What types of computer programs are there: a list of names with a brief description. What are computer programs and mobile applications for?

What is the program?

Computer program- a set of instructions for execution on computers (computers). Typically, programs can be represented as source code and object (binary) code.

From a computer user's point of view important difference is the nature of the program:
* system programs- programs that provide user interaction with the computer and create an environment for executing application programs. Such programs include, for example, “operating systems” and “drivers.”
* application programs- programs with which the user interacts directly. This includes “browser”, “text editors”, “games”, “websites”.

Synonyms for the word program: “software”, “software”, “application”, “software”.

It is believed that a computer is a combination of “hardware” and “software”.

Software can also be divided according to the following criteria::
* target platform - different “hardware” that supports a different set of instructions, therefore, as a rule, a “program” is created for a specific “hardware”. The most well-known platforms: “ARM”, “x86”, “x64”, “IA64”, “Itanium”, etc.;
* target "operating system" - since different "operating systems" create different environments for the application software, - it is important for which operating system this or that “program” is created. The most well-known families of “operating systems” are: Microsoft Windows, Ubuntu Linux, SuSe Linux, MacOS, FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD.

Typically, creating software involves writing the source code of a program in a specific “programming language,” then “compiling” the program, “debugging,” “testing,” and distributing the software.

At dawn computer technology(30–50s of the twentieth century) the source texts were written in the form of “machine code” (i.e., indicating the numbers of instructions and arguments for them), later the first known programming language “ASSEMBLER” appeared, which greatly simplified the process of creating a program , since it allowed you to specify not the numeric number of the instruction, but its symbolic support, which simplified the reading and debugging of the original test of the program. The subsequent appearance of languages ​​more " high level"than "ASSEMBLER", made it possible to transfer the creation of software from the lot of technical specialists who ensure the functioning of specific hardware systems, to the lot of specialists in creating software, hereinafter referred to as "programmers" or "software developers".

Emergence and widespread " personal computers“has turned “programming” (the process of creating programs) into an entire software development industry, which involves many specialists of various classes. Modern educational institutions provide training for the software industry.

In the CIS, the attitude towards “programmers” has always been somewhat special. Due to the collapse of the Soviet Union and the destruction of enterprises directly involved in the creation of computer equipment, the CIS countries are forced to purchase almost in full (excluding military needs) this technique in other countries that have hardware production technologies. This situation led to some delay in receipts and a certain shortage of computer equipment in the CIS countries, so domestic programmers were forced to make do with fewer hours of work with computer technology and smaller hardware resources (memory, computing speed, information transfer speed, etc.).

Having added to such a lag and shortage of computer technology, good mathematical training of domestic specialists (provided good level education in the USSR) and an incredible thirst for invention, as a result a certain image of a “programmer” arose, who was respected and sometimes misunderstood, both in our country and abroad.

With the advent and popularization of the Internet, the software creation industry has moved to a new level - because distributing programs (and selling) has become much easier. This was ensured, firstly, by the emergence of instant payment systems ( electronic money, SMS, terminals, credit cards, etc.), secondly, the emergence of a special type of software “web sites”, which at the first stage of their development rather resembled an electronic version of printed publications (books, newspapers, magazines), however, later became full-fledged applications.

Like many other industries, with the advent of the Internet, software has been compromised by “pirates”—individuals and companies that distribute software illegally. During the long struggle of “shield and sword” appeared various ways decentralized distribution of illegal copies of software. Such technologies make it possible to distribute responsibility for distribution among millions of users, which makes it difficult to find and punish participants in this process.

Dictionary Ozhegova.

program

Efremova T.F. Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language.

program

S.I.Ozhegov, N.Yu.Shvedova. Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language.

program

1. What is 1c, the difference between the platform and the configuration.
2. Information storage options.
3. Three-level architecture.
4. Technology support

What is 1c, the difference between the platform and the configuration.

The program is both a business solution software product and a development environment. It has many standard and custom configurations. To make the difference between the platform and the configuration clearer, I will make a comparison with the Word program from office suite Microsoft. Platform is equivalent Word program, and the configuration – to a file with the extension “*.doc” created in the program.

