screen (for example, selecting an object and launching it, or opening a menu item);

· right click– pressing and releasing the right mouse button, which calls up a context menu containing commands that are valid when working with the selected object, and depends on the current state (context) of the object;

· drag and drop(drag-and-drop - drag and leave) - pressing and holding the left mouse button while moving it (this causes objects to move around the screen, which ends if you release the button);

· stretching“mouse” (click-and-drag - click and drag) - is performed like dragging, but this does not move the object, but changes its shape (for example, changing the size of a window);

· special drag– is performed in the same way as dragging, but when the right mouse button is pressed, a special dragging menu appears with a set of possible commands (convenient to use, for example, when copying or moving folders, selected paragraphs of text, table cells, etc.).

Windows OS windows. The term "windows" translated from English means "windows". Working in Windows OS comes down to working with windows. Based on the presence of homogeneous control and design elements, several types of windows are distinguished: folder windows, dialog boxes(dialog panels), help windows, application windows, document windows. Window- This is a rectangular area of the screen limited by frames, inside which various Windows programs are executed. Each program has its own window, and all windows have the same structure and set of controls. Having mastered the basic operations with windows, the user receives the necessary skills to work with any Windows program.

The Windows OS folder window contains the following required elements (Figure 1.2):

· header line(1) – in the left corner contains system icon, the appearance of which depends on the category of the object, when you click on this icon, it opens service menu , whose commands allow you to control the size and position of the window on Desktop, when you call the context menu, it opens system menu;next to system icon indicated open folder name(or applications); right in title line there are three window control buttons( – Minimize, which temporarily minimizes the window as a button in Taskbar, or – replaceable buttons Expand or Collapse to window, which “expand” the window to full screen or switch the viewing mode from full screen to normal window mode, – Close, which removes the window from the screen and stops working with the object);

· window menu bar(2) – has a standard appearance for Windows OS windows, contains a list of commands, thematically grouped into items; When you click on each item, a “drop-down” menu opens containing a specific group of commands, and if an ellipsis sign is shown, a dialog panel opens with additional information, if an arrow is shown (black triangle or double arrows), then nested pop-up menu items open; V window menu bar The items File, Edit, View, Favorites, Tools, Help, and others are always present possible options depend on the category of the object;

· toolbar(3) – a customizable panel (View Toolbar), contains command buttons (icons) that provide quick access to the most frequently used commands from window menu;

· address bar(4) – allows you to quickly navigate to other sections of the file structure (for example, to a folder on another disk);

· work area(5) – the inner part of the window, contains subfolders or document windows; Next to it is a list of tasks, you can select a file or folder, and then select a task that allows you to rename, copy, move or delete that file or folder, you can also send the file by email or publish it on the Internet; in addition to the main tasks for files and folders, there are several folders with links to specialized tasks;

· scroll bars – horizontal and vertical (6) – appear if the dimensions work area the windows are not sufficient to view the entire contents of the object; scroll bars have a slider and two end buttons; scrolling is performed by clicking on one of the end buttons, dragging the slider, or clicking on the scroll bar above or below the slider;

· status bar(7) – contains current information about the object;

· window borders(8) – frame limiting the window on four sides; The window size can be changed by doing dragging left mouse button behind the frame or behind the “ eyelet"(bottom right frame element).

Figure 1.2 – My Computer folder window

Windows OS dialog panels. In addition to object windows, when working with Windows OS, you often have to deal with dialog panels(interactive panels with various controls), which serve to organize a dialogue between the PC and the user, in particular: to communicate any information to the user (Figure 1.3); to receive a response to any request (Figure 1.4); to select an object or set its parameters (Figure 1.5).

In the first case, the user must take note of the reported information and click OK (Figure 1.3), in the second case, click the desired button to answer the request (Figure 1.4).

In the third case dialog panel may contain the controls needed to select the desired commands. In appearance, such panels can be single-page or multi-page (Figure 1.5).

To the main controls dialog panels include:

· tabs– “pages” of the dialog panel, selection tabs

· buttons– pressing the button performs an action (function embedded in the button), the inscription on the button explains its purpose;

· input fields(text fields) – edit fields; to enter text information, you should left-click in input field and enter the desired text from the keyboard;

· lists– a set of suggested values; dropdown list– a text field equipped with a button with a downward arrow; the list is expanded by left-clicking the mouse;

· switches (white circle) – to select one of the mutually exclusive options, the choice is made by clicking the left mouse button, the selected option is indicated by a circle with a dot inside;

· checkboxes(square with a “checkmark”) – assign certain values to the parameter (checkboxes can be located either in groups or individually), setting checkboxes carried out by clicking the left mouse button;

· counters– a pair of arrows that allow you to change discretely (step by step) the value in the field associated with it by clicking the left mouse button on the arrow;

· sliders– sliders for smoothly changing parameters;

· display window(or Sample line) – shows the result of the settings made.

Figure 1.5 – Multi-page dialog panel: setting object parameters

You can use the Tab key to move from one group of dialog box elements to another, and the cursor keys to move between elements within a group. Many dialog panels are multi-page. Figure 6 shows a multi-page dialog panel. The OS will make the changes specified in the dialog box only if the OK (or Apply) key is pressed; selecting the Cancel key will save the previous settings and close dialog panel.