Those. having only a platform, there is nothing to look at and nowhere to enter data, and having a configuration without a platform, there is nothing to open. As a rule, the configuration covers some industry or subject area and solves their problems, for example: Trade management, Enterprise accounting, Salary and personnel management, Motor transport enterprise. As for the development environment, a configuration tool is built into the platform and all existing configurations are created using it. Moreover, understanding the code is simplified due to the programming language - it is Russian. The main interface through which users work is Forms .

What 1s looks like

In recent years, 1c has undergone major changes in the interface, let's follow from version 7.7 to version 8.3 "Taxi"

Information storage options.

Because The main goals of using programs in business are the accumulation of data for control and management, then it is necessary to talk about how 1C does this. There are two types of information storage in databases:

1. File– this format involves creating a file “1Cv8.1CD” on your computer, which is a database.
2. Client-server- this format involves the use of a third-party program to store information, and the 1c program accesses it to perform some actions on the data. Instead of the phrase client-server, the word server can be used, as well as a three-tier or three-tier architecture.

Three-tier architecture.

I think there will be no difficulties in understanding the file version of building an accounting system. I’ll tell you more about the client-server. With this embodiment, the software package consists of three levels: Client, 1C Enterprise Server, SQL Server.
Note: The acronym SQL stands for Structure Query Language, which translates as Structured Language Requests, but is often used to indicate the type of server.

The main purpose of this option for building a system is to increase reliability and performance. The most famous third party programs are: MS SQL Server, PostgreSQL, and the latter is free and comes on ITS disks.

Reliability is achieved due to the fact that the database can be worked through specialized program, which monitors the integrity of data, makes backup copies, optimizes the time of data retrieval, etc.

Performance– due to the possibility of separating different logical parts of the software complex into different computers. In fact, even with the client-server version, all parts of the software package can be located on one computer.
Simplified description of the functions performed in different parts The software package will look like this:

1. Client – ​​everything related to displaying on the monitor screen
2. Server 1C – request information to SQL server on SQL language, imposing restrictions on user rights to received information
3. SQL server – storing and changing information.

If we compare versions of 1c from 7.7 to 8.3 and highlight one key difference, we can indicate the following

• 7.7 is largely a file version, does not work fully with SQL
• 8.0 single-user system, does not have sufficient parallelism for multiple users
• 8.1 client system, runs SQL, but most processes run on the client machine
• 8.2 client-server, but with weak web client functionality
• 8.3 web client, moving away from modal windows.

Technology support

The 1c platform supports many modern technologies:

• com - allows you to access other objects regardless of process or machine boundaries, i.e. read data from other applications. For example from Excel
• ole - allows you to embed parts of other applications into 1C forms.
• xml - a generally accepted format for data exchange
• and many others.

Installing 1c is no more difficult than installing any application, the only nuance is the security key.

In conclusion interesting fact, the decoding “1C” initially meant - no more than one second and was the name search engine, and not a business application development company.

Hello! Today there are a lot computer programs(software) for various purposes. In general, they can be divided into two categories:

1. general purpose;
2. professional.

They are often called application programs. Speaking in simple language, they are designed to perform specific functions through a user interface. Okay, let's not go too deep into the theory. Let's get down to business.

Today we’ll look at what computer programs there are for antivirus protection, office work, Internet browsing, design activities and accounting - 1C. I will make a list of names of popular software and briefly tell you what it is.

Computer programs for resumes: briefly about the thematic selection

Computer proficiency level. Is this a familiar phrase? Not surprisingly, it is often found in the form of an applicant’s resume for a specific position.

In addition to the general assessment of knowledge, it may be necessary to indicate specific application applications and their level of proficiency. It happens that you don’t use some of them for a long time and forget the names.

For these and other cases, we will consider small lists of common software and some of their features. From them you can choose the ones you need to study and fill out your resume. Moreover, you don’t have to write everything in it. The main thing is to indicate what will actually be required to complete job responsibilities and what knowledge there is.

Antiviruses: list and brief description

There is a huge selection of software for PC and mobile devices.

Here is a list of some of the popular ones antivirus programs:

• Kaspersky. There are different versions with different functionality. Among them you can find a suitable option for your home or business. I prefer it because I consider it a very powerful and reliable antivirus for both PCs and phones and tablets.
• ESET NOD32. It's quite reliable. For a long time I used it before for one simple reason - in the recent past my computer was not very powerful, but NOD32 provided good performance.
• Dr. Web (“Doctor Web”). A good multi-platform antivirus.
• Avast. Presented in free and paid versions. Naturally, the latter have wider functionality.
• Avira. Quite an interesting and functional antivirus that can be installed on PCs and mobile devices.

The choice of antivirus depends on individual preferences. The only thing is how experienced system administrator I want to point out an existing nuance that arises when there is serious suspicion of a threat computer security.

When thoroughly checking computers for viruses, it is better to do a maximum scan with several programs. However, you cannot have 2 or more antiviruses installed on your computer at the same time.

How then to do this? I won’t go into details now, this is not what the publication is about, but as an option, you can check one through Windows, the other from DOS mode.

Office programs

Among them are, as standard for operating system Windows and additional ones. The latter can be classically divided into paid and free PC software.

So, let's look at what kind of office programs there are for working on a computer.

I will list 2 standard ones for Windows applications.

• Notebook. Simple text editor with rather modest functionality.
• WordPad. There are more possibilities than the previous editor, and less than the analogues described below.

To free office programs This includes OpenOffice products, among which, according to my observations, the ones listed below are most often used.

• Writer. Suitable for creating standard text documents. Similar operations are often performed in Word.
• Calc. It is designed to work with tabular documents.
• Impress is designed for creating graphic presentations.

To paid office software products include named Microsoft Office. Among it there are corresponding alternatives to the three options presented above.

• Word.
• Excel.
• PowerPoint.

They usually don't need any introduction. It's hard to meet a user who hasn't heard of them.

There are different versions of the described software. The choice depends on the tasks at hand.

Internet browsers

I present a list of names of alternative browsers.

• Internet Explorer.
• Mozilla Firefox.
• Opera.
• Google Chrome.
• Yandex browser.

They meet in different versions. For maximum security It's better to use the latest one available.

The first browser in the list is the standard browser in the operating system. All of the above are very popular. Among the users I meet, and there are quite a few of them, I notice that they most often use Google Chrome or a browser from Yandex. The latter has cool functionality - protected mode. It is able to enhance security when working with payment services.

1C programs for accounting

A very common program in the field of economics. It is difficult to imagine large-scale business activity without its use. Among latest versions- 1C 8.

Depending on production tasks Different configurations can be used for 1C. This opportunity makes the work much easier.

For ease of use, several users can be connected to one database (DB), where all important information is stored. Because not everyone needs full access, then it can be limited for each connected user.

Programs for designers and professional earnings

There are many of them. Among the powerful and frequently used ones we can highlight 4 specific programs under the following names:

• Adobe Photoshop. Used for image processing.
• Adobe Premiere. Useful for video processing.
• Adobe Indesign. Designed for professional layout design.
• CorelDraw. Can be used to work with vector graphics.

Specific versions of licenses and software are selected taking into account work tasks and the configuration of the computer on which they will be installed.

Having mastered one of these programs masterfully or at least at an intermediate level, you can seriously think about finding a well-paid one. Good specialists with such knowledge are valued in the real world and on the Internet. There are actually a lot of people who want to make money, but it’s not always easy to find real professionals.

This publication is nearing completion. We looked at what common programs there are for performing specific tasks on computers. Did you find what you were looking for? If so, I'm glad I was able to provide valuable information. If not, then you can ask a question in the comments or add this publication.

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Everyone who uses computer or mobile equipment, one way or another, installs applications that perform one or another task. But not every user clearly understands what a computer program is, how it works, how it is created, etc. We will have to clarify this issue.

What is a computer program in general terms?