Structure and purpose of the Windows OS Main Menu. Main menu- one of the main system elements Windows OS management. It opens by clicking on the Start button in Taskbars. Appearance Main menu can be changed. Commands for changing settings can be accessed from the context menu of the Start button (PropertiesÞStart MenuÞCustomize...). Classic look Main menu and the view adopted in Windows XP have only external differences. From a structure point of view, Main menu contains two sections - mandatory, created by the OS, and optional, created by the user.

Main sections Main menu Windows XP (Figure 1.6): 1 – current user name (formed when creating a user account); 2 – Internet programs for viewing web pages and email(the choice of program type is set by the user during setup); 3 – list of recently used programs (the number of items is determined by the user during setup); 4 – main system folders (the user sets the display during setup); 5 – configuration tools; 6 – help, support, search; 7 – programs; 8 – log out and turn off the PC. Main menu– multi-level: when you hover the mouse over an item, a system of nested menu items opens.

The system folders My Documents, My Pictures and My Music are used to store text documents, pictures (photos and other graphic files) And sound files respectively. Paragraph Recent Documents opens access to shortcuts to the last fifteen documents the user worked with. My Computer item - opens a special system folder, which provides access to the file structure.

Basic configuration tools - items Main menu Control Panel (allows you to customize the appearance and functionality of your PC, install and uninstall programs, configure network connections, etc.) and Printers and Faxes (displays installed devices and allows you to add new ones).

Item Help and support Main menu(Figure 1.7) provides access to help system Windows OS (the same can be done from the menu bar of any folder window: HelpÞHelp and Support Center). There are three main ways to use the Windows help system (regardless of the OS version): searching for information using the hierarchical tree of sections, using the alphabetical index, and using the contents of articles. Thus, in the Windows XP help system, the selection of the desired topic topic can be done in the Help Topic panel, where the contents of the selected topic are presented as a hierarchical data structure, the contents of the selected article are displayed in the right panel. When searching for an exact name or term, you can use the Index button (which selects the term from an alphabetical list in the left pane and displays the contents of the article that uses the term in the right pane). To search by keyword, use the Find field and the Start Search button. To navigate through the help panels, use the Back and Forward toolbar buttons to return to home page the Home button is used. The Favorites button allows you to save help pages for quick view in the future. The Log button displays a list of all pages visited in the current session in the help window. The Support button allows you to ask for help from another user or the center Microsoft support. The Options button allows you to select options for customizing the Help and Support Center.

In addition, Windows XP provides several levels of access to help in dialog boxes:

· via a special button? (Help), after clicking on which the mouse pointer takes the form of a question mark; if you hover it over the control and left-click, a tooltip appears);

· through a contextual tooltip (after right-clicking on the control, a contextual tooltip button appears. What is this?, when left-clicking, a tooltip opens).

Windows uses tooltips to provide instant information about an object or control when you hover over it. Program and application windows provide access to their own help system.

Item Search Main menu opens access to the Search Results dialog box, designed to organize a search for objects and any information on the local computer, on a network server, or on the Internet. Search results are displayed in a special window, which is similar to a folder window and which can be used to launch the found program, folder or document.

The search for files and folders is carried out according to several main criteria: by name and address. If the exact name of the file is unknown, in the Part of the file name or the entire file name field, you can specify only part of it. When specifying a name, you can use wildcard characters: * and?. Symbol? replaces any single character. For example, for template 199 ? all objects whose names contain any year from 199 are suitable 0 199 each 9 . The * symbol means any character or set of characters. For example, search by pattern 1 * 4 can give the following results: 14, 1 23g 4, 199 4, 1program 4, etc. The * symbol is often used to list all files with the same extension. For example, the *.doc template will allow you to find all files with the doc extension, i.e. all files created in the text editor MS Word. The file location is selected from the drop-down list (the Browse button is used to limit the search to a single folder).

When searching, you can use additional criteria: date of last change (item When were made latest changes?), file size (item What is the file size?), file type (item Additional options). The search bar has additional hidden controls for this purpose, which are displayed when you click the disclosure arrow. When searching text document you can search by its content (enter key phrase in the Word or phrase in the file field).

Item Run Main menu serves to launch Windows and DOS programs, open folders and documents. In the Open field of the Run a program dialog box, you must enter the command full name document folders or Internet resource to open them. The Browse button is used to select a program or document.

To run programs from Main menu Use the All programs item. Along with application names, the All Programs item may contain folders for individual groups or categories of programs (for example, the Standard folder contains programs included with the OS that allow the user to perform certain tasks of operating the OS and working with the PC). Each of these folders opens an additional submenu. By moving through the submenu tree you can get to the name of the desired program.

Items Main menu Logout and Shutdown allow you to gracefully shut down Windows to prevent damage to your PC and loss of data. If you need to interrupt the session and allow another user to work with the PC, you must do the following: close the windows of all active applications and folders; Click the Logout button, and in the Exit Windows dialog box that appears, click the Change user button (after which another user can log in to the OS). When you finish working with your PC, you must do the following: close the windows of all active applications and folders; select Shutdown; in the Turn off computer dialog box that appears, select Shut down; click the OK button; turn off the power to the PC.

Attention! In case of abnormal shutdown (or when programs freeze), you must use the simultaneous pressing of the Ctrl-Alt-Delete keys. In the Manager dialog box Windows tasks select the Applications tab and the End task command. Pressing the Ctrl-Alt-Delete keys again will restart the PC, and all unsaved data will be lost!

Windows operating system. Features of the Windows operating system

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