Based on general definition, which is offered by many Internet resources, for some reason the concept of a program or application in most cases is associated exclusively with executable files in the format EXE, COM, etc. We beg to differ with this statement.

Almost all modern computer programs, the classification list of which will be given a little later, do not work by themselves. Yes, I have executable file, but this is not enough. We need some more additional components, loaded into the same RAM.

However, the very concept of a program as such can be reduced to the fact that it is a certain set of commands and instructions transmitted to the central processor for processing or performing corresponding calculations, and in a strictly defined sequence.

In order for the machine to understand the command sent at a certain moment for processing and execution, regardless of the programming language in which the application is written, a universal tool is used - binary code, which is a sequence of zeros and ones. You can also find the use of ternary or hexadecimal code, but, as a rule, in present moment their use is highly limited.

Computer program classes

As for the classification of any software, today there are quite a lot of systems that include division by type.

However, in all classification systems the following computer programs are distinguished (the list is given below):

• primary input/output systems (BIOS, UEFI);
• system programs and their components (operating systems and their own services);
• service and maintenance software;
• development environments (program creation);
• application software (narrowly targeted user programs installed on a computer to perform specific tasks).

It should not be surprising that even operating systems or BIOS are included in the list. Any modern OS ensures user interaction with computer software and hardware through a command or GUI, and the primary system is responsible for storing information about all “hardware” components and testing the equipment at the stage of turning on the computer.

How are applications created?

There is no point in delving too deeply into development, since it may require at least basic knowledge of programming languages.

Suffice it to note that creating computer programs comes down to writing code in the language itself (or using development environments such as the Java SDK), testing the application in the environment itself, and compiling it (converting it into machine-readable code).

How do most programs work?

The user of computer programs does not always understand how it all works. The simplest applications, consisting of a single executable file, are disappearing into oblivion. Today, any more or less serious program uses executable files only to launch the main interface, after which dynamic libraries containing executable codes and commands are loaded into RAM, and also calls to the drivers that control the computer hardware to activate their corresponding functions.

In terms of how applications work, this explanation is very primitive, however, if you do not delve into the essence of system processes, even an ordinary user will understand how it all functions.

Practical Application

Using computer programs in most cases comes down to running an executable file in EXE format, which is created after installing the application on the computer (in mobile devices other formats apply). The same executable components are provided for installation, usually named Setup.exe (for system updates, Setup.msi). But this is not always the case.

For example, some software components, presented exclusively in the form of dynamic DLLs, are capable of running only in a different software environment.

The most striking example is VST synthesizers and effects connected to music editors and sequencers via the appropriate interface or host. What is a computer program in this sense? This is not even a program, but a component that contains a set of commands that are executed when connected to the interface and loaded into RAM. Only from the “RAM” is a message sent for processing central processor, and not vice versa, as is the case with executable files.

Compatibility issues

It is clear that it is impossible even in principle to create some kind of universal application that would work on absolutely all known operating systems and devices. Nevertheless, such attempts are being made, and quite unsuccessfully (at least in Windows there is something similar).

What are they worth? cloud services, allowing access to storing or editing information of any type without physically installing software on the user terminal. Storages or editors can be accessed from any device (PC, laptops, smartphones, tablets). And multimedia is not discussed at all. Through the web interface, the user of any device gets access to media content (the same YouTube hosting).

Instead of a total

As you can see, the question of what a computer program is has quite a lot of answers. On the one hand, this seems to be a set of commands, however, if you look at the question a little more broadly, we can conclude that this is a set of codes or components that determine the behavior of the operating system as a whole and the operations performed by the hardware.

Thus, it is not difficult to conclude that any program or application in itself is worthless if there is no software environment(OS) in which they will be able to work, or devices installed on motherboard, the functions of which will be required to perform certain tasks at the current moment.

It remains to add that only the simplest interpretations of computer programs, the principles of their creation and application were given here. In reality, everything is much more complicated; considering all aspects can take quite a lot of time. However, if you dig deep into the relevant literature, you will find detailed instructions for any particular software product not so difficult (as a rule, such descriptions are even present on download sites in the form of preliminary information about the capabilities of downloaded applications